ʻO kēia ka Māhele 4 ma kahi moʻolelo mōʻaukala 5-ʻāpana e kālele ana i ka imperialism US, globalization a me neo-liberal economics a puni ka honua i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. E paʻi ʻia ka ʻāpana hope i ka Pōʻalua aʻe.
NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMICS (hoʻomau mai Part 3)
ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā loli i ka hāʻawi kālā, aia ma ka pae hui iloko o ka hoʻonohonoho pilikanaka US; i keia hihia, quintile by quintile. ʻO ka manawa kēia e ʻike ai i ka hopena o kēia i ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻohana ka poʻe sociologists a me economists i kahi helu i kapa ʻia ʻo Gini index e ana i ka like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili kālā ʻohana i kēia manawa, a e hoʻomau mākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana. He maʻalahi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kuhikuhi Gini. He ana ia i ka like ole i loko o ka ahahui. Hōʻike maʻamau ka papa kuhikuhi Gini ma waena o 0.000 a me 1.000, a ua kākau pinepine ʻia i loko o nā tausani, e like me ka māka pākēneka lanakila: ʻekolu mau huahelu ma hope o ka decimal. A ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu Gini, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka like ʻole.
Ke nānā nei mākou i ka index Gini, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ʻelua mau manawa mai ka makahiki 1947, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke Aupuni US e helu i ka helu Gini no ka ʻāina. Mai ka makahiki 1947-1968, me ka hoʻololi o ka makahiki i ʻoi aku ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, ke iho nei ke ʻano, e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka like ʻole: mai .376 i 1947 a i .378 i 1950, akā i lalo i .348 i 1968. No laila, hou, ma ka manawa mua, ke au i lalo.
He aha ka mea i hana mai ia manawa? Mai ka helu haʻahaʻa i ka makahiki 1968 o .348, ua piʻi ka ʻano i luna (ke piʻi aʻe ka like ʻole). I ka makahiki 1982, ua paʻi ka helu helu Gini i ka .380, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēlā me kēia makahiki ma waena o 1947-1968, a ʻaʻole i emi ka US ma lalo o .380 mai ia manawa. Ma ka makahiki 1992, ua paʻi i ka .403, a ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻi i lalo ma lalo o .400. I ka makahiki 2001, ua paʻi ka US i .435. Akā, ua paʻi ʻia ka helu no ka makahiki 2005: .440.[1] No laila, ke ulu nei ke ʻano, a me nā kulekele i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o George W. Bush, ʻike wau iā lākou e hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻonui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. [A ma ke ala, ua hoʻomau ʻia kēia ʻano piʻi nui ma lalo o nā Repubalika a me nā Democrats, akā, ʻoiai ua hoʻomalu nā Repubalika i ka pelekikena no 18 o nā makahiki he 26 i hala (mai ka makahiki 1981), loaʻa iā lākou ka hapa nui o ka hōʻaiʻē—akā, mai poina kākou. ua hoʻomalu ka poʻe Demokarata i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i nā makahiki he nui, no laila, ua lilo lākou i mea luku like!]
Eia nō naʻe, pono e nīnau ʻia kekahi nīnau hou: pehea ka like ʻole o kēia loaʻa kālā ma ka US me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua? Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa kālā me nā hui "hoʻomohala" ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina "hoʻomohala"?
Pono mākou e huli i ka US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) no kā mākou ʻikepili. Hoʻopili ka CIA i nā helu Gini no ka loaʻa kālā ʻohana ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina a puni ka honua, a ʻo ka manawa hope loa i nānā ʻia ma 2007 (ʻAukake 1), ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻikepili ma nā ʻāina he 122 ma kā lākou ʻaoʻao pūnaewele a ua hōʻano hou ʻia kēia mau helu ma Iulai 19. 2007 (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007, “The World Factbook. Field Listing—Distribution of Family Income-Gini index. Hāʻawi ʻia ka helu Gini. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole helu ʻo CIA i nā helu Gini i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā hāʻawi lākou i ka makahiki hope i helu ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole like kēia mau mea, akā ua manaʻo lākou e hoʻohana. Eia nō naʻe, ke hōʻuluʻulu lākou i kēia mau helu Gini ma kahi hoʻokahi, helu lākou iā lākou ma ka alphabetic, ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻohālikelike nui (US Central Intelligence Agency, 19).
Eia naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ka World Bank i nā ʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka World Bank, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i nā helu Gini, hoʻokomo i nā ʻāina he 208 i hoʻokahi o nā ʻāpana ʻehā e pili ana i ka Gross National Income per capita-ʻo ia ka nui o ka waiwai o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe i kūʻai ʻia ma ka mākeke i hoʻokahi makahiki, i puʻunaue ʻia e ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. He ʻikepili kūpono kēia, no ka mea, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hui me nā ʻoihana waiwai o nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa loa: hoʻopau ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻāina.
Hoʻonoho ka World Bank i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i hoʻokahi o nā ʻāpana ʻehā: loaʻa haʻahaʻa, loaʻa waena haʻahaʻa, loaʻa waena waena, a loaʻa kiʻekiʻe (World Bank, 2007a, “Country Classification.” ʻAʻole loaʻa hou ma ka laina.) ʻO nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he "hoʻomohala" a i ʻole ka mea a mākou i kapa ai i nā ʻāina "ʻekolu honua", ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa o nā ʻāina i kapa ʻia nā ʻāina kūkulu.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāina i helu ʻia e ka CIA me kā lākou mau helu Gini i loko o nā kāwai Bank Bank kūikawā kahi i loaʻa mua ai ka World Bank iā lākou (World Bank, 2007b, 2007b. “Country Groups.” ʻAʻole loaʻa hou ma ka laina.) Hoʻokahi manawa i hui pū ʻia i kā lākou mau ʻāpana, ua helu ʻia nā helu Gini median no kēlā me kēia hui. Ke ho'āʻo nei e kiʻi i hoʻokahi helu e hōʻike i kahi hui o nā helu, ua manaʻo ʻia ka median i ʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o ka awelika, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka median, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapalua o nā helu, haʻahaʻa ka hapalua - ʻo ia hoʻi, aia ka ʻikepili ma ka 50th pākēneka no kēlā me kēia māhele.
ʻO ka helu Gini no nā ʻāina, e ka Gross National Income per capita, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka World Bank:
ʻĀpana loaʻa | Helu Gini Median | helu Gini, US (2004) |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa (emi iho ma mua o $875/kanaka/makahiki) | .406 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma waena o $876-3,465/kanaka/makahiki) | .414 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa kālā waena (ma waena o $3,466-10,725 / kanaka / makahiki | .370 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ma mua o $10,726 / kanaka / makahiki | .316 | .450 |
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, me ka helu Gini (CIA-calculated) o .450, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ʻohana US ma mua o nā median no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, a ʻoi aku ka like ʻole ma mua o kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻilihune loa o ka honua, e like me Bangladesh (.318—helu ʻia ma 2000), Cambodia (.400, 2004 est.), Laos (.370-1997), Mozambique (.396, 1996- 97), Uganda (.430-1999) a me Vietnam (.361, 1998). He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi kēia ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu Gini i helu ʻia e ka Bureau Census Bureau-conservative o .440.[2]
No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka like ʻole o ka US i nā makahiki he 40, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, akā ua loaʻa i kahi pae like ʻole i ʻoi aku ka like me ko nā ʻāina e ulu nei ma ka laulā a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole i kēia mau lā ma mua o kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻilihune loa ma ka Honua! ʻAʻohe mea e hōʻike ana e emi ana kēia ulu like ʻole i kēlā me kēia manawa koke. A ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o kēia ʻano like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao politika nui ʻelua, ʻaʻohe mea ma ka ʻaoʻao e manaʻo nei e hoʻoponopono pono i kēia pilikia i ka wā e hiki mai ana me ka nānā ʻole i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i hana ʻia.
Eia naʻe, no ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o ke kūkākūkā ʻana inā paha e hoʻoponopono nā Democrats a i ʻole Republicans i kēia mau pilikia a me nā pilikia pili, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kulekele hoʻokele aupuni. No laila, e kāohi ʻia kēlā me kēia pelekikena e nā hoʻoholo i hana ʻia e nā ʻoihana mua, a me nā makapō ideological i kau ʻia e ka poʻe i koho ʻia e lawelawe ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe o kahi hoʻokele.[3]
I ka pōkole, ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki (1982-2011), ʻaʻohe nui o nā kūʻē i ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka papahana neo-liberal a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi moʻomeheu individualist he hopena nāwaliwali i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona. nā papahana politika ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hana.
Ua hewa ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ua lōʻihi ka manawa no ka hana ʻana i ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai o ka poʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi a hiki i ka nui. ʻIke loa, he pōʻino ka 2008-09 Great Recession no ka hapa nui o ka poʻe hana ma kēia ʻāina.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kēia ma ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana waiwai ma kahi o 2013.[4] Ua maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika no nā limahana i ka makahiki 2007, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Great Recession (e ʻike i luna no nā kikoʻī; e ʻike pū. hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, 2008, The Big Squeeze: Nā manawa paʻakikī no ka mea hana ʻAmelika. Nu Ioka: Alfred A. Knopf.) Ma hope mai, ua nalowale ma luna o 8.7 miliona mau hana mai ka Great Recession, ma waena o ka hopena o 2007-mid 2009 (Stephanie Hugie Barello, 2014, "Ka Hana Hana ʻAmelika mai 2007-2009 Recession ma o 2022." Nānā Hana Hana Mahina, ʻOkakopa. Ma ka laina ma https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2.307/monthlylaborrev.2014.10.025), a ua hāʻule ka loaʻa kālā waena o ʻAmelika i ka 8.9% mai ka makahiki 1999, ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe mai ke Kaua Honua II; a me ka loaʻa kālā ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i hōʻole i 2.5% mai 2010 a 2011 (Carmen DeNavas-Walt, ʻO Bernadette D. kahu, a me Jessica C. ʻO Smith, 2012, "Nā Loaʻa, Hune a me ka Hoʻopiʻi Inikua Ola ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: 2011." Ke Keʻena Helu Helu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Nā Hōʻike Lehulehu o kēia manawa, P60-143, Sepatemaba: 5. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. ʻAʻole loaʻa ka ʻatikala kumu ma ka laina, akā no ka hoʻokuʻu paʻi a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html.
Ke kākau nei i ka hopena o 2010, ʻo David Leonhardt o ka New York Times kakau iho la:
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka manaʻo he 9.4 miliona mau hana e pono e hoʻohui koke ʻia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka helu hana ʻole i ka 6%, kahi i kapa ʻia e kekahi poʻe ʻekekema "hana piha." Ma kahi o 4% kēlā ma mua, no laila he mau kuhi kuhi kēia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia ka manaʻo: inā hāʻawi ka hoʻokele waiwai i 300,000 mau hana i kēlā me kēia mahina, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopau i ka hemahema o ka hana a hiki i ka waena o 2014. (Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā mākou i ka 6% o ka nele i ka hana.) Inā piʻi ka ʻoihana. ma 250,000 mau hana i ka mahina, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka waena o 1990s i ka wā o ka hoʻonui lōʻihi o ka hoʻokele waiwai mai ke Kaua Honua II, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopau i ka hemahema o ka hana ma lalo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2016. A inā hāʻawi ka ʻoihana i nā hana 200,000 i ka mahina, ʻAʻole e pau ka hemahema o ka hana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020. (Leonhardt, 2010 "Ma ka ʻike hope, he makahiki i hoʻopau ʻia." Ka New York Times, Kekemapa 29: B-1. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/29/business/economy/29leonhardt.html.)
Pehea mākou i hana ai? Ke poʻo o ka ʻaoʻao mua New York Times ʻatikala ma Ianuali 8, 2011, na Michael Powell lāua ʻo Sewell Chan i manaʻo i ka pane: "Slow Job Growth Dims Expectation of Early Revival: Unemployment rate is 9.4%—Recovery Could Require Another 4 or 5 Years, Fed's Chief Says." Ua hōʻike kēia mau mea hoʻolaha i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba 2010, he 103,000 wale nō mau hana i hoʻohui ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia e noho ka nele i ka ʻewalu pakeneka i ke koena o ke kau mua o Obama, a ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "real" unemployment rate-ʻo ia hoʻi nā limahana i nāwaliwali a hāʻawi. ke ʻimi nei i ka hana, a i ʻole ka poʻe e hana hapa manawa wale nō ke ʻimi lākou i ka hana manawa piha-kū i ka 16.7 pakeneka. Eia kekahi, ua haʻi lākou i kahi mea loiloi e ʻōlelo ana, "Ke ʻike nei mākou i nā hōʻike o ka hana hoʻolālā i waena o ka poʻe i ka poʻe i ka poʻe i ka poʻe ma mua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 35- a 44 mau makahiki demographic kahi i hoʻonui maoli ʻia ai ka hana ʻole i Dekemaba," a hōʻike lākou i kahi kuhi e lawe ʻia. a hiki i 2037 e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka helu o nā hana i nalowale i ka wā o ke kaʻe nui, ʻo ia ka mea a lākou e kapa nei i kēia pilikia mai 2007 (Powell a me Chan, 2011, "ʻO ka ulu lohi o ka hana e hoʻemi i nā manaʻolana o ka hoʻāla hou ʻana: ʻo ka helu hana ʻole he 9.4% - hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou i 4 a i ʻole 5 mau makahiki, wahi a ke poʻo o Fed." Ka New York Times, Ianuali 18: A-1. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/08/business/economy/08jobs.html).
I kēia manawa-e like me kaʻu i kākau ai ma waena o 2013-ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ma mua o kēia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ka nui. ʻO 165,000 wale nō mau hana i hoʻohui ʻia i Iulai 2013, a ʻo ka helu hana ʻole ma ka 7.4 pakeneka, aia ma lalo iki o ka pae 7.8 pakeneka ma waena o Kepakemapa a me Dekemaba 2012, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa loa mai ka makahiki 2008. Ua haʻalele wale ʻo ia mai ka mākeke hana, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ma mua o ko lākou ʻano maoli: “No kēlā me kēia 100 kanaka makua ʻAmelika, he 63 mau hana ma mua o ka emi ʻana; i kēia manawa, he 59 wale nō ka hana.
Ke hāʻule nei naʻe ka helu hana ʻole no ka mea e helu wale ana ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i ka hana. A mai ka hoʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻāʻo ka nui o nā ʻAmelika e ʻimi i nā hana. Ua haʻalele kekahi; ʻO kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe e ʻalo nei i ka mākeke hana ma ka noho ʻana i ke kula a i ʻole ma ka home (New York Times, 2013, "Nā Manaʻo Nui o ka Hōʻike ʻAʻole Hana ʻO Iulai." ʻAukake 3: A-3).
Me ke kūlana hana, ua mahuahua ka ilihune. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻilihune o ka ʻāina—ma kahi pae ʻaʻole lawa ʻo ia ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā mea e pono ai no ke ola lōʻihi.[5]— lele mai ka 13.2 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2008 a i ka 15 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, oiai ka nui o na kanaka ma na makahiki hookahi mai 39.6 miliona a 46.2 miliona, ka mea kiekie loa mai ka hoomaka ana o ke aupuni e ohi i ka ikepili ma 1959 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13).
Ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻilihune i ko mākou nānā ʻana i nā ʻike o nā hui like ʻole a me nā lāhui. Ua piʻi ka ʻilihune ma waena o nā keʻokeʻo mai ka 8.6 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2008 a i ka 9.8 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, aʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka pōʻino ʻeleʻele mai 24.7 pakeneka i ka 27.6 pakeneka; Ua piʻi ka ilihune Latino mai 23.2 pakeneka i 25.3 pakeneka ma 2011; aʻo ka ʻilihune o ʻAsia ma kahi o 12.5 pakeneka.[6]
Ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻilihune no nā keiki ma lalo o 18: mai 19 pakeneka ma 2008 a i 21.9 pakeneka ma 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13). ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, e like me ka hōʻike 2010 a nā mea noiʻi ma ka National Center for Children in Poverty i ʻōlelo ʻia, "ʻO nā keiki he 25 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka. Eia naʻe, aia lākou he 36 pakeneka o ka poʻe ʻilihune. Ma waena o nā keiki, he 42 pakeneka e noho ana i nā ʻohana haʻahaʻa loaʻa [i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo o 200 pakeneka o ka laina ʻilihune-KS], a ʻo ia mau mea, he 25 pakeneka noho i nā ʻohana ʻilihune [ma lalo o ka laina ʻilihune-KS]” (Michelle Chau, Kalyani ʻO Thampi, a ʻo Vanessa R. Wight, 2010. "Nā ʻike kumu e pili ana i nā keiki haʻahaʻa loaʻa, 2009." National Center for Children in Poverty, Ke Kula Leta o ke Ola Aupuni, Ke Kulanui o Columbia, New York: ʻOkakopa. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_975.html.)
Kākauʻana ma ka Ka New York Times, Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Charles M. Blow, "Ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā keiki e noho ana i ka ʻilihune he 33 pakeneka mai ka makahiki 2000," aʻo ka nui o nā keiki ma kahi o ʻekolu pakeneka i ka manawa like. Eia hou, ua hōʻike ʻo ia, "e like me ka hōʻike UNICEF 2007 e pili ana i ka ʻilihune keiki, ʻo ka US ka mea hope loa ma waena o 24 mau aupuni waiwai" (Charles Puhi, 2010, "E hoʻomanawanui i nā keiki liʻiliʻi." Ka New York Times, Dekemaba 24. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/25/opinion/25blow.html). E like me kā Paul Krugman i kākau ai ma ka ʻO New York Times, "Ua ʻike nā neuroscientists ʻo ka nui o nā keiki e ulu ana i loko o nā ʻohana ʻilihune loa me ke kūlana kaiapili haʻahaʻa e ʻike i nā pae maikaʻi ʻole o nā hormones koʻikoʻi, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Krugman, 2008, "He ʻawaʻawa ka ʻilihune." Ka New York Times, February 18. On-line ma https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/opinion/18krugman.html). Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi: hoʻopau ka ʻilihune i ka lolo o nā keiki.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka poʻe e noho ana ma lalo o ka laina ʻilihune, he 44 pakeneka o ka poʻe ʻilihune a pau i noho ma ka hapalua o ka laina ʻilihune kūhelu a i ʻole; ʻo ia ka 6.6 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka, e piʻi ana mai 17.1 miliona ma 2008 a i 20.4 miliona ma 2011. ʻO ka nui, 34.3 pakeneka o nā ʻAmelika a pau i noho ma lalo o 200 pakeneka o ka paepae ʻilihune (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17) .[7]
He aha ke kumu o kēia pōʻino pilikanaka? Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi papahana hoʻokele waiwai neo-liberal i ka pane ʻana i kēia hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū honua a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka US Empire, ua wikiwiki ʻo Reagan a me kāna mau hope i kā lākou hoʻouka ʻana i nā uniona a me nā poʻe hana ma ka laulā. ʻO nā hui i hoʻolimalima i nā limahana he nui (ʻo ia hoʻi, he "labor intensive") pani i kā lākou hana ma ka home a neʻe aku i nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi e like me Mexico a me Kina, kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā limahana, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka uku. ʻO nā hui i hilinaʻi i nā mīkini kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe ("capital intensive") noho i ka US, akā ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kā lākou mau mīkini pono e koi ai i nā limahana liʻiliʻi.[8] Ma luna o kēlā, ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻauhau no ka poʻe waiwai a me nā ʻoihana, e ʻae ana i nā hihia e hana ʻia e ʻoki i nā lawelawe kaiāulu, ʻoiai he nui ka poʻe e makemake nui iā lākou.
Kūkākūkā ʻo Steve Fraser i ka hopena:
I loko o nā makahiki 1970 wale nō, ma waena o 32 a me 38 miliona mau hana i nalowale ma muli o ka disinvestment, kahi hana maʻamau i ka wā kahiko (New England textile factory) a me nā ʻoihana hou like (New England aircraft manufacturers). ʻO ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua ma kahi o 30 pakeneka o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ma 2011 ua hāʻule i kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o 10 pakeneka. Mai ka huli ʻana o ka millennium wale nō, 3.5 miliona mau hana hana i nalowale a ua pani ʻia nā mea hana hana 42,000. Ma ka awelika ma waena o nā makahiki 2000 a me 2011, ʻumikūmāhiku mau mea hana ʻAmelika i pani i kēlā me kēia lā (Fraser, 2015, ʻO ka makahiki o ka ʻae ʻana: ʻo ke ola a me ka make o ke kūʻē ʻana o ʻAmelika i ka waiwai a me ka mana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. Niu Ioka: Little, Brown and Company: 235).[9]
ʻOiai ua maikaʻi nā mea ma mua o ka 2008-09 Great Recession, ua ʻoki ka Recession i ka scab mai ka makemake ʻole o ʻAmelika e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena o kēia mau hoʻololi waiwai i ko lākou mau hoalauna a me nā hoa hana. Sarah ʻO Jaffe (2016, Pilikia Pono: ʻAmelika i Kipi. New York: Nation Books: 20) hōʻike ʻia ma kahi o 8.7 miliona mau hana i nalowale ma waena o Dekemaba 2007 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2010.[10]
ʻO nā kūlana waiwai a me ka pilikanaka no nā limahana he nui ma ka ʻāina i hāʻule i lalo, ʻoiai ʻo Steve Fraser (2015: 223-263) i hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi, akā pōʻino, iluminates.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ka capitalism ke hāʻawi hou aku i nā hana a me nā manawa hoʻokele waiwai no ka nui o nā poʻe e like me ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia i ka wā i hala. A e lilo kēia i mea liʻiliʻi i ka poʻe liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ke hala ka manawa.
Ke hoʻomau nei kēia poho hana inā ʻaʻole e piʻi maoli. ʻOiai ua hoʻolilo ʻia ka nui o nā ʻōlelo no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā haole a me ka "hoʻokūkū kālepa kūpono ʻole" no ka pohō ʻoihana US, noiʻi ʻia e Michael ʻO Hicks a me Srikant Devaraj (2015, "The Myth and Reality of Manufacturing in America." Muncie, IN: Ball State University, Center for Business and Economic Research. On-line at http://projects.cberdata.org/reports/MfgReality.pdf) o Ball State University ma Indiana ua hōʻike ma waena o 2000-2010, ʻo ka automation ke kuleana no ka 88 pakeneka o nā poho hana a pau i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ke kālepa ke kuleana no ka 13 pakeneka o nā poho hana. I kēia manawa, e like me McKinsey a me Company, 45 ka nui o nā hana a pau i hana ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2016 hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia (Claire Cain Miller 2016. "ʻAʻole ʻo Kina ka mea pepehi kanaka lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka Automation." Ka New York Times, Dekemaba 21. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/21/upshot/the-long-term-jobs-killer-is-not-china-its-automation.html.)
Akā, pehea e pili ana i kēlā mau helu helu hana ʻole? Wahi a Lawrence B. Katz o Harvard a me Alan B. kruger o Princeton, nā lālā ʻelua o ka National Bureau of Economic Research, ʻo nā hana a pau i hana ʻia mai 2005 a 2015 he mau kūlana haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau limahana kōkua manawaleʻa lākou, nā limahana kelepona, nā limahana ʻoihana ʻaelike, a me nā ʻaelike kūʻokoʻa. nā mea kūʻokoʻa (Katz a me Krueger, 2016, "The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work
Nā hoʻonohonoho ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 1995-2015. Malaki 29. Ma ka laina ma http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/lkatz/files/katz_krueger_cws_v3.pdf?m=1459369766), a ʻo ia ka hopena o ka uku haʻahaʻa, ka liʻiliʻi o nā pōmaikaʻi, a me ka palekana hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa.
I ka pōkole, maikaʻi ʻole nā mea, a ʻo nā hōʻailona a pau e ʻoi aku ka hewa no ka hoʻonui ʻana
heluna kanaka hana. Ma waena o 1999 a me 2014, ua emi ka poʻe ma lalo o $42,000 no ka ʻohana ʻekolu i nalowale he ʻumi pakeneka o kā lākou loaʻa kālā; no ka poe ma waena o $42,000 a me $125,000, ua emi ko lakou mau loaa ma ka eono pakeneka; a no ka poe i oi aku mamua o $125,000, ua haule ko lakou loaa ma ka ehiku pakeneka i keia manawa. ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, "Ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā ma waena o nā ʻohana US ma 2014 ma 8 pakeneka ma lalo o ka makahiki 1999" me ka "waiwai median e hāʻule ana ma 190 o 229 mau wahi metropolitan i nānā ʻia" (Pew, 2016, "ʻO ka papa waena waena o ʻAmelika: kahi nānā kokoke i nā hoʻololi i loko o Metropolitan
Nā ʻāpana.” Pew Research Center, Mei 11: 10. Ma ka laina ma https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2016/05/11/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas/)
ʻAʻole i loli nui nā mea i ka makahiki 2021. Me ka paepae ʻilihune he $27,740 no ka ʻohana ʻehā, 11.6 pakeneka o nā ʻAmelika a pau i ka ʻilihune, ʻo 37.9 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻilihune no nā lāhui / lāhui i kēlā makahiki he 10.0 pākēneka no ka poʻe keʻokeʻo, 19.5 pākēneka no ka ʻEleʻele, 8.3 pākēneka no ʻAsia, 24.3 pākēneka no ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Alaskan Natives, 14.2 pākēneka no ʻElua a ʻoi aʻe Lahui, a me 17.1 pākēneka no nā Hispanics (US Bureau o Heluhelu, 2022, "Ka ʻilihune ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: 2021." Ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html).
Hoʻopuka pū ʻia kēia moʻolelo moʻolelo e ZNetwork a Manaʻo Kaiāulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Part 5 hoʻopau i ka moʻo ma ka unuhi ʻana i nā ramifications nui mai ka nānā ʻana ma nā ʻāpana mua ʻehā. Hiki iā ʻoe heluhelu i ka moʻo holoʻokoʻa (nā ʻāpana 5 a pau) maanei.
ʻO Kim Scipes, PhD, he mea paʻi ma mua, he mea hana uniona a me ka mea hana hana, i kēia manawa he lālā o ka National Writers Union Local 1982, AFL-CIO. ʻO ia hoʻi ʻo Professor Emeritus of Sociology ma Purdue University Northwest ma Westville, Indiana, USA. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i ʻehā mau puke a hiki i kēia lā, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 250 mau ʻatikala-ma ka nānā ʻana o nā hoa, nā mea kūikawā nui, a me nā nūpepa activist a me nā nūpepa - ma US a ma 11 mau ʻāina a puni ka honua. Hiki ke kiʻi manuahi ʻia kāna hana, me kāna puke holoʻokoʻa ma ka KMU Labor Center of the Philippines Nā Hoʻolaha – Purdue University Northwest (pnw.edu). He mea hoʻokumu pū ʻo ia o LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), nona ka pūnaewele ma https://aflcio-int.education/.
ENDNOTES
[1] Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f04.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.
[2] Hoʻopuka ka US CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) i ka ʻikepili waiwai ma kahi nui o nā ʻāina, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nā mea āpau, a hoʻopuka ma ka pūnaewele ma ka "World Factbook." “The World Factbook: Country Comparison–Gini Index Co-efficient-distribution of family income.” Ma ka laina ma https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison.
Ma Pepeluali 12, 2023, ua hele au i laila e kiʻi i kā lākou mau helu GINI hoʻohālikelike hou loa. Me he mea lā ua palaualelo ka CIA, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea a pau a lākou i hāʻawi ai i kēia manawa he mau manaʻo ma mua o nā helu o kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, helu lākou i nā ʻāina mai ka like ʻole nui a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi, a helu iā lākou mai ka 1 (nui loa) a hiki i ka 176 (liʻiliʻi), me ka ʻole o ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka Mokupuni o Jersey. (ʻOkoʻa ka hōʻike ʻana o ka CIA i kēia mau waiwai ma mua o ka mea maʻamau, e like me nā helu piha.
Ua helu lākou i ka US he 50th ʻO ka ʻāina hoʻokele waiwai (ʻaʻole like) ma .414 i ka makahiki 2016. (ʻAʻohe manaʻo iaʻu, no ka mea, ua helu lākou i ka US ma .450 i 2004, a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea i ka wā o ka Great Recession, akā ʻo ia ka helu a lākou e hōʻike nei. )
ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau i hana i nā ʻāpana e like me kaʻu i hana ai i ka makahiki 2009, ʻike wau i ka helu kūlana a me ka helu i manaʻo ʻia o kekahi mau ʻāina ʻilihune; E hoʻomanaʻo, inā aia lākou ma waena o nā helu 1-49, ʻo ka like ʻole o kā lākou loaʻa kālā inoino ma mua o ka US, ʻoiai ʻo 51-176 emi ma mua o ka US: ʻO Mozambique ka #7 ma 2014 ma .540; ʻO Uganda ka #38 ma 2016 ma .428; no laila ua like ʻole lāua ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻo Laos ʻo #65 ma 2018 ma .388; He #73 ʻo Cambodia i ka makahiki 2008 me .379; ʻO Vietnam ka #96 ma 2018 ma .357; a ʻo Bangladesh ka #134 i ka makahiki 2016 me .324, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i like ka like ʻole o kēia mau ʻāina ʻilihune ʻehā ma mua o ka US.
[3] Eia hou, e ʻike iā Ronald W. Cox. Ka Mana Hui a me ka Globalization ma US Foreign Policy. Lādana a me New York: Routledge.: 16-30: ʻAʻole kēia i "hiki wale ʻia," akā ʻo ia ka huahana o kahi hoʻolaha ākea a kūleʻa e hoʻololi i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika i manaʻo nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana pelekikena like ʻole a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i kēia hoʻololi.
[4] Ua lawe pololei ʻia kēia ʻāpana mai Scipes, 2021, Ke kūkulu ʻana i ka Hui Hana Hana honua: Nā haʻawina mai ka Philippines, South Africa, Northwestern Europe, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books).: 9-11.
[5] Wahi a ka National Center on Poverty, "ʻO ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana, ma ka awelika, pono nā ʻohana i ka loaʻa kālā e like me ʻelua manawa o ka pae ʻilihune Federal e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau pono kumu. ʻO nā ʻohana me nā pae kālā ma lalo o kēia pae loaʻa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau kālā haʻahaʻa: $44,000 no ka ʻohana ʻehā (hoʻonui ʻia ka manaʻo nui) (Chau, Thampi, and Wight, 2010: 21). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka paepae ʻilihune kūhelu e ke aupuni Federal, a no ka makahiki 2013, he $23,550 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2013).
ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā mākou i hoʻohana i kahi ʻoia iʻo ka paepae no ka helu ʻilihune–a ʻaʻole ka nui o ka lawa ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia e ke aupuni US–a laila ma 2012, 34.3 pakeneka o a pau ʻO nā ʻAmelika (ma luna o ka hapakolu) aia ma lalo o ka ʻoia iʻo laina ʻilihune ʻo ia ka 200 pakeneka o ka laina ʻilihune kūlana (e nānā iā DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17).
[6] ʻO ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o ka media i ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu o ka poʻe ʻilihune ma ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia manawa he keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe keʻokeʻo he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
[7] I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020, ua haʻaheo ʻo Pelekikena Trump i ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, "He kanalima miliona mau kānaka ma ʻAmelika e noho i ka ʻilihune, me ka manaʻolana liʻiliʻi no lākou iho a me kā lākou mau keiki," e like me ka International NGO, Oxfam (2020). Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka Bureau of Labor Statistics, "I ka makahiki 2018, ʻo ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana (ka helu hana ʻole) no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 3.9 pakeneka; akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka helu ma waena o nā lāhui a me nā lāhui. Ma waena o nā hui lāhui, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu hana ʻole ma mua o ka helu aupuni no nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Alaska Natives (6.6 pakeneka), ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (6.5 pākēneka), ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻElua a ʻoi aku ka lāhui (5.5 pakeneka), a me nā Native Hawaiians. Nā kānaka ʻē aʻe o ka Pākīpika (5.3 pakeneka). ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka uku hana ʻole ma mua o ka helu aupuni no nā poʻe ʻAsia (3.0 pakeneka), a me nā keʻokeʻo (3.5 pakeneka). Ua kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻe o ka lāhui Hepanika a me Latino, ma ka 4.7 pakeneka, ma mua o ka 3.7 pakeneka no ka poʻe ʻaʻole Hepanika" (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hana ʻole ma Ianuali 2020 ma 3.6 pakeneka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka U-6 uku hana ʻole-i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ka moʻolelo pololei loa, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka "limahana nāwaliwali" - he 7.7 pakeneka (McMahon, 2020).
I kekahi hihia, ʻo kēia mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka hopena o ke aupuni Pekelala e ulu ana i ka hapa nui, i manaʻo ʻia e hele i $ 1 trillion i ka makahiki fiscal 2020 ma lalo o Pelekikena Trump, me ka ʻaiʻē aupuni i kēia manawa ma mua o $22 trillion (e nānā iā Emma, 2020). No laila, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei au, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hana ʻoi aku ka huahana o ka hoʻolimalima deficit (ke kākau ʻana i nā māka "wela") ma mua o ka huahana o ka ulu waiwai paʻa.
[8] Ua ʻike mua au i kēia ma ka hana ʻana i nā paʻi paʻi ma kahi hale paʻi non-union ma ke kuaʻāina ʻo Kentucky aʻu e hoʻāʻo nei e hui i ka makahiki 1981-82. Ua kūʻai ka hui i kahi paʻi pūnaewele hou e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā limahana i loko o kahi ohua mai ʻelima a ʻekolu, ʻoiai e hana ana i nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai a hāʻawi i ka paʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka maikaʻi, i makemake ʻia no ka mea ʻo kekahi o kā mākou paʻi kiʻekiʻe loa no ka ʻoihana daimana. . I kēlā manawa, loaʻa iaʻu he $4.85 i hoʻokahi hola me nā pōmaikaʻi liʻiliʻi - ke hoʻopiʻi nei ka mea nona ka uku nui iaʻu - a hana wau i 40 mau hola o ka pule; ʻO kahi hana uniona hoʻohālikelike i kēlā manawa ma Kapalakiko Bay Area (mai kahi aʻu i neʻe ai) uku ʻia ma luna o $20 i ka hola, me kahi pule hana he 35-hola (a me ka manawa a me ka hapa ma luna o ʻehiku mau hola i ka lā, a me nā lā Sābati. me ka manawa kaulua ma na la Sabati.). 81-
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa e like me ke kuaʻāina ʻo Kentucky; ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i nā wahi uku kiʻekiʻe wale nō.
[9] Iwalani Perusek (2017, "Ka Papa, Lahui a me ka Hoʻolālā Polika i ke Kāʻei Rust." ʻO Stansbury
Hui, Mei 30. Ma ka laina ma https://stansburyforum.com/2017/05/30/class-race-and-political-strategy-in-the-rust-belt), i kāna hōʻike ʻana i nā mea i hana ʻia i ka wā koho pelekikena 2016-me kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka ʻoihana Midwest-a me nā manaʻo no nā ala i mua, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻikepili mai ka US Bureau of Labor, me ka ʻike ʻana "i ka hopena o 2000, aia nā mea hou aʻe. ma mua o 17 miliona mau hana hana ma United States. Ma mua a ma hope o ka Great Recession (2007-2009), ua nalowale kēia mau hana i kahi helu kupaianaha: 30 pakeneka o nā hana hana i nalowale mai ka makahiki 2000.
[10] A i kēia manawa, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Ka New York Times, ʻo nā hana kūʻai kūʻai i hāʻawi i kekahi ana o ka hana no ka poʻe i nalowale i nā hana hale hana—ʻoiai naʻe, ma nā uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka uku—ke hoʻopau ʻia nei e ka e-commerce; e ʻike iā Rachel Abrams lāua ʻo Robert Gebeloff, 2017, "Ma nā kūlanakauhale i hōʻeha ʻia e nā pani ʻana o ka hale kila, he mea make hou: nā hana kūʻai kūʻai." New York Times, Iune 25. Ma ka laina ma
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/25/business/economy/amazon-retail-jobs-pennsylvania.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=photo-spot-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news.
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