ʻO kēia ka Māhele 3 i loko o kahi moʻolelo mōʻaukala 5 ʻāpana e kālele ana i ka US imperialism, globalization a me neo-liberal economics a puni ka honua i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. E paʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana hope i nā Poʻalua.
NEO-LIBERAL EKONOMI[I]
Eia kekahi, aia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo neo-liberal economics. He hana kēia e ho'āʻo e wehewehe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni honua.[Ii] Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e pili ana i nā loina o ka mākeke kūʻokoʻa-ʻo ia iho kahi manaʻo ideological[Iii]— ʻaʻole manuahi ka ʻoihana neo-liberal, akā i hoʻomohala nui ʻia e pōmaikaʻi i ka poʻe waiwai a ikaika o ka US Empire; no laila, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻowaiwai hou aku i ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā kumu waiwai waiwai hou e kākoʻo ai i ke aupuni US. A he mea ia e hoʻopololei ai i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka home o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka US, ka mea i hoʻopau i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka palekana o nā miliona ma kēia ʻāina, ʻoiai e manaʻo ana ka poʻe ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻo ia wale nō ka hemahema, ʻaʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana. e ka poʻe waiwai a me ka mana, a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i kēia mau kaʻina kaiapuni nui ma o ko lākou noho kaʻawale ʻana a me nā manaʻo o ka individualism i hoʻonui ʻia e nā elites.
He hōʻike ia o kēia mau kaʻina hana ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II (ma hope o 1945).
Ua puka mai ʻo ʻAmelika mai ka luku honua ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II i nā mea āpau-akā-aʻole i hōʻeha ʻia a me ka ʻoihana ʻenehana ʻoi loa o ka honua; Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pōkā atomika a hāʻule ʻelua ʻelua ma Iapana, a ʻo ka pūʻali koa moana a me ka ea ikaika loa ma ka honua, ua hoʻokumu koke lākou i ka CIA (ke Central Intelligence Agency) e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻomau i ka noho aupuni politika ma ka honua i kēlā me kēia manawa a ma kahi hiki.[Iv] Ua kūkulu ʻia ke aupuni ʻAmelika ma ke kua o kahi hoʻokele waiwai ikaika—McCoy (2017, I loko o nā aka o ke kenekulia ʻAmelika: ʻO ka piʻi ʻana a me ka emi ʻana o ka US Global Power. Chicago: Nā Buke Haymarket) e kuhikuhi ana ua hana ka US i 50 pakeneka o ka hana ana o ka honua i na waiwai a me na lawelawe i na makahiki 1950 mua (e like me ka mea i hanaia e na aina e a pau o ka honua, hui pū ʻia)—a ua hui pū ʻia kēia me nā hui kālā o ka honua e like me ka World Bank, ka International Monetary Fund (IMF), a me ka General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai honua mai nā hemahema o ka kapitalisme unregulated i alakaʻi ai. i ka Great Depression, kahi hoʻokele waiwai honua i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe kālai waiwai ʻAmelika e hoʻomalu mau ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
No ka poʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i 26 mau makahiki o ka hoʻonui ʻana a kokoke like i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai maoli i loko o ka hui US.
ʻO nā makahiki ma waena o 1947 a me 1973 i manaʻo ʻia he "makahiki gula" o ka hui US.[V] Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai i nā kālā 2005, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kāpae ʻia ka piʻi ʻana a ua hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻike ma kēia pakuhi me ka Figure 2 a me Figure 5, ma lalo: waiwai dala maoli, a pela na hoohalike kupono.
Kiʻi 1: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana US, ma nā kālā ʻAmelika, ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohele ʻana, ma ka quintile, 1947-1973, ma 2005 Dālā[VI]
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20 % | ʻEkolu 20% | ʻEhā 20% | 95th Kenekulia[VII] | |
1947 | $11,758 | $18,973 | $25,728 | $36,506 | $59,916 |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
ʻokoʻa (26 makahiki) | $ 11,386 (97%) | $ 19,215 (101%) | $ 27,554 (107%) | $ 36,769 (101%) | $ 54,318 (91%) |
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka manawa mua, 1947-1973 ka ulu waiwai maoli no kēlā me kēia quintile. I loko o ka manawa 26-makahiki, aia ma kahi o 100 ka nui o ka ulu waiwai maoli no nā loaʻa kālā ma luna o kēlā me kēia quintile, ʻo ia hoʻi. ua pālua ka loaʻa kālā ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻonui kālā; no laila, ua nui ka ulu waiwai maoli i loko o ka nohona.
A ʻo ka mea nui, ua puunaue like ia keia ulu waiwai maoli. ʻO ka ʻikepili ma ka lālani ʻehā (ma nā pale) ka pākēneka o ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o 1947-1973 ka loaʻa kālā maoli ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka loaʻa maoli o ka makahiki 1947, me ka 100 pākēneka e hōʻike ana. he papalua o ka loaa maoli: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ke kuintil lalo ma waena o 1947 a me 1973 he piʻi aʻe he $11,386, ʻo ia hoʻi he 97 pakeneka ʻoi aku ma mua o $11,758 i loaʻa i ka luna o ke kuintil i ka makahiki 1947. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua ʻike pū kekahi mau quintile ʻē aʻe i ka piʻi ʻana o nā huina like ʻole: ma ka hoʻonohonoho piʻi ʻana, 101 pākēneka, 107 pākēneka, 101 pākēneka, a me 91 pākēneka. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua like loa ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana ma ka quintile ma nā quintile ʻelima o ka heluna kanaka.
Ma ka waena naʻe o nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻi hou mai ke Kaua Honua II o Farani, Kelemānia, Iapana, a me United Kingdom a hiki i kā lākou hui ke hoʻokūkū me ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ʻEulopa a me Iapana. . Ma ka 1970s, ua hoʻokūkū kekahi o kēia mau hui me nā hui US i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe i nā ʻoihana huahana i loko o ka US, e hoʻonui ana i ko lākou kūlana hoʻokūkū kūʻē i nā ʻoihana US.
Hōʻike ʻo Ronald W. Cox i kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana i "ka hāʻule ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā i ʻike ʻia e nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻAmelika i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960 a me nā makahiki 1970 mua," i hoʻonui ʻia i nā makahiki 1970 a hiki i ka waena o 1980s.[viii] Hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka "noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hana i lawe ʻia e nā hui US no ka pane ʻana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa," ʻo ia hoʻi "i loko o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka mākeke e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokomo, i hui pū ʻia me ka hui politika e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kulekele mokuʻāina ʻo US ma kahi neoliberal. ” hopena ʻo ia a me Cathy Skidmore-Hess i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1999.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Cox i kekahi mau kikoʻī:
No nā hui o ʻAmelika, ʻo ke ala kuʻuna i ka mālama ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kālā ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana mākeke oligopolistic a me ke kūlana e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai. Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia hoʻolālā e nā ʻoihana nona ka māhele mākeke ma kahi ʻoihana i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i mea e pāpā ʻia ai ke kumukūʻai no nā ʻoihana hou e komo pono i ka mākeke a hoʻokūkū i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū nui loa o ka US ma nā kaʻa, ke kila, nā kemika, a me nā mea hana mīkini i hauʻoli i kēlā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kā lākou mau mea hoʻokūkū ma o ka manawa ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai i kēia mau ʻoihana ke hopu maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻoi loa o ka mākeke US e kūʻē i nā mea hoʻokūkū kūloko a me nā haole no nā makahiki ʻelua ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Eia naʻe, ma ka waena o 1960s, ua ʻike ʻia nā māwae i nā hale oligopolistic i hiki ai i kēlā mau ʻoihana ke hoʻomalu i ka mākeke US.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū mai nā mea kūʻai aku Iapana a me Kelemania, a ukali ʻia e ke komo ʻana o ka mākeke mai nā ʻāina ʻenehana hou o Asia, ua nāwaliwali ka paʻa ʻana o nā oligopolies ma US ma ka mākeke kūloko. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻoihana oligopolistic US i nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai no ka mālama ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā i hōʻemi ʻia e ka komo ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū nui ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻoihana haole i hana hou ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka pōmaikaʻi ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa US: ua lawe lākou i nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻokūkū ai iā lākou a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā kumukūʻai "sunken" i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kā lākou mau hoʻokūkū US. ʻO nā ʻoihana US, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou waiwai waiwai i ka makahiki 1930, ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka penikala a me nā kuleana mālama olakino ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa haole - he hōʻike o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka privatization o kēia mau kumukūʻai i ka US i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻEulopa a me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa no nā ʻoihana US. i ka pili ana i keia mau koina. I loko o nā makahiki mua ʻelua o ka wā ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, hiki i nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū nui loa o ka honua ke hoʻohana i ko lākou kūlana ma ke ʻano he "mea hana mua" e hoʻokumu i nā oligopoles i hoʻomalu i ka mākeke US ma nā ʻoihana alakaʻi āpau. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēlā hoʻolālā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū honua.
Pono nā hui US e nānā i nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻāʻo e lanakila i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā. ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā hanana i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1970 a me ka 1980 mua i alakaʻi i nā hui e hoʻoponopono hou i kā lākou hana ma o ka hui ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻolālā e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū, a ma hope o ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā waiwai i kahi kaʻina hana hou i hoʻolālā ʻia e kālele i nā hana ʻoihana a puni kahi kumu. pūʻulu hana. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana e pili ana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako honua kahi i loaʻa ai ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻoihana ma luna o ke kaulahao. Mai ka waena o 1980s a hiki i kēia manawa, ua nui ka manaʻo o ka māhele mākeke i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hui ma luna o ke kaulahao waiwai hoʻohui ʻia o ka hana ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka 'ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a / a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ikaika o ka honua. makeke….' Ua hui pū kēia kaʻina hana me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomohala honua paʻakikī o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻolako e hoʻopiha i kekahi i kekahi e hoʻokō i nā huaʻōlelo o ka hana e hoʻonui ʻia nei e nā 'system integrators' ma luna o ke kaulahao lako ( Cox, 2012: 15-16).[IX]
ʻO ka honua paʻa ʻole i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokele waiwai o US ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II e loli ana: ʻaʻole ia ma lalo o ka mana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke neʻe nei ia mai kahi ʻōnaehana kikowaena i hoʻomalu ʻia e kekahi ʻāina i kahi decentralized i ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū. Ma ka 1980s, e piʻi mai ana ka hoʻokūkū mai nā hui mai kekahi o nā ʻāina e ulu nei. Ua hoʻomau wale ʻia kēia mau ʻano. A ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma hope, ʻo ia ka hoʻokūkū kūʻē a me ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, me nā hui mai nā aupuni i noho ʻia ma mua.
Ua paʻa ka hana ʻana ma US i nā makahiki 1970, a ua hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonui kālā. Ua nalowale loa ʻo ʻAmelika i kāna mau pono waiwai i nā ʻāina hoʻokūkū.
ʻO ka Business Roundtable-he hui o nā Luna Nui (CEO) o nā hui alakaʻi o ʻAmelika - ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1972 e hoʻomaka i ka hāʻawi ʻana i "nā hoʻonā" i pane i ka lethargy hoʻokele waiwai a lākou i ʻike ai e ulu ana.[x] Ma ke kumu, ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻae hou i nā uniona kālepa i kaupalena i kā lākou mana hoʻokele ma nā papahele hale kūʻai, a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻopau i kēlā pilikia.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana a me ka lanakila o ka hui neo-liberal agenda ʻaʻole i hana wale ʻia ma muli o nā 'ikaika mākeke' a i ʻole ka honua. ʻO nā hui ikaika loa i ka US-he nui o lākou ka mea ikaika loa ma ka honua-i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻokō; Ua hoʻomohala lākou i kā lākou ʻae a hoʻoneʻe i kā lākou waiwai nui a me ka pūnaewele i hana hiki mai. Ua paʻa ko lākou manaʻo e kūʻē i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa hana a hoʻohuli i ka loaʻa kālā i loaʻa i nā makahiki 1960 a piʻi i ka wā hope o ke Kaua Vietnam ma 1969-71. ʻAʻole i manaʻo wale ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻoihana i ke kāohi ʻana i ka hakakā ʻana o nā limahana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka uku uku, he pane nō hoʻi ia i nā luʻi i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole o nā makahiki 1960, nā neʻe i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ke kūlana quo a loaʻa nā resonances. ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio a me nā limahana ʻeleʻele (koʻikoʻi i ke kumu mua) (Richard Roman a me Edur Velasco Arregui, 2013: 7).[xi]
Ua komo kēia mau hoʻolālā i nā hana ma nā pae he nui. Ua kū'ē lākou i nā uniona kālepa ma nā papa hale kūʻai, akā ua hele lākou ma mua o kēlā. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e "outsource" i ka hana ikaika i nā ʻāina i haʻahaʻa nā koina hana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka poʻe i loaʻa nā ala e hoʻokele ai i ka hana, a e hoʻokūkū ai e loaʻa kālā no ko lākou mau ʻāina. E hana pū lākou me ka International Monetary Fund (IMF) a me ka World Bank e hāʻawi iā lākou e hoʻolako i nā ʻoihana waiwai no kēia mau ʻāina e kākoʻo i nā hoʻopukapuka hou o nā ʻāina ʻē. E hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i ka ʻenehana i nā hale hana US, e hoʻololi ana i nā limahana me nā mīkini i hana hou ʻia me nā ʻano "hoʻopakele hana". E hana pū lākou me nā "alakaʻi" naʻauao e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loli e pono ai i hiki ke haʻi ʻia i ka lehulehu - no laila, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "neo-liberal" economics. E kākoʻo lākou i nā kālaiʻāina a me nā luna kānāwai e kākoʻo i kā lākou papahana. A e kākoʻo a kākoʻo lākou i ka poʻe kālai'āina nāna e hoʻoikaika i kēia mau manaʻo ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou hoʻolaha koho balota, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka pae aupuni.
ʻO ke kumu o ka neo-liberal economics ke kī i kēia hoʻolālā. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo ka maikaʻi o nā hui US ka mea nui i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika, ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika ke kikowaena o ka pono o ka United States Empire, a ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO ke kī nui i ka maikaʻi o nā hui US ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea paʻa i nā hui US, ʻaʻole pili i ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka hui US.[xii] ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka ʻae ʻana i nā hui o ʻAmelika i ka mana paʻa ʻole ma luna o kā lākou mau hana, e hōʻemi ana inā ʻaʻole e luku i nā uniona kālepa i kā lākou mau hale hana a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kuʻi ma ka ʻae ʻana i nā "limahana pani" (scabs) a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i kā lākou "kuleana" hana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā hahau. ʻO ia ka ʻae ʻana i nā limahana aelike a me nā limahana hana manawa e pani i nā limahana manawa piha. ʻO ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pale olakino a palekana, nā papahana uku o nā limahana (no ka poʻe ʻeha ma ka hana), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e kaupalena ʻia ai ka hana a me ka huahana. A ʻo ia hoʻi ka pāpā ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono a i ʻole nā palena i nā hoʻoholo ʻoihana e pili ana i hea, a ma lalo o nā kūlana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopukapuka a hoʻokaʻawale paha mai nā kaiāulu.
E like me kaʻu i kākau ai i ka makahiki 1984, "ʻO kēia hana ʻino [ʻoki i nā kumukūʻai hana o nā hui] ua lawe i nā ala he nui. Loaʻa iā ia ka 'rationalization' (ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke koena a/a i ʻole nā mea kanu kahiko), ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, ka ʻae ʻana, a me ka banekorupa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, e hui pū ka hoʻouka ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ala. "
Ua wehewehe hou aku au,
ʻO ke kumu o ka haʻi ʻana i kēia mau ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e hōʻike i nā ala like ʻole e hoʻouka ʻia ai nā limahana. ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau hoʻouka ʻana he hoʻouka kaua i nā uniona. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui ka luku ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā limahana ma ka papahele hale kūʻai. Makemake kēlā me kēia hui e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā limahana e hana i ka makemake o ka ʻoihana, i ka wā e makemake ai ka ʻoihana, pehea ka makemake o ka ʻoihana. ʻIke lākou i nā uniona ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūʻē i hoʻokumu ʻia, a inā e kū ana kahi uniona no kona mau lālā, makemake lākou e hoʻokuʻi iā ia (Scipes, 1984: 20-21).
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻoihana neo-liberal ma mua o ka "hoʻokuʻu ʻana" i nā ʻoihana mai ka "hoʻokaumaha" o ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou poʻe limahana. ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka nohona holoʻokoʻa. E like me kā Francis Fox Piven i hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻo ka neo-liberal hoʻokele waiwai he pūʻulu o nā kulekele i hana ʻia, ma ka inoa o ka individualism a me nā mākeke paʻa ʻole, no ka deregulation o nā hui, a me nā ʻoihana kālā; ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā lawelawe aupuni a me nā papahana pōmaikaʻi; ka pale ʻana i nā uniona hana; ʻO nā kulekele 'kūʻokoʻa' e wehe i nā mākeke haole; a i nā manawa a pau e hiki ai, e hoʻololi i nā papahana aupuni me nā mākeke pilikino (Piven, 2006: 17).[xiii]
Ua komo pū kekahi i nā ʻauhau ʻauhau no nā hui a me ka poʻe waiwai, a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā papahana kaiapuni.
ʻO nā pūʻali ʻēheu ʻākau i kūʻē i ke komo ʻana o ke aupuni i ka hoʻokele waiwai (koe naʻe ka pōmaikaʻi iā lākou a i ʻole nā mea kākoʻo ʻoihana) - inā kūʻē i nā papahana kaiapili o nā makahiki 1960 (pinepine no nā kumu racist), a i ʻole no ka ʻimi waiwai waiwai - i hui pū ʻia i ka hoʻolaha pelekikena a , e hoʻomaka ana ma Ianuali 1981, i ka hoʻokele ʻana o Ronald Reagan. Ua hoʻohana kēia poʻe i kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pono o ke kaiāulu: Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Reagan, "ʻAʻole ke aupuni ka hopena; ʻo ia ka pilikia.”[xiv]
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei naʻe au, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā e alakaʻi nei i kēia hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻoihana neo-liberal: ke manaʻo nei ka poʻe elite i ka hoʻokūkū kūleʻa holomua mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. he hoʻoweliweli pololei i ko lākou hiki ke kākoʻo a mālama i ka US Empire, a no laila ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻoneʻe i nā waiwai waiwai mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kona poʻe i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke aupuni US a me ka pūʻali koa US.[xv]
I ka makahiki 1980, a i ka makahiki 1982, ua kuʻe ka hoʻokele waiwai. I ka makahiki 1982, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā poʻe manaʻo ma lalo o Reagan iā ia i ka pono e hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui kālā mai ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ʻaʻole i komo ke aupuni e "hoʻoulu hou" i ka hoʻokele waiwai: ʻoiai ua piʻi ka uku paneʻe i ka 21 pakeneka, he mea pōʻino i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻo Reagan i nā mea hou. nā papahana kaiaulu a i ʻole e hoʻonui i ke kālā no nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia. Ua pahū ka nele i ka hana, a hiki i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa mai ka Great Depression.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻouka ʻo Reagan i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, ʻo ka ikaika hoʻokahi - ʻoiai nā palena he nui - i hāʻawi i ka holomua waiwai no nā miliona o ʻAmelika.[xvi] I ka wā i paʻi ai ka hui hoʻokele o ka ea (PATCO—Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) i ka makahiki 1981, ua lawe mai ʻo Reagan i nā mea hoʻokele ea e wāwahi i ka hahau. (ʻO kekahi o nā hewa nui i hana ʻia e nā alakaʻi o ka pae aupuni o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, me nā hopena pōʻino, ʻo ia ka hōʻole ʻana i ka pani ʻana i ka ʻoihana mokulele holoʻokoʻa, ka mea i hui nui ʻia, e hoʻōki i ka hana ʻana o Reagan.) , a me nā ʻēheu ʻākau ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ʻaha hoʻokolokolo i kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, ua hoʻokuʻu i ka hiki o ka ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka huahana ma ka uku pololei o nā limahana - ʻoi loa ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻāina uku haʻahaʻa e like me Mexico a me Kina (e luku ana i nā hana ma ka US) a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mīkini hoʻoikaika nui i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i nā hana.[xvii]
Akā ʻo Reagan, ʻoiai ʻo ka moʻolelo i hana ʻia a puni iā ia, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i kahi ʻano lōʻihi i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka nui o ka hoʻolilo deficit, ʻaʻole wale kēia hoʻolilo no ke kōkua ʻana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ma ka laulā; ʻo ia ke kōkua i ka poʻe ʻAmelika waiwai loa, ka pūʻali koa US a me ka ʻoihana mea kaua: Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Reagan e hoʻolilo i nā haneli he mau piliona kālā i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ke keʻena kaua - hōʻole wau e kapa ʻia ʻo "pale" - a ua hana ʻo ia ma ka pālua ʻana i ka ʻaiʻē aupuni ma ʻewalu makahiki: i kona wā i noho ai i ka oihana i ka makahiki 1981, ʻo ka ʻaiʻē aupuni o ʻAmelika—mai ka makahiki 1789 ma lalo o George Washington a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka noho hoʻomalu ʻana o Jimmy Carter—he $ .909 trillion dala; i ka wā i haʻalele ai ʻo Reagan, ʻewalu mau makahiki ma hope, he $2.7 trillion.[xviii] (Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka piʻi ʻana mai ia manawa ma lalo o nā pelekikena Democratic a me Republican, a ma ʻOkakopa 2022, ʻoi aku ma mua o $31 trillion (Alan Rappeport a me Jim Tankersley, 2022, "US Debt Surpasses $31 Trillion." Ka New York Times, ʻOkakopa 5: B-1 a me B-3. Ma ka laina ma https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/business/national-debt.html) ..[xix]
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hana maikaʻi ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika e like me ia i nā makahiki he 40+ i hala iho nei-ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa no ka poʻe maʻamau e like me ia ma waena o 1947-73-no ka mea ke kākau nei ke aupuni US i nā "hōʻike wela" e uku ai. kona mau lilo. I kekahi manawa, pono e uku ʻia kēlā aie-a ʻaʻole maikaʻi.[xx]
No ka hoʻi ʻana i kā mākou moʻolelo: me ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā uniona, nā kaua kālā ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohiolo ka ʻepekema o ka neo-liberal i kā mākou mau waiwai koʻikoʻi i hoʻokahi mea: ka loaʻa kālā. Inā hoʻonui kekahi mea i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana, maikaʻi ia; ina aole—no ka nui o na mea e ae—he ino ia. Inā hoʻoponopono nā hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka ea/wai a i ʻole nā hui limahana a me ka palekana i ka meaʻai, hewa lākou a pono e hoʻopau koke ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai lākou i nā kānaka, ke kaiapuni a i kā mākou ʻoihana lehulehu. ʻO kēia "philosophy" a ke aupuni US i hoʻoikaika ai a puni ka honua, a ua hōʻeha ia i nā piliona kānaka, me nā ʻumi miliona i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia no ka hana, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea i kaupalena ʻia ka mana o ka ʻoihana ma ka wahi hana - nā uniona iā lākou iho, nā hahau ʻana, nā ʻano hoʻoponopono olakino a palekana, etc. Eia kekahi, ma o nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo kānāwai a/a i ʻole ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, ua kākoʻo ʻia nā hana i kaupalena ʻia ka mana hui o nā limahana—ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe uhaki, ka hana ʻaelike, a me nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e luku i nā uniona ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā lawelawe aupuni, etc. Eia hou, ʻo nā mea a pau e keʻakeʻa a hōʻemi paha i ka loaʻa kālā, ʻaʻole i pili i ka nui o ka maikaʻi o ka lehulehu i hāʻawi ʻia - he hewa ia: ʻo ia ke kumu a me ka hopena o ka ʻoihana neo-liberal.
Eia naʻe kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻoihana neo-liberal. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka nohona i ka makahiki 1960-mua o 1970s—me nā ʻoihana Civil Rights/Black Power, ka neʻe ʻana o nā wahine, ka LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender), ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaiapuni, ka anti-Vietnam War movement, a ʻoi aku ka ke kaua kū'ē iā Vietnam loko ʻo ka pūʻali koa US - makaʻu i ka ʻāʻī o ka poʻe elite. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana lākou i nā mea a pau e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hoʻokiʻekiʻe hou ka hui pū ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui pū ʻana, i kona poʻo ʻino i kēia ʻano nohona.[xxi]
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, ua hana lākou i kahi moʻomeheu o kanaka pakahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā manaʻo o ka hui. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, inā maikaʻi ʻoe a me kāu poʻe aloha, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hopohopo e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina-a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua haʻi lākou i ka poʻe ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ko lākou pono pilikino. Ua hana lākou i ka mea aʻu i kapa ai ʻo "Ua loaʻa iaʻu kaʻu, e hoʻoheheʻe iā ʻoe, Jack" moʻomeheu a me ke kaiāulu. A ua kūleʻa loa kēia manaʻo "screw you, Jack": ʻoiai ke ulu nei ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kekahi o nā lāhui ʻilihune loa o ka honua (e laʻa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique, Uganda, a Vietnam; e ʻike i ka Māhele 4)—ʻaʻohe kūkākūkā ʻāina no kēia ʻano like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā mai ka makahiki 1973 a hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o Occupy Wall Street i puka mai i ka hāʻule o 2011, kokoke i 40 mau makahiki.[xxii]
No laila, e hoʻomaka ana paha ma kahi o 1978, akā ma ke koho ʻana iā Ronald Reagan i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻopunipuni ka poʻe manaʻo ʻēheu ʻākau (me kā lākou mau hoa pili i ka media mainstream, e like me nā mea hoʻokumu o FOX a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i ka ʻāina i ka manaʻoʻiʻo i kekahi mea. ʻO ka mea e keʻakeʻa nei i ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā he ʻino, a ʻo nā ʻano hui like ʻole e hoʻopau iā lākou iho. No laila, ʻaʻole wale ʻo Reagan i hoʻoneʻe i ka ʻaoʻao Repubalika i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa, akā ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo ia i ka ʻaoʻao Demokarata e neʻe i ka ʻākau: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻohe hoʻokele pelekikena o ʻAmelika i hala ma ke ʻano he papahana kūloko e like me Richard Nixon ma waena o 1969-73.[xxiii]
Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kekahi manaʻo i ka hopena o kēia mau mea a pau i nā ʻAmelika maʻamau ke nānā mākou i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma waena o 1973-2001, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ke hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka ʻikepili ma ke Kiʻi 1 (1947-73), ma luna.
Kiʻi 2: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana US, ma nā kālā ʻAmelika, ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohele ʻana, ma ka quintile, 1973-2001, ma 2005 Dālā
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20 % | ʻEkolu 20% | ʻEhā 20% | 95th Kenekulia[xxiv] | |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,355 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
ʻokoʻa (28 makahiki) | $ 3,323 (14%) | $ 7,167 (19%) | $ 15,643 (29%) | $ 30,553 (42%) | $ 66,739 (58%) |
I ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi no ka makahiki 1973-2001, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi mea ʻokoʻa loa mai nā kiʻi 1947-73 (Figure 1). He aha ka mea e ʻike ʻia? Ka mua, ua emi loa ka ulu waiwai: ʻO ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana no kēlā me kēia quintile ʻo ia ka 58 pakeneka no ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ma luna o ka quintile ʻelima, a ʻoi loa kēia ma lalo o ka "lagger" o 91 pakeneka o ka manawa mua.
Ka lua, o ka ulu ana, ua puunaue like ole ia. A ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe ma nā quintile haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka poʻe ma luna o lākou; ua hoʻihoʻi ka hopena, ʻaʻole i holomua: no ka quintile lalo, ua ulu ko lākou loaʻa kālā maoli he 14 pakeneka wale nō ma mua o ka makahiki 1973-2001; no ka lua kuinile, 19 pakeneka; no ke kolu, he 29 pakeneka; no ka ha, he 42 pakeneka; a no ka 80-95 pākēneka, 58 pākēneka: ma ka ʻōlelo ākea, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka poʻe waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune o ka poʻe ʻilihune.
No ke aha ka loli? Manaʻo wau i ʻekolu mau mea. ʻO ka mea mua, i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻenehana mai ke Kaua Honua II, hiki i nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kēia mau ʻāina ke hoʻokūkū hou me ka poʻe mai US-mua ma ko lākou ʻāina home ponoʻī, a laila ma ka lawe ʻana mai i ka US, a laila i ka wā i hoʻokomo ai lākou i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. . E noʻonoʻo iā Toyota: ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokomo i ka US i nā makahiki 1970 mua, a me kā lākou hoʻopukapuka ʻana ma ʻaneʻi i nā makahiki 80 a i mua, ʻo lākou ka lua o ka mea hana kaʻa kaʻa nui loa o ka US.
ʻO ke kumu ʻelua, ʻo ia ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika, e pili ana i ka hana a Ronald W. Cox, i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna, e neʻe ana mai ka mana oligopolistic i ke kauoha ʻana i nā kaulahao lako honua. Ma ka pae hoʻokele ʻoihana, maopopo lākou ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana i kēia hoʻoponopono hou ʻana. Ua hana nui nā hui ʻoihana nui e ʻimi a koho i nā poʻe kālaiʻāina nāna e kau i nā kānāwai / hana i nā kulekele e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono hou a hoʻokō i nā papahana a lākou i ʻimi ai. Ua kākoʻo lākou i nā moho o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe e ʻae i ia mau hoʻololi a ʻae i kēia mau hoʻololi e hoʻokumu ʻia. A e hana pū lākou me nā aupuni ʻē aʻe e ʻae iā lākou i loko o ko lākou mau ʻāina, a ma kahi o nā alakaʻi aupuni i makemake e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā neʻe o nā limahana e puka mai ana. A ʻo ka makana nui loa ʻo ka wehe ʻana iā Kina i ka hoʻopukapuka transnational haole.
Ma hope o kahi hoʻolaha lōʻihi a nui i waena o nā poʻe kālai'āina a me ka lehulehu ʻAmelika e nā hui ʻoihana transnational nui loa, ʻo ke komo ʻana o Kina i ka WTO [World Trade Organization] ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope. He hana nui loa ia no ka pono o ke kapikala transnational, no ka mea, ua kūkākūkā ka poʻe kālai'āina o US a me EU i nā ʻae i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā lālā o ka ʻāina liʻiliʻi loa (LDC) (Breslin, 2000). E ʻae kēia mau ʻae ʻana i nā ʻoihana transnational US e hoʻonui i kā lākou loaʻa kālā ma o ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou e komo nui aku i ka mākeke Kina a ma ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou e hoʻohui iā Kina i kā lākou mau kaulahao lako honua. I ka pōkole, ʻO ke komo ʻana o Kina i WTO he wahi wai ia no ke kapikala transnational, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i mākaukau loa e hoʻokomo iā Kina i loko o nā pūnaewele o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka honua. (hoʻonui ʻia ka manaʻo nui) (Cox and Lee, 2012: 36).
A i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia mau hui transnational iā Kina i kā lākou mau kaulahao hoʻolako honua, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa lākou a / a pani paha i kā lākou mau hale hana US, e holoi ana i nā miliona o nā hana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.[xxv]
ʻO ke kumu ʻekolu o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā limahana ʻAmelika: mai ka 35.3 pakeneka o ka poʻe hana ʻole mahiʻai i nā uniona i ka makahiki 1954, i ka 12.0 pakeneka wale nō o nā limahana ʻAmelika āpau i nā uniona i ka makahiki 2006-a he 7.4 pakeneka wale nō o nā ʻoihana pilikino āpau. hui ʻia nā limahana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka makahiki 1930![xxvi]
He nui nā kumu o kēia emi ʻana o ka unionization. ʻO kahi hapa o kēia hōʻino ʻana ʻo ia ka hopena o nā kulekele aupuni - nā mea a pau mai ka haki ʻana o nā mea hoʻokele ea i ka wā i hele ai lākou e ka Reagan Administration i ka makahiki 1981, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kānāwai hana, a i nā koho ʻana i ka National Labor Relations Board. hoʻoponopono i ke kānāwai hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he kulekele aupuni koʻikoʻi, i pūlima ʻia e ka Pelekikena Demokratika Bill Clinton, ʻo ia ka North American Free Trade Act a i ʻole NAFTA. Ua hele pololei mai kekahi kanaka kālailai:
Mai ka ... [NAFTA] i kau inoa ʻia i ka makahiki 1993, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka deficit kālepa US me Kanada a me Mexico a hiki i ka makahiki 2002 ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hana i kākoʻo i nā hana 879,280 US. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hana nalowale he mau kūlana uku kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻoihana hana. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o kēia mau hana ʻo ia wale nō ka hopena ʻike ʻia o ka hopena o NAFTA i ka ʻoihana US. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kōkua pū ʻo NAFTA i ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa, hoʻopau i ka uku maoli no nā limahana hana, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka mana hui hui a me ka hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā uniona, a hoʻemi i nā pōmaikaʻi fringe (Scott, 2003, "The High Price of 'Free' Trade: No ka NAFTA's Failure has cost the United States Jobs Across the Nation.” Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, “Briefing Paper # 147, November 17: 1. On-line at https://www.epi.org/content/cfm/briefingpapers_bp147).
Ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau hoʻouka kaua a nā luna i koho ʻia e nā hopena ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui transnational nui loa. Ua hoʻololi holoʻokoʻa mai ka hana ʻana i nā lawelawe.
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka hana ʻana, kahi paʻa paʻa uniona, ua nui ka pohō o ka hana: ma waena o Iulai 2000 a me Ianuali 2004, ua nalowale ʻo ʻAmelika ʻekolu miliona mau hana hana, a i ʻole 17.5 pākēneka, a me 5.2 miliona mai ka piko o ka mōʻaukala i ka makahiki 1979, no laila ʻO ka haʻahaʻa loa ʻo “Employment in manufacturing [i Ianuali 2004] mai Iulai 1950” (CBO, 2004, “What Accounts for the Decline in Manufacturing Employment?” Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, Economic and Budget Issue Brief, February 18. ʻAʻole loaʻa hou ma ka pūnaewele.)
Ua laha a hohonu ka lilo o ka hana ma ka ʻāpana hana:
Hōʻike ka AFL-CIO i ka nalowale o ka hana ʻAmelika e ka ʻoihana hana i ka manawa 2001-05:
Kamepiula a me ka uila: 543,000 limahana a i ʻole 29.2 pākēneka
Semiconductor a me nā mea uila: 260,100 a i ʻole 36.7 pākēneka
Nā lako uila a me nā mea hana: 152,500 a i ʻole 26 pākēneka
Nā ʻāpana kaʻa: 153,400 a i ʻole 18.6 pākēneka
Mīkini: 289,400 a i ʻole 19.9 pākēneka
Nā huahana metala i hana ʻia: 235,200 a i ʻole 13.3 pākēneka
Nā metala mua: 144,800 a i ʻole 23.5 pākēneka
Nā lako kaʻa: 246,300 a i ʻole 12.1 pākēneka
Nā huahana lako: 58,500 a i ʻole 13.4 pākēneka
Nā hale lole lole: 158,500 a i ʻole 43.6 pākēneka
Nā lole 220,000 a i ʻole 46.6 pākēneka
Nā huahana ʻili: 24,700 a i ʻole 38.3 pākēneka
Pai: 159,300 a i ʻole 19.9 pākēneka
Nā huahana pepa: 122,600 a i ʻole 20.4 pākēneka
ʻO nā mea palaki a me nā mea hoʻopalapala: 141,400 a i ʻole 15 pākēneka
Kemika: 94,900 a i ʻole 9.7 pākēneka
Aerospace: 46,900 a i ʻole 9.1 pākēneka
Ua hōʻole ʻia nā lole a me nā lole e 870,000 mau hana 1994-2006, he emi ʻana o 65.5 pakeneka (Source: AFL-CIO, 2006: 2. “China Trade: Deficits, Jobs, Investment and Exploitation.” Ma ka laina ma ka laina. http://www.afl-cio.org/issues/jobseconomy/globaleconomy.upload/china_learnfacts.pdf. ʻAʻole loaʻa hou, ʻōlelo ʻia ma Scipes, 2009: 16-17).
ʻO kēia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako honua ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā kamepiula a me nā huahana ʻenehana ʻikepili ʻē aʻe me nā kaʻa), i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻopuka nui ʻana o ka hana hoʻoikaika hana ma waho (e like me nā lole, nā kāmaʻa) a, ʻoi aku ka nui. , ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka ʻenehana e like me ka ʻenehana hou i hiki ai i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe limahana i ka hana hoʻonui nui e like me ke kila (e nānā iā Fisher, 2004, "Why Are We Losing Manufacturing Jobs?" On-line at file:///Users/kimscipes/Downloads/ec%2020040701%20why%20are%20we%20losing%20manufacturing%20jobs%20pdfl; ʻaʻole loaʻa hou).
Nui nā "kumu" i hāʻawi ʻia no kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana me ka mea i luna. Ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi poʻe loiloi i ka ulu ʻana o nā hemahema kālepa no ka piʻi ʻana: "… ʻo ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka noi kūloko no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana e hoʻokō ʻia e nā haole ma mua o nā mea hana kūloko" (Bivens, 2004, "Shifting Blame for Manufacturing Job Loss: Effects of Rising Trade Deficit Shouldn 'a'ole e ha'alele 'ia." Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper. On-line at https://files.epi.org/page/-/old/briefingpapers/149/bp149.pdf). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā loli i nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku (Schweitzer a me Zaman, 2006). ʻO kēlā me kēia kumu, ʻo nā mokuʻāina he 50, ʻelima wale nō (Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, a me Wyoming) ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka nalowale o ka hana ma waena o 1993-2003, akā 37 nalowale ma waena o 5.6 a me 35.9 pakeneka o kā lākou hana hana i ka wā. keia manawa (Public Policy Institute, 2004, . “Manufacturing Employment.” On-line at www.ppinys.org/reports/jtf2004/mfgemploy.htm; ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.)
Eia nō naʻe, pono e hāʻawi ʻia kekahi hapa o ka hōʻaiʻē no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā limahana: ʻaʻole hiki i ke alakaʻi ke kū i kēia mau hoʻololi a, i ka manawa like, ua hana mau lākou e kūʻē i kekahi hana kūʻokoʻa ma ke kūlana-a. - nā lālā waihona.[xxvii]
Eia naʻe, pono e nīnau ʻia: ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he hoʻopunipuni helu wale nō, a i ʻole he mea maoli paha kēia?
Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia wahi i kahi ala ʻē aʻe: ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CAGR, ka Compound Annual Growth Rate, kahi mea hana maʻamau i ka honua kālā. He helu hoʻokahi kēia i helu ʻia, e pili ana i nā huina i hui ʻia, ma waena o nā makahiki, e hōʻea i kahi helu awelika e hōʻike i ka helu o ka hoʻonui a i ʻole ka emi ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka manawa holoʻokoʻa. He ʻano paʻakikī kēia, akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka manaʻo like me ka ukupanee hui i hoʻohana ʻia i kā mākou waihona mālama kālā: hoʻokomo ʻoe i $10 i kēia lā a (ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole kēia he kumu hoʻohālike maoli) no ka mea, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka uku pākēneka he ʻumi, no laila, loaʻa iā ʻoe $11 i ka wā e hiki mai ana. makahiki. ʻAe, i ka makahiki aʻe, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ka ukupanee mai ka $10 kumu, akā helu ʻia ma ka $11. No laila, ma ke kolu o ka makahiki, mai kāu $10, ua loaʻa iā ʻoe he $12.10. Etc. A ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka Compound Annual Growth Rate: ʻo ia ka ulu ʻana i hui ʻia i ka makahiki ma waena o kahi manawa i koho ʻia.
Ma muli o nā helu i hōʻike ʻia ma luna o ka Figure 1, ua helu ka mea kākau i ka Compound Annual Growth Rate e nā quintiles (Figure 3). Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka ulu makahiki no ka manawa mua, 1947-1973, nā makahiki i kapa ʻia ʻo "makahiki gula" o ka hui US. He aha ka mea i hana mai ia manawa? E hoʻohālikelike i nā hualoaʻa mai ka makahiki 1947-73 i ka ulu makahiki ma waena o ka manawa ʻelua, 1973-2001, helu hou ʻia e ka mea kākau.
Kiʻi 3: ʻAwelika pākēneka makahiki o ka ulu ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana, ma ka quintile, 1947-1973 hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1973-2001
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 |
95th Percentile | 2.51% | 1.66% |
Kuintile ʻehā | 2.72% | 1.25% |
Kuintile ʻekolu | 2.84% | .92% |
Kuintile lua | 2.73% | .62% |
quintile haʻahaʻa | 2.64% | .48% |
ʻO ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoiai e ulu ana ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma kahi o ka helu like i ka manawa mua-ma waena o 2.51 a me 2.84 pākēneka i kēlā me kēia makahiki-ma ka lua o ka manawa, ʻaʻole wale i emi iho ka ulu ʻana ma waena o ka papa, akā ua ulu ʻo ia ma kahi ʻokoʻa loa. rates: ʻo ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka poʻe waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune o ka poʻe ʻilihune.
Inā pololei kēia mau helu, pono e ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manawa i ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā i kēlā me kēia quintile. ʻO ka mea kūpono, inā he kaulike ka hui, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia 20 pakeneka o ka heluna ka 20 pakeneka o ka loaʻa kālā i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke Kiʻi 4, ma lalo nei, ʻaʻole pono e nānā wale i ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā i mālama ʻia e kahi quintile ma ka pakuhi, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka makahiki i koho ʻia e ka makahiki i koho ʻia, akā pono kekahi e nānā e ʻike inā ke neʻe nei ka hapa o ke kuinile o ka loaʻa kālā i mua a i ʻole. mai ka 20 pakeneka kūpono.
Kiʻi 4: Ka pākēneka o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana ma ka quintile, ʻO 1947, 1973, a me 2001, e like me ke ana ʻana i nā kālā 2005.[xxviii]
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 |
ʻElima kiʻekiʻe (palena haʻahaʻa o ka 5 pakeneka kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% |
ʻElua ʻelima–$103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima–$68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% |
ʻEhā ʻelima–$45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% |
ʻElima lalo–$25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% |
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua pau ka hapa nui o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka lehulehu i ka makahiki 2001. Akā, i ke kauwela o 2007, ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma mua o 2001, ua hoʻopuka ka Census Bureau i ka ʻikepili loaʻa a hiki i 2005. Hiki iā mākou ke nānā i nā mea i hana ʻia. e pili ana i ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻohana i nā makahiki ʻehā mua o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o George W. Bush.
Kiʻi 5: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana US, ma nā kālā US, Growth and Distribution, by quintile, 2001-2005, 2005 Dālā
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20% | Waena 20% | ʻEhā 20% | ʻO ka pae haʻahaʻa loa o ka 5% kiʻekiʻe | |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,855 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
2005 | $25,616 | $45,021 | $68,304 | $103,100 | $184,500 |
ʻokoʻa (4 makahiki) | -$851 (-3.2%) | -$834 (-1.8%) | -$621 (-.01%) | -$728 (-.007%) | $ 3,527 (1.94%) |
No laila, ʻo ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma lalo o nā makahiki ʻehā mua o ka Bush Administration, ʻo ia no ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kūlana waiwai: ʻaʻole wale ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia quintile i hoʻolōʻihi i kahi 1.94 pākēneka liʻiliʻi ma ka hapa nui, akā ʻo ia. ʻo ka lalo 80 pakeneka i nalowale maoli; lilo ke kālā (he poho loa), ma mua o ka ulu li'ili'i akā hā'ule ma hope o ka quintile luna (kahi poho pili). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka emi ʻana ma waena o nā quintiles ʻehā i hōʻeha ʻia e ka poʻe i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 40 pakeneka o ke kaiāulu.
Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kēia ma ka nānā ʻana i nā helu CAGR ma ka manawa.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohui i nā hopena o ka māhele o ka makahiki 2001-2005 ma ka quintile i kā mākou pakuhi mua:
Kiʻi 6: Ka pākēneka o ka ulu ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā awelika i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka pākēneka, 1947-2005
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 | 2001-2005 |
ʻO 95 pakeneka kiʻekiʻe | 2.51% | 1.66% | .48% |
ʻEhā ʻelima | 2.72% | 1.25% | -.18% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima | 2.84% | .92% | -.23% |
ʻElua ʻelima | 2.73% | .62% | -.46% |
ʻElima lalo | 2.64% | .48% | -.81% |
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma lalo nei, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana ma kēlā me kēia o nā quintile lalo ʻehā i ka makahiki 2005 ma mua o ka makahiki 1947; ʻO kahi wale nō i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i kēia manawa 58-makahiki ma ka 95th percentile (a ma luna aʻe).
Kiʻi 7: Ka pākēneka o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana ma ka quintile, 1947, 1973, 2001, a me 2005
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 | 2005 |
ʻElima kiʻekiʻe (palena haʻahaʻa o 5percent kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% | 48.1% |
ʻElua ʻelima–$103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% | 22.9% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima–$68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% |
ʻEhā ʻelima–$45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% | 9.6% |
ʻElima lalo–$25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā loli i ka hāʻawi kālā, aia ma ka pae hui iloko o ka hoʻonohonoho pilikanaka US; i keia hihia, quintile by quintile. ʻO ka manawa kēia e ʻike ai i ka hopena o kēia i ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa. E kamaʻilio ʻia kēia ma ka ʻāpana 4.
Hoʻopuka pū ʻia kēia moʻolelo moʻolelo e ZNetwork a Manaʻo Kaiāulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Hoʻomau ka ʻāpana 4 i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka "neo-liberal economics." Hiki iā ʻoe heluhelu i ka moʻo holoʻokoʻa (nā ʻāpana 5 a pau) maanei.
ʻO Kim Scipes, PhD, he mea paʻi ma mua, he mea hana uniona a me ka mea hana hana, i kēia manawa he lālā o ka National Writers Union Local 1982, AFL-CIO. ʻO ia hoʻi ʻo Professor Emeritus of Sociology ma Purdue University Northwest ma Westville, Indiana, USA. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i ʻehā mau puke a hiki i kēia lā, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 250 mau ʻatikala-ma ka nānā ʻana o nā hoa, nā mea kūikawā nui, a me nā nūpepa activist a me nā nūpepa - ma US a ma 11 mau ʻāina a puni ka honua. Hiki ke kiʻi manuahi ʻia kāna hana, me kāna puke holoʻokoʻa ma ka KMU Labor Center of the Philippines Nā Hoʻolaha – Purdue University Northwest (pnw.edu). He mea hoʻokumu pū ʻo ia o LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), nona ka pūnaewele ma https://aflcio-int.education/.
ENDNOTES
[I] ʻO kēia ʻāpana ma ka "neo-liberal economics" e huki nui ana i kaʻu hana mua - ʻike pono Scipes (1984, “Industrial Policy: Can It Lead the US Out of It Economic Malaise?” Nānā Hana Hou, Ka Papahana Hoʻonaʻauao Hana o ke Kulanui o Kapalakiko, Vol. 6, Puna: 27-53. Hoʻouka hou ʻia ma ke ʻano puke liʻiliʻi, Kekemapa 1984. Aia ka mana puke ma ka laina ma https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/35435605/industrial-policy-can-it-lead-the-us-out-of-its-economic-malaise; 1999, "Ka pilikia o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, nā Neoliberal Solutions, a me ka Philippines." Nānā o ka mahina, Nānā Mahina, Vol. 51, Helu 7, Dekemaba. Ma ka laina ma https://monthlyreview.org/1999/12/01/global-economic-crisis-neoliberal-solutions-and-the-philippines/; 2006, "I ka manawa hea e haʻalele ai ke alakaʻi AFL-CIO i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke aupuni Kina no nā hoʻoholo hui lehulehu, nā kulekele aupuni o ʻAmelika, a me nā pane kūpono ʻole o nā alakaʻi limahana o ʻAmelika?" MR-ma-Line, Iulai 3. Ma ka laina ma https://mronline.org/2006/07/03/when-will-the-afl-cio-leadership-quit-blaming-the-chinese-government-for-multinational-corporate-decisions-us-government-policies-and-us-labor-leaders-inept-reponses/; 2009. "Neo-Liberal Economic Policies in the United States: The Impact of Globalization on a 'Northern' Country." Nūpepa Inia no Politics and International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, Ianuali-Iune: 12-47. Ma ka laina ma https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/neo-liberal-economic-policies-in-the-united-states-by-kim-scipes-1/; 2016b, "Introduction" iā Kim Scipes, ed. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Honua Pūnaehana Pūnaewele i ka wā e hoʻokele ai i ka hoʻomehana honua (Chicago: Haymarket Books). Ma ka laina ma https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Solidarity: 3-10)—akā ua hoʻonui ʻia e nā heluhelu hou aʻe, ʻo Robert paha. Brenner, 2003, ʻO ka Boom a me ka Bubble: ʻO ka US i ka World Economy. Lādana a me New York: Verso.); ʻO Ronald W. punk (2012, "Kālā Waiwai a me nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika" ma Cox, ed., Ka Mana Hui a me ka Globalization ma US Foreign Policy. Lādana a me New York: Routledge: 11-30; ʻO Cox lāua ʻo Sylvain Lee, 2012. "Transnational Capital and the US-China Nexus" ma Cox, ed.: 31-55; Cox a me G. Nelson Bass, 2012, "The Foreign Policy of Organized Labor in the Context of Globalization" ma Cox, ed.: 56-78; David Gibbs, 2012, "The Military-Industrial Complex in a Globalized Context" ma Cox, ed.: 95-113; David Harvey, 2005, He Moolelo Pokole no ka Neoliberalism. 'Oxford: 'Oxford University Press; Palani Fox Piven, 2006, ʻO ke kaua ma ka home: nā kumukūʻai o ka hale o ka pūʻali koa a Bush. Nu Ioka: New Press; Richard Roma ia a me Edura Velasco Arregui, 2013, Continental Crucible: ʻoihana nui a me nā hui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Halifax a me Winnipeg: Fernwood; a me Daniela Skidmore-Hess, 2012, "The Corporate Centrism of the Obama Administration" ma Cox, ed.: 79-94. Eia hou, e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia, hoʻokomo pū wau i kekahi mau noiʻi aʻu i hana ai ma kahi o 2013, a ua paʻi ʻia ma Nā meaʻai, 2021, Ke kūkulu ʻana i ka Hui Hana Hana honua: Nā haʻawina mai ka Philippines, South Africa, Northwestern Europe, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books): 9-11, a me kekahi mau noiʻi i komo i loko Nā meaʻai, 2017, "The Epic Failure of Labor Leadership in the United States, 1980-2017 and hoʻomau." Papa, Lahui a me ka Mana Hui, Vol. 5, Helu 2, Paukū 5. Ma ka laina ma https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss2/5.
[Ii] E ʻoluʻolu e kala mai i koʻu palena ʻana i ka nānā ʻana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa; aia nā kaʻina hana like e hana nei ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina o ka US Empire, me nā ʻāina imperial nui o ʻEulopa Komohana. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hihia o ka US, a ʻo ia ka ʻāina nui o ke aupuni, no laila, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻimi i ka maopopo loa, ua kaupalena wau i kaʻu mau ʻōlelo i loko, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau kaʻina e ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia hiʻohiʻona hoʻokahi.
[Iii] He aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo nei i ka "kūkulu ideological"? Ua aʻo ʻia mākou aia nā mākeke hoʻokele waiwai, kahi e hiki ai i nā kāne (a me nā mea hou aku, nā wahine) ke launa like, e kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe e pili ana i ko lākou pono ponoʻī, a alakaʻi ʻia kēia e "ka lima ʻike ʻole" o ka mākeke. . ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoi loa ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka moʻolelo kūʻai kūʻai kihi "mom and pop", ʻaneʻane like ʻole nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku; ʻoi aku ka mana o nā mea kūʻai aku ma luna o nā mea kūʻai: "inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hāʻawi mai iaʻu i kaʻu makemake, ʻaʻole wau e kūʻai aku." Malia paha ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka hihia kahi i ʻoi aku ka mana o nā mea kūʻai aku ma mua o nā mea kūʻai aku ʻo ka mākeke hana; Hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻolimalima i ka mea a lākou e makemake ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokae i kekahi mau mea pili i ka pilikanaka ("lahi," ke kāne, ke kīnā, ka moe kolohe, etc.).
ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia wahaheʻe o ke kaulike, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he hōʻike pololei o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka nohona akā he moʻolelo hoʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia e huikau inā ʻaʻole hoʻopunipuni i nā kānaka; ʻo ia hoʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia e mālama iā ʻoe ma lalo o ka poʻe i makemake e hoʻopunipuni.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai kūʻai kūʻokoʻa e kaupalena ʻia ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana-he kālā a ʻaiʻē paha kāu e kūʻai ai i kekahi mea a ʻaʻole paha? ʻo ia hoʻi, he "hoʻohālike" haiki loa ia o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
E hoʻopaʻapaʻa wau ʻo kahi kumu hoʻohālike piha loa, ʻoiai me nā palena, ʻo ia ka mea i kūkulu ʻia e Karl Marx,1867 / 1967, Pule, Volume 1. New York: Nā Publishers International, a me kāna mau mamo kālaiʻāina.
[Iv] Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka CIA ma lalo o ka National Security Act o 1947 (e ʻike iā Rachel Santarsiero, mea hoʻopili a hoʻoponopono. 2022. "He 75 ka makahiki o ka National Security Act." National Security Archive, Ke Kulanui ʻo George Washington, Wakinekona, DC. Ma ka laina ma https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2022-07-26/national-security-act-turns-75. No nā palapala nui o kā lākou hana i nā makahiki, e ʻike iā William Blum, 2000, ʻO Rogue State: He alakaʻi i ka mana nui o ka honua. Monroe, ME: Mea maʻamau
Ka wiwo ole; 2014. Ke Kūʻana i ka Manaolana: Nā Koa US a me CIA ma muli o ke Kaua Honua II—hooponopono hou ia
hoʻopuka. Lākana: Zed; a me 2015. ʻO ka mea make loa o ʻAmelika: Demokalaka—ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Lākana: Zed.
[V] Lawe pololei ʻia kēia ʻāpana e pili ana i ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me kahi ʻāpana ma lalo Nā meaʻai, 2009. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole kēia e hoʻoponopono i ka stratification pili i ka lāhui a i ʻole ke kāne i loko o ka hui US, kahi i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia; no ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o kēia mau mea i ke olakino ma kēia ʻāina, e ʻike iā Donald A. Barr, 2019, ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ke olakino ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: Papa Social, Lahui, Lahui, a me nā mea hoʻoholo i ke ola olakino, 3rd Ed. Baltimore: ʻO Johns Hopkins University Press.
E ʻike ʻia ana ma ka Kiʻi 1, ma lalo nei, e ʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka loaʻa maoli o nā kānaka ma waena o ka makahiki 1947 a me 1973, a ʻo kēia ulu kālā i puunaue like ʻia i nā keneta a pau i loko o ka nohona. No laila, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kēia wā, aia kahi kumu waiwai maoli i ka manaʻo o "ka moeʻuhane ʻAmelika" a hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia e nā mea a pau.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka "manaʻo" i hoʻomau ʻia kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma hope o 1973, e hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka ʻikepili ma lalo nei. E like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia, "ka moe ʻAmelika" nalo ka nui o kāna kumu waiwai, a ua lilo ia i "wahi kamaʻilio" noʻonoʻo no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna o nā ʻAmelika.
[VI] He manawa wehewehe e kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kāu mea e nānā nei. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o kahi hui, e hōʻuluʻulu nā ʻepekema sociologists (a me kekahi poʻe economists) i kahi pūʻulu o ka ʻikepili waiwai e like me ka hiki, e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā a/a i ʻole ka waiwai, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka ʻohana a i ʻole ke kanaka, a hōʻike mai ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka nui. Maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili loaʻa, no laila ke hōʻike pinepine ʻia nei, e like me ka hana ʻana ma aneʻi. A laila e puunaue ʻia nā huina kālā i nā quintile a i ʻole hapalima, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau mea mai ka quintile haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe. A laila, i ke ana ʻana, e kau lākou i ka helu kālā no ka huina kiʻekiʻe loa (ka luna) o ka loaʻa/waiwai i ka quintile, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike iā lākou i ka manawa, e ʻike ai i kahi e ulu a hāʻule ana ka hāʻawi kālā.
[VII] ʻAʻole makemake ke aupuni US iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā e hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka ʻelima pakeneka (5%) o ka heluna kanaka, no laila e kū kā lākou ʻikepili no ka quintile ʻelima (a kiʻekiʻe loa) ma 95 pakeneka; ʻO ka helu no ke kanaka ma ka 95th pākēneka. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili no nā piko o nā quintiles ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea e hana mau lākou i kēia, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki ʻē aʻe ʻoiai ka palena palena.
[viii] Ua haʻi ʻo ia iā Harlan Prechel (1997, “Hoʻololi ʻoihana i ka Subsidiary Multilayered: Ke hoʻololi nei i nā kūlana waiwai a me ke kulekele ʻoihana mokuʻāina.” Hui Pūʻulu Sociological, Vol. 12, No. 3: 405-439. 414), kākau "... e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka hāʻule nui o ka loaʻa kālā i kēia manawa no nā ʻoihana ʻoihana 500 kiʻekiʻe mai 7.7 pakeneka mai 1973 a 1981 a i 4.8 pakeneka mai 1982 a 1986 ..." (Cox, 2012: 18).
[IX] Pono e nānā ʻia kekahi ʻōlelo ma ka ʻōlelo a Cox: pili ʻo ia i nā lāhui ʻoihana ulu o Asia. Wahi a Nā meaʻai, "ʻO ka mea mua, maopopo, ua hoʻomaka kēia hoʻomohala a / a i pōmaikaʻi paha mai ka US Cold War e kū'ē i ka 'communism,' a ma hope ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia, "ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻokumu a hoʻokumu hou i ka hegemony kapitalista ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a me ka US imperial. hegemony in the region …” (Scipes, 2020b, “Regional Aspirations with a Global Perspective: Developments in East Asian Labor Studies.” Hoʻonaʻauao Philosophy a me Theory, Vol. 52, No. 11: 1214-1224, 1216. Ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341719609_Regional_aspirations_with_a_global_perspective_Developments_in_East_Asian_labour_studies). ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene ʻo ia ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā "pūnaewele hoʻopukapuka" i nā hui transnational, hāʻawi kēia i nā pūnaewele hiki ke hiki i nā hui US ke neʻe aku mai US.
[x] E like me ka palapala i nā manawa he nui e kekahi mau mea kākau ma Cox, ed. (2012), he hana nui ka Business Roundtable e hoʻoikaika ana i nā pono o nā hui transnational nui loa o US a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kā lākou mau pono i nā echelons kiʻekiʻe o nā pōʻai aupuni o US, a ua kūleʻa loa i kāna mau hana.
[xi] E ʻike i ke kūkākūkā o kā lākou hana kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana ma Cox and Bass (2012).
[xii] ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika i ka pono o ka United States Empire, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa; Hōʻole nā luna US e wehewehe i kona aupuni e like me ia. Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi ʻia kahi aupuni a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i kahi ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai home-'āina.
[xiii] ʻO kāna mea i ʻōlelo hope ai ʻo ia ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā hui lehulehu-e like me ka mālama wai a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolako, ka mana hana uila, nā ʻōnaehana kula a me nā kula pākahi, nā papahana kaʻa (nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa kaʻa, nā alaloa, nā alahaka), etc.-i nā hui pilikino. , ka hoololi ana i ka mana lehulehu me ka hooponopono hui; ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēia mau papahana mai ka lawelawe ʻana i nā pono maʻamau i ka lilo ʻana i mau papa hana pilikino. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau kaʻina hana he "privatization."
[xiv] I loko o kahi kānana ikaika, ua wehewehe ʻo Cox (2012: 16-30) i ke kaʻina hana a nā hui alakaʻi o ʻAmelika i hana ai ma luna o Reagan a me nā hoʻokele pelekikena hope o nā ʻaoʻao politika ʻelua, a ua hoʻokumu iā lākou i ke kulekele hoʻokele waiwai politika ʻē aʻe e pono ai kēia mau hui. ka lilo pololei o na limahana ma keia aina. He kikoʻī kikoʻī ia e pono ai ke noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ʻohi ʻia a hiki i kēia lā.
[xv] Wahi a Macrotrends (2023, “US Military Spending/Defense Budget, 1960-2023.” Ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/military-spending-defense-budget), akā i hoʻohui ʻia e kēia mea kākau, ʻo ka huina kālā o ka pūʻali koa US mai 1982 (makahiki mua kālā o ka Reagan Administration) a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokele ʻana o Donald Trump ma 2021: $18,215.91 biliona a i ʻole $18.216 trillion. (ʻO kēia ma mua o ko Rūsia hoʻouka ʻana iā Ukraine i Pepeluali 2022.)
Eia hou, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka pūʻali koa US ma 2021 me ka 10 o kā mākou "hoa": US-$800.67 biliona; UK- $68.37 biliona; Palani- $56.65 biliona; Kelemānia- $56.02 biliona; Saudi Arabia- $55.56 biliona; Iapana- $54.12 biliona; South Korea- $50.23 biliona; Italia- $32.01 biliona; Australia- $31.75 biliona; Kanada- $26.45 biliona; a me Israel- $24.34 biliona. (Macrotrends, 2023). I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ma 2021, ʻo ka US wale no ua hoʻohana i $800.67 biliona, kahi o kā mākou mau hoa pili 10 hui pūʻia lilo i $455.5 biliona.
He wahi koʻikoʻi kēia i hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe holomua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: he aupuni ko ʻAmelika, a ʻokoʻa kona ikaika ma mua o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ke ʻano he ʻāina, akā ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe elite a me ka politika iā mākou. e hoʻomaopopo i kēia ʻokoʻa: makemake lākou e noʻonoʻo mākou ʻo ka projection o ke aupuni, ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻomalu i ke koena o ka honua, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina. Pehea nā kaua ma Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, a me Afghanistan - me nā kauoha "global" US like ʻole ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ka Middle East, ʻApelika, a me ʻAsia Hikina, a me kā lākou mau hana e pili ana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua. hana me ka "pale" ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waho o ka ʻike kanaka; ʻO kāna poʻe moʻolelo moʻolelo e hoʻohālike i ka poʻe e hoʻokau nei i nā ʻōlelo hoʻomana e like me nā pikers.
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ke aupuni a me ka ʻāina he mea nui loa ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka "nationalism" ʻAmelika. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kālā i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ke aupuni he kālā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻonaʻauao, mālama ola kino, hoʻopau i nā kaulike ʻole i loko o ko mākou kaiāulu, hoʻoikaika i kā mākou ʻoihana, a / a i ʻole e kamaʻilio ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni. ka honua.
[xvi] ʻO kekahi o nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi o ke ola ʻAmelika — i hoʻolaha nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana, ke aupuni, a me ka pāpaho koʻikoʻi—ʻo ia ke piʻi ʻana o ka huahana, piʻi koke ko mākou kūlana o ke ola. "Manaʻo" kēia e "mālama" ka ʻoihana i kāna poʻe limahana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uku o nā limahana.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā uniona kālepa, ma o ke kūkākūkā ʻana a me ka hahau ʻana, ka mea i koi i ka ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka uku a hoʻonui i nā pōmaikaʻi. A ʻo nā keʻena hana ʻole i hui pū ʻia ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka uku / mau pōmaikaʻi i nā pae hoʻohālikelike, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana e mālama i kā lākou poʻe limahana mai ka hui ʻana. I ka pōkole, a ma hope o Jack Metzgar (2000, Ke kila kila: Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ke kuʻikahi. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.), ʻo ka "papa waena hana" -ʻo ia hoʻi nā lālā o ka ʻoihana akamai, nā limahana hana unionized, a ma hope aku, nā limahana o ka lehulehu - ua hana ʻia e ka ʻoihana hana, a ua komo lākou i ka "papa waena. "ʻoihana e like me nā loio, nā kauka, nā ʻinikua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana i ka "papa waena waena o ʻAmelika." ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka "papa waena hana" e nā hana "benign" moʻolelo o ka ʻoihana, akā ma ka hoʻoikaika paʻa ʻana o nā miliona o nā limahana i hui pū ʻia i ka ʻoihana hana US.
ʻO nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā uniona mai ka makahiki 1981, e like me kaʻu e hōʻike ai ma lalo nei, ua hoʻopau i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻumi miliona o ʻAmelika, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ka nui o ka haunaele i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
[xvii] Eia hou, e ʻike iā Cox (2012: 16-30) kahi i wehewehe ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o US mai kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike kuʻuna i nā kaulahao lako honua. "He mea koʻikoʻi ka mokuʻāina ʻo US i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā manawa politika, kānāwai, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana no nā ʻoihana transnational i hoʻokumu ʻia e US e hoʻoponopono hou i kā lākou hana i ka makahiki 1980" (Cox, 2012: 25).
No ka hoʻokolokolo hohonu ʻana i ka Apple Corporation, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana transnational i kūkulu ʻia i ka US, a pehea ka hopena o kēia i nā limahana ma Kina, e ʻike iā Jenny. Chan, Mark Selden, a me Pun ʻO Ngai, 2020, Ke make nei no kahi iPhone: ʻO Apple, Foxconn, a me nā ola o nā limahana Kina. Kikako: Haymarket Books.
[xviii] ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo Reagan ʻekolu ka ʻaiʻē Lahui, akā pono ʻoe e unuhi i ka nui āna i hoʻoili ai, no laila ua pālua ka piʻi maoli.
[xix] I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻokumu ke aupuni Pekelala i kahi kālā, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻolālā ana ia no kekahi mau papahana a me nā koina e hoʻolilo iā lākou, a laila e uku ʻia no lākou mai nā ʻauhau ʻauhau. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki kālā—e pau ana i kēia manawa i ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa—e hōʻike ana ke aupuni "ua hoʻohana nui mākou i kā mākou kālā" (hōʻike i kahi hemahema) a i ʻole "ua lawe mākou i kā mākou kālā ma lalo o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia" (hōʻike i kahi koena). A laila hoʻohui ʻia nā hopena o kēlā makahiki (koe a hapa paha) i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻē aʻe, e hoʻi ana i ka makahiki 1789, i ka wā i lilo ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ʻāina kūʻokoʻa, a ua ʻike ʻia kēlā huina huina o ke koena/deficits ma ke ʻano he "ʻaiʻē aupuni."
E hoʻomaopopo ma waena o 1789, i ka wā i lilo ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ʻāina kūʻokoʻa a me 1981, i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokele ʻana o Jimmy Carter, ʻo ka ʻaiʻē aupuni o ʻAmelika he $ 909 biliona, a i ʻole $ .9 trillion. ʻO kēia ka uku no ke Kaua o 1812; ke Kaua Kivila; ke kaua me na kanaka maoli ma ka papu; ke Kaua Sepania-ʻAmelika (me ka US-Philippine War); Kaua Honua I; Kaua Honua II; kaua ma Korea a me Vietnam; e like me ka Tennessee Valley Authority (nāna i lawe mai i ka uila i ka US Hema), ka Interstate Highway System, a me ka papahana ākea a hiki i kēlā lā, me nā hoʻolimalima Federal ʻē aʻe; ua uhi keia i 192 makahiki. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma luna o 40 mau makahiki, mai ka wā i komo ai ʻo Reagan i ka Hale Paʻa, ua ulu ka National Debt i $30 trillion ma lalo o nā Repubalika a me nā Democrats. I kēia lā, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka aie aupuni ma mua o $ 31 trillion (Rappeport and Tankersley, 2022).
Ma Pepeluali 15, 2023, ka New York Times paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻike hou ʻana e ka US Congressional Budget Office i manaʻo ʻia e piʻi ka US National Debt e $19 trillion e 2033 (Tankersley and Rappeport, 2023, "US on Track to Add $19 Trillion in New Debt Over 10 Years." Ka New York Times, February 15. On-line ma https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/15/business/national-debt-biden.html.
ʻO ia ka mea e hana ai i ka wā e komo ai ʻoe i ka hoʻolimalima pūʻali koa nui no ka US Empire, a hoʻemi ʻoe i ka ʻauhau ma luna o nā hui a me nā mea waiwai.
[xx] I ka hopena o ke kolu o ka hapaha o 2022 (Sepatemaba 30, 2022), ua helu ʻia ka US Gross National Product (GNP) ma $25.89 trillion (Y Charts.com, (He hui aʻoaʻo kālā). 2023. Huahana Lahui Nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma ka laina ma https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_gross_national_product); akā ua helu ʻia ka National Debt i loko o kekahi mau lā ma mua o $31 trillion (Rappeport and Tankersley, 2022). ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka National Debt ma kahi o 119.7 pakeneka o GNP. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā makemake nā kānaka a pau o kēia ʻāina e hana manuahi no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ka ʻAi Lahui.
I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1980–ua koho ʻia ʻo Reagan i Nowemapa a ua noho ʻo ia i ke keʻena ma kahi o 20 mau lā-ʻo ka National Debt he $ .907 trillion, a ʻo ka GNP (ma Dekemaba 31, 1980) he $2.768 trillion (Y Charts, 2023), no laila ʻO ka ʻAi Lahui i kēlā manawa ma kahi o 32.5 pakeneka o GNP.
[xxi] ʻO kahi ala nui i hana ʻia ma o ka moʻolelo moʻolelo moʻolelo: ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono e ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, "Sir, No Sir!" (David Zieger, 2005, E Sir, ʻAʻole Sir! Nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻoneʻe ʻia. Ma ka laina ma https://www.netflix.com/title/70043764). ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana e "kau i ke kaua [Vietnam] ma hope o mākou" e ke aupuni US, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻo Zieger i ke ʻano o kahi neʻe kaua kaua. iloko o ka pūʻali koa US, a me kona hopena i ka hiki i ka pūʻali koa US ke kaua i ke kaua. (ʻO kēia neʻe kūʻē kaua i loko o ka pūʻali koa US, kahi aʻu i komo ai, ua "nalo" i ka mōʻaukala US; no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hōʻoia ʻaʻole e nalowale, e ʻike iā David. Cortwright, 1975, Nā Koa i ke Kipi: ʻO ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i kēia lā. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday; Richard Moser, 1996, ʻO nā koa hoʻoilo hou: GI a me Veteran Dissent i ka wā o Vietnam. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; William Pika a me Willa Seidenberg, 1992, ʻO kahi mea o ka naʻau: GI kū'ē i ka wā o ke kaua Vietnam. Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of Art, Phillips Academy. Ma ka laina ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Matter_of_Conscience; a me Richard Stacewicz, 1997, Nā Koa Hoʻoilo: He Moʻolelo Haʻiʻōlelo o nā Veterans Vietnam e kūʻē i ke Kaua. Niu Ioka: Twayne Publishers; no ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaua ma luna o ka poʻe hana, e ʻike iā Penny Lewis, 2012, Hardhats, Hippies, a me Hawks: ʻO ka Vietnam Antiwar Movement ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.) ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a Zieger me ka "moʻolelo" o ke kaua, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka "moʻolelo maoli" i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia. Nick ʻO Turse (2013) puke ma Vietnam, E pepehi i nā mea a pau e neʻe nei: ʻO ke kaua ʻAmelika maoli ma Vietnam, hōʻike pū i ka moʻolelo moʻolelo o ke kaua i hoʻolaha ʻia e ke aupuni US, a laila hoʻopau iā ia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā moʻolelo oihana US Army.
[xxii] Michael ʻO Moore 1989 kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻO wau a me Roger, a me kāna kiʻiʻoniʻoni 2009, Ka nuiism: He Moolelo Aloha, ʻO ia wale nō nā hiʻohiʻona aʻu i ʻike ai i kēlā nīnau neo-liberal economics a hiki i ka lehulehu ākea i kēia manawa. No ka loiloi ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a Moore, e ʻike Bridie, 2022.
[xxiii] ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hōʻike i ka ʻehaʻeha o ke kākau ʻana i kēia mau ʻōlelo; ʻO Nixon, i nā mea he nui o koʻu hanauna, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hewa. Hōʻike ia i ka mamao i hope o kēia ʻāina i hele ai, ma lalo o nā Democrats a me Republicans.
ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻo Nixon i kēia mau kānāwai holomua, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i ke kaiapuni a me nā kānāwai olakino a palekana no nā limahana no ka mea ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia iā lākou, akā no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe holomua (me ka neʻe anti-Vietnam War) i koi iā ia e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia ma keia ano.
No ka loiloi maikaʻi loa i ka politika o Obama Administration, e ʻike iā Daniel Skidmore-Hess (2012).
[xxiv] ʻAʻole makemake ke aupuni US iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ana e ka hapalima kiʻekiʻe (5%) o ka heluna kanaka, no laila ke kū nei kā lākou ʻikepili no ka quintile ʻelima (a kiʻekiʻe loa) ma 95 pakeneka; akā naʻe, no ka mea e hana mau lākou i kēia, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki ʻē aʻe ʻoiai ka palena palena.
[xxv] ʻO Robert E. Scott Ua hōʻike ʻo ia ma kahi o 3.2 miliona mau hana i nalowale "ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai o ka ulu ʻana i nā hemahema kālepa US me Kina ma waena o 2001 a me 2013" (Scott, 2014, "US-China Trade Deficits Cost Millions of Jobs, with Loses in Every State and in All but One Apana Ahaolelo.” December 18. Economic Policy Institute. On-line at https://www.epi.org/publication/u-s-china-trade-deficits-cost-millions-of-jobs-with-losses-in-every-state-and-in-all-but-one-congressional-district/2).
No ka ʻike kikoʻī pehea i hiki ai i ke kapikala transnational ke hoʻokomo iā Kina i loko o kā lākou laina lako honua, a me ka hopena i ka hoʻokele waiwai honua, a me nā hopena i nā limahana Kina, ʻike. ʻO Cox lāua ʻo Lee, 2012. No ka nānā ʻana i nā hana a Apple (a me Foxconn) ma Kina, e nānā Chan, Selden, a me Ngai, 2020. A no ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ke alakaʻi AFL-CIO i ke aupuni Kina no nā hoʻoholo i hana ʻia e nā alakaʻi ʻoihana transnational a me ke aupuni US, e ʻike. Nā meaʻai, 2006.
[xxvi] Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea mai ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2009.
E like me ka Ka Paipai o ka NānāʻIke Helu, i ka makahiki 2022, he 10.1 pakeneka wale nō o ka nui o ka poʻe hana i hui pū ʻia, a he 6.0 pakeneka o ka ʻoihana pilikino. (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, “Union Members, 2022.” Ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf) ..
[xxvii] Ke kākau nui nei au ma ke kulekele haole AFL-CIO i nā makahiki; ʻo ka mea nui loa Scipes (2010a), me ka hōʻano hou, a me ka loiloi nui o ka palapala ma Scipes (2022, "Ka Polokalamu Kulekele AFL-CIO: kahi e kū ai nā mea mōʻaukala." Papa, Lahui a me ka Mana Hui, Vol. 8, Helu 2, Paukū 5 (ʻOkakopa). Ma ka laina ma https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol8/iss2/5). No kekahi ʻatikala maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe AFL-CIO, e ʻike iā Cox and Bass (2012).
Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hemahema o ke alakaʻi ʻana o AFL-CIO ma Scipes, 2017, "The Epic Failure of Labor Leadership in the United States, 1980-2017 and hoʻomau." Papa, Lahui a me ka Mana Hui, Vol. 5, Helu 2, Paukū 5. Ma ka laina ma https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss2/5 (me kahi mea hou i 2024, e hiki mai ana), a hahai ʻia e Scipes, 2020a, "He manawa anei ia no kahi Hale Hana Hou ma United States?" Z Upena, February 19. On-line ma https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/is-it-time-for-a-new-labor-center-in-the-united-states/. Aia kekahi palapala nui e pili ana i kēia e nā mea kākau like ʻole, a ʻo ke kumu hoʻokahi maikaʻi loa i kēia lā (pono e hoʻonui ʻia!) ʻo kaʻu Bibliography "Current Labor Issues", loaʻa ma ka laina ma https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/.
[xxviii] ʻO nā waiwai kālā, i hāʻawi ʻia no ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia kuintil (ma ke kolamu mua) mai ka makahiki 2005, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5, ma lalo.
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