ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka ʻāina poʻokela ma ka Honua no nā makahiki he 40.[I] Nui nā loiloi hoʻokūkū o kēia mau hanana, nā ʻike like ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano naʻauao mai kēia mau mea. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻoikaika maoli ʻana e hoʻomaopopo pono i kēia wā, ua nui nā ʻike kuhi hewa ʻole, obfuscation, a me ka wahaheʻe e pili ana i kāna kuleana ma ka honua a me kāna mau hana hoʻokele waiwai, politika, koa, a me ka moʻomeheu i komo ai; ʻO ka ʻāpana o kēia mea ʻike, ʻaʻole ʻo ia, akā ʻo ia ka nui o ka huikau e pili ana iā ia, ʻaʻole wale ma waena o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao a me nā nūpepa, akā, ʻo ka mea nui loa, nā mea hana a me ka lehulehu.
Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala e hoʻokō i ʻehā mau mea:
- E hoʻomālamalama i ka mea e hoʻāʻo maoli nei ka poʻe kālai'āina-elite o ʻAmelika e hana: e hoʻomalu i ka honua, e hoʻonui i ko lākou mau pono ma ka uku pololei o ka poʻe ʻAmelika a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka mea a lākou e ʻōlelo nei. ; ʻo ia hoʻi, e hāʻawi i kahi moʻolelo pololei a pololei o kēia mau hana a me nā papahana elites.
- Hoʻopili a hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma hope o ka hūnā ʻana i kā lākou mau hana.
- E hōʻike i nā hopena o kēia mau hana ma luna o ka poʻe ʻAmelika a me kā mākou ʻoihana kaiaulu, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka hopena i ʻoi aku ka ʻino i nā mea ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua.
- E hoʻopaʻapaʻa, no ka maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole ola nui o ka poʻe nui o ʻAmelika, a me nā poʻe nui o ka honua, pono mākou nā ʻAmelika e hui pū me ke koena o ka honua e kūʻē i kēia mana elite, ma nā wahi a pau e hōʻike ai i kona poʻo ʻino.[Ii]
Pono kēia kālailai ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, ʻokoʻa ia mai ko mākou ʻano kuʻuna kuʻuna.
ʻOiai he mea pono, ʻaʻole lawa ia e kaupalena i ko mākou nānā ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a / a i ʻole nā ʻāina imperial ʻē aʻe. Pono mākou e hana mai kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, a ʻo kekahi e pili pono ana i nā ʻāina i noho ʻia ma mua. ʻAe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī o kēia mau mea-a ke koi nei iā mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā mea a mākou i noʻonoʻo ʻole ai. ʻAʻole naʻe hiki iā mākou ke lanakila me ka lawe ʻole ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona honua; mai nā mea a pau aʻu i ʻike ai a aʻo ai i nā makahiki, ʻo ia mea nui; ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia i kekahi ala ʻē aʻe.
No laila, ʻo ka mea e ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ia ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili pilikino, e pili ana iā lākou, no ka maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hewa. A eia hou, pono e lawe ʻia kēia ʻano pilikanaka i kahi hiʻohiʻona honua.
ʻO ka pōʻaiapili pilikanaka pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hopena o ke Kaua Honua II i ka makahiki 1945, ua ho'āʻo ka poʻe elite o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻomalu i ke koena o ka honua; he ʻāina imperial ka US (e ʻike, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015; Chomsky, 2003; Grandin, 2007; Johnson, 2000, 2010; Klein, 2007, 2014; McCoy, 2009, 2017; Nederveen Pieterse, 2021, 1989, 2004; Robinson, 2008; Scipes, 1996, 1984, 2009a, 2010b, 2010a, 2016, 2017, 2020b; Stone a me Kuznick).[Iii] ʻO kēia ke ʻano ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka US ma ke ʻano he ʻāina ʻē aʻe, akā - i nā manawa āpau - pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia ka ʻāina puʻuwai o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia e holomua i ka pono o Amerika Huipuia-e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā elite o kēia ʻāina-ma luna o kēlā me kēia ʻāina. Ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mea hiki ke kapa maoli ʻia ʻo "American nationalism" -e pili ana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo - a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia ma o ka ʻōnaehana kula, nā hale pule, a me nā ʻoihana kaiāulu ʻē aʻe (a me ka wahaheʻe nui ʻana e pili ana iā ia ma ka media media), ua nui ka poʻe elite. ka nui o nā ʻAmelika e kākoʻo i kā lākou huakaʻi imperial.[Iv]
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka hoʻopunipuni pilikino ʻAmelika, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo ʻana o kēia papahana imperial o ka poʻe elite ke kumu o ko mākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka noho ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka lāhui; ʻo ia hoʻi, pono kākou e noho imperialist, e hoʻomalu i nā ʻāina ʻē, e ola maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i manaʻo ʻia ma kēia mau ʻōlelo.
Eia nō naʻe, mai ka makahiki 1973—a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi i ka makahiki 1979—ua paʻa ke kūlana o ka noho ʻana o ʻAmelika, inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka ʻino no ka ulu ʻana o nā kānaka; e wehewehe ʻia kēia ma ka Māhele 3 o kēia papahana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka "hoʻonā," e like me ka mea i hoʻopuka ʻia e ko mākou mau alakaʻi kālai'āina a pilikanaka ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "neo-liberal economics"; akā, e like me ka mea i hōʻike maopopo ʻia, ʻo ka mea i hoʻolaha ʻia ka hopena ua hoʻomāinoino wale i nā mea. ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai Neo-liberal, e kūʻē i ka mea "i hoʻohiki ʻia," ua hoʻopuka maoli i nā kumuwaiwai mai ka lāhui kanaka i ka poʻe waiwai a me nā luna o ka US Empire ma mua o ka pōmaikaʻi i ko mākou poʻe. He pōʻino kēia no nā ʻAmelika he nui; Ua ulu ka like ʻole o ka nohona ma muli o nā miliona o ka uku maikaʻi, ua luku ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hana i hui pū ʻia; ua hoʻouka ʻia kā mākou lawelawe kaiāulu a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao; Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā pana kīwī a, no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole e hana maikaʻi ka hanauna o kēia lā e like me ko lākou mau mākua. A e piʻi wale ana nā mea no ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka poʻe.
ʻO ka manawa kēia e noʻonoʻo ai i kahi ala hou e pili ai i waena o mākou iho, i nā ʻAmelika ʻē aʻe, a me nā kānaka a puni ka honua, a me ka honua honua.
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ma ka ʻae ʻana i ka papahana hoʻomalu a nā elites a me ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā piliona kānaka a puni ka honua, ke hoʻohui nei mākou i kā mākou hoʻokaumaha.
ʻO ka manawa kēia e noʻonoʻo ai i kahi ala hou e pili ai i waena o mākou iho, i nā ʻAmelika ʻē aʻe, a me nā kānaka a puni ka honua, a me ka honua honua.
NĀ MANAʻO NUI: IMPERIALISME, GLOBALISATION, NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMICS
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia loiloi, aia ʻekolu mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pono e wehewehe ʻia no kēia ʻano loiloi e ʻae ʻia: "imperialism," "globalization," a me "neo-liberal economics," a ua kūkākūkā ʻia kēlā me kēia ma lalo. He paʻakikī kēia mau huaʻōlelo, a ua ulu aʻe i ka wā lōʻihi, no laila ua paʻakikī ka wehewehe. ʻO kēia nā huaʻōlelo i kamaʻilio ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano nui (imperialism), ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia me he mea lā ua like mākou i ka ʻike maʻamau (globalization), a i ʻole i wehewehe ʻole ʻia akā pono e hoʻomaopopo (neo-liberal economics); a ʻaʻole i nānā pū ʻia lākou. Pono lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a laila hoʻomohala ʻia kēlā me kēia a hōʻike i ke ʻano o kā lākou launa ʻana, a ua hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.
Ua nui ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o ka poʻe loiloi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka imperialism a me ka honua;[V] ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kapa kekahi iā ia he "imperialist globalization."
ʻAʻole ia ka hana a kekahi o mākou e hana ai; ʻO Jan Nederveen Pieterse paha ka mea maopopo loa (2004).[VI] Ke hele nei ka honua no nā ʻumi kaukani makahiki. I kekahi manawa ua lawe kēia i ke ʻano o ka imperialism—Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, etc. Hoʻomaka ka imperialism hou me nā "huakaʻi o ka ʻike" e nā papahana holo moana o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa Komohana, ma kahi o 1500. ʻO ia hoʻi, he mau kaʻina kaʻawale kēia akā ke kau nei; pono e hoomaopopo ia lakou e like me ia.
Kūkākūkā ʻia kēia mau manaʻo i kēia manawa.
KA HOOMANAO ANA I KA IMPERIALISME: KOLONIALIME ME NEO-KOLONIALIME[VII]
Hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻia ka Imperialism ma ke ʻano he huaʻōlelo ʻōlelo, akā hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e kūkākūkā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka honua. E pili ana ia i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole i like ka mana politika-hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻāina like ʻole; pili ka imperialism i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻOi aku ka ikaika o kekahi mau ʻāina ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka poʻe ikaika e hoʻohana i kēia mana e mālama a hoʻonui paha i ko lākou noho aliʻi ʻana ma luna o ka poʻe nāwaliwali ke hoʻokau ʻole nā ʻāina ʻē iā lākou iho i ka ʻāina ikaika loa.
ʻO kekahi o nā haʻawina nui a Marxism i ka hakakā politika ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manaʻo o "imperialism." No ka hōʻuluʻulu wikiwiki ʻana, e pili ana i ka Lenin's "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" (Lenin, 1916) a me ka nui o ka empirical elaboration o ka manaʻo, ʻo ka imperialism kahi hana e hiki ai i kekahi mau ʻāina ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, nāwaliwali, no kā lākou mau mea waiwai. (e like me ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me kāna mau huahana, e like me ka lāʻau, nā huaʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe (nā minerale e like me ke gula, ke kālā a me ke keleawe), a i kekahi manawa kā lākou waiwai kanaka (nā kauā a i ʻole nā mea hou aku, nā malihini hana), ʻo ia hoʻi. hōʻiliʻili ʻia, a laila hōʻuluʻulu, a hoʻi i ka ʻāina imperial "home" e hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomohala hou i ka ʻāina imperial.
I ka manawa like, hana ʻia kēia me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻia e nā mana imperial o ka hopena ʻino i ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua a me ke kaua he hopena maikaʻi loa i ka heluna kanaka, i loko a iā lākou iho. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Robert McNamara, ke Kakauolelo ʻAmelika mua o "Defense," he 3.8 miliona Vietnamese i pepehi ʻia i ka wā i kapa ʻia ai e ka Vietnamese "The American War," a ʻo Nick Turse (2013) nā palapala ʻē aʻe 5.7 miliona i ʻeha. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei nā kumukūʻai kino, kaiapuni, pilikanaka, a me kēlā me kēia lā, kokoke i 50 mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua (1975), me nā hihia hoʻomau o ke kānāwai unexploded a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka make mai ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ʻo Agent Orange).[viii]
ʻO kahi pae ʻē aʻe o ka hopena ma muli o ke komo ʻana i nā hana o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe - me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana huna a ka CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) a i ʻole nā hana "lehulehu" e ka NED (National Endowment for Democracy)[IX]-e hoʻokō i nā makemake imperial US. ʻO kēia mau mea i nā manawa a pau ke kumu nui o ka hoʻohaunaele kaiaulu ma ka liʻiliʻi a alakaʻi pinepine i ka make, ka hoʻopaʻahao, ka hoʻomāinoino, a me ka luku ʻana i nā kānaka a me nā kūlanakauhale, ʻoiai inā e kūleʻa lākou i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i koho ʻia e ka US ma lalo o Richard Nixon a me Henry. Ua hana ʻo Kissinger iā Chile ma Sepatemaba 11, 1973—ʻo ka 9/11 mua—50 makahiki aku nei i kēia makahiki (2023).
Aia kekahi kuleana o ka hoʻopaʻi politika. ʻO kēia kahi kahi o kahi ʻāina - ʻo ka US maʻamau - kau i nā palena i ka mea e hiki ai i kahi ʻāina ke lawe mai a hoʻokuʻu aku, a ua hana ʻia kēia ma o ke kaomi ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka moana, nā palena waiwai, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hihia maʻamau paha ka hihia o Iraq, ma waena o ka hoʻouka kaua mua a me ka lua o US (1991-2003). I ka nīnau ʻia ʻana e CBS News Correspondent Leslie Stahl, ʻōlelo maopopo ʻole ʻo US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright "Manaʻo mākou ua kūpono ke kumukūʻai" ma kahi o 500,000 (ʻaʻohe kuhi hewa) nā keiki Iraqi ma lalo o nā makahiki ʻelima i make ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana o US (Stahl , 1996; e nānā pū iā Blum, 2000: 5-6). Ua kau ka US i nā hoʻopaʻi unilaterally a puni ka honua a ua loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma Cuba a me Venezuela ma kahi o Iraq.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻino i hana ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻaihue maʻalahi o kēia mau mea maka, nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, a me nā kānaka, a i ʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia e nā hopena kino, pilikanaka, naʻau, a me ke kaiapuni o ia ʻaihue. hiki ke hoʻomau no nā hanauna i nā kenekulia, a hiki ke kapa ʻia he hoʻokaumaha.
ʻO ia hoʻi, no ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i ka imperialism, pono e hoʻomaopopo kekahi he kaʻina hana ia ma waena o kahi ʻāina ikaika a me kahi ʻāina nāwaliwali, i manaʻo ʻia e pōmaikaʻi i ka mea ikaika ma ka lilo o ka mea nāwaliwali; kahi e hoʻohana ai ka ʻāina ikaika i kona pūʻali koa, hoʻokele waiwai, politika, diplomatic, a/a i ʻole nā waiwai moʻomeheu e hoʻokau i kona mana ma luna o ka mea nāwaliwali; a ua manaʻo ʻia kēia lula e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻokaumaha ʻia o nā lāhui a me ke kaiapuni o ka ʻāina nāwaliwali i mea e hoʻomau ai i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ka mea ikaika i ka manawa..[x]
ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana hoʻomalu, akā naʻe, e hele lōʻihi loa: ua manaʻo lākou e hoʻokumu i ka mana e ka ʻāina e hoʻomalu nei ʻaʻole wale ma luna o ka ʻāina a me nā kumuwaiwai holoʻokoʻa, akā ma luna o ka moʻomeheu a no laila nā manaʻo pākahi o nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka manaʻo ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa o ka ʻāina e hoʻomalu nei i ke ola o ka poʻe ma ka ʻāina pio a e hoʻomau mau ʻia.[xi]
Eia naʻe, ʻelua ʻano o ka imperialism: colonialism a me neo-colonialism. He aha ka ʻokoʻa?
ʻO ka colonization ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻouka kaua kino a me ka noho ʻana o kekahi ʻāina e kekahi ʻāina ʻoi aku ka ikaika, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina i hoʻouka ʻia ma ke ʻano aupuni a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻāina; i nā huaʻōlelo o kēia wā, ʻo ia ka wā e kau ai ka ʻāina ikaika i "nā kāmaʻa ma ka honua." Ua hana ʻia e hoʻokumu i nā panalāʻau o ka ʻāina imperial ma ke ʻano e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka noho aupuni aupuni e ka ʻāina imperial no ka pono o ka ʻāina imperial; hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka makemake o ka poʻe makaʻāinana o ia ʻāina, inā ʻae ʻia nā "elite" kūloko a ʻaʻole paha.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka colonialism, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻāina imperial i nā keiki kāne - a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaikamahine - o nā elite pre-colonial e hoʻokele i ka ʻāina ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana iā lākou, inā ma ka "home" a ma ka ʻāina imperial. o ka "mea kupanaha" o ka hui aupuni. ʻO ke kī nui o ka "hoʻomaopopo" i kēia mau "alakaʻi" e hiki mai ana (ʻo ia hoʻi, elites) ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa i mua o ko lākou ʻāina ʻo ia ka "hōʻoluʻolu" e ʻae i nā pilina hoʻokele waiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā colonialism e ka ʻāina imperial a mālama iā lākou ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ke kūʻokoʻa politika, ʻimi ka mea colonizer i nā hihia āpau e mālama i nā pilina hoʻokele waiwai like ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa; ʻike ʻia kēia he neo-colonialism.[xii] Mālama ʻo ia i ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa ma lalo o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a pinepine hoʻi i ka politika, ka mana o ka ʻāina imperial, me ka ʻole o ka mana o ka pūʻali koa.
ʻAʻole kēia he mea ʻino loa no ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa hou; ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaneʻane hoʻemi ʻia ka hana ʻino colonial i ke kamaʻāina ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa; a pinepine, qualitatively. A ʻike ka poʻe i hiki i nā poʻe e like me lākou ke holo i nā hana o ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa, e hoʻokūkū ana i ka manaʻo o "keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā colonialism. He mau waiwai kēia no nā mea a pau e pili ana. Akā naʻe, ua kaupalena mau ʻia nā loaʻa i ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia - a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hoʻoikaika - i nā pilina pili waiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o ka colonialism; nā pilina i hoʻolālā ʻia e pōmaikaʻi i ka ʻāina imperial ma ka lilo o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
ʻOiai he mea koʻikoʻi kā Lenin a me kāna mau moʻopuna kālaiʻāina e pili ana i ka imperialism, ua kaupalena ʻia nō hoʻi; ʻo ia ka mea pili i ka hoʻokele waiwai.[xiii] ʻO ka mea i mālama ʻole ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana o ka ʻāina imperialist e hoʻomalu i kekahi mau ʻāina, i kekahi manawa ma ka ʻāpana like o ka honua, i kekahi manawa ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, a i kekahi manawa ma nā ʻāpana he nui i ka manawa like.[xiv] A i kekahi manawa, ua kaupalena ʻia nā pilina imperialist i nā pilina hoʻokele waiwai.
Akā i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole lākou. ʻO ka mea a ka moʻomeheu Marxist i mālama ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia ka pilina politika, ma waena o nā ʻāina imperial a me nā ʻāina colonized, a ma waena o nā ʻāina imperial like ʻole.
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Jan Nederveen Pieterse ma mua o ko Lenin manaʻo. Ma kona ala-haki ʻO ke aupuni a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana: ka mana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma kahi pae honua (New York: Praeger, 1989), Ua ʻae ʻo Nederveen Pieterse i ka ʻimi hoʻokele waiwai a Lenin akā ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i kahi loiloi politika i ka hoʻokele waiwai. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻōlelo ʻo Nederveen Pieterse i ka imperialism nā ka hoʻoikaika waiwai a me ka politika a, ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia, hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i nā pilikia o ka noho aliʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i ka pilina o ka lāhui-mokuʻāina, e hiki ai iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i nā kūlana geo-strategic a me nā aupuni, a me kā lākou hopena i ka mōʻaukala honua.[xv] Eia kekahi, ma kekahi mau kumu, he mea nui ka hooikaika waiwai, a ma na mea e ae, he kumu nui ka manao politika; ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo he kumu mua ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, akā pono e hōʻoia ʻia e ka loiloi empirical.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o Nederveen Pieterse i ka imperialism ma mua o ka pae aupuni. Ma kahi ʻatikala 2010, ua wehewehe au:
ʻO kahi kaiaulu kālai'āina e pili pinepine ana i kahi moku'āina; akā naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mokuʻāina ʻāina ma kēia ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o Nederveen Pieterse i ka imperialism ma mua o ka pae mokuʻāina. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ma muli o ka mana o waho i ka mōʻaukala i hala, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hui i kaʻana like i ka moʻomeheu like ʻole, nā kuʻuna, nā ʻōlelo, a me ka hui politika (ʻo ia hoʻi, "nā kaiāulu politika") i loko o nā palena o nā kaiāulu politika ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā laʻana o kēia, ʻo nā lāhui ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka US, nā Palestinians i loko o ka ʻIseraʻela, nā Kurds i Turkey, Suria, Iran, a me Iraq, a ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi kēia i nā poʻe ʻōiwi a puni ka honua. No laila, ma kahi o ka haʻalele ʻana i kēia mau lāhui a i ʻole ka hoʻolilo ʻana iā lākou i mea ʻole ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike o ka imperialism i nā aupuni aupuni wale nō, ua hoʻonui ʻo Nederveen Pieterse i ka manaʻo o ka imperialism e hoʻokomo i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o kekahi kaiāulu politika ma luna o kekahi, a hiki ke noho i loko o nā palena o kēia manawa. he mokuʻāina ʻāina: ʻo kēia mau pilina pili kaiaulu pili aupuni i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pilina mana like ʻole, me ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka poʻe nāwaliwali (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Eia naʻe, ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka imperialism i nā mokuʻāina, ʻōlelo ʻo Nederveen Pieterse e hiki i nā hui ma nā pae like ʻole o ka honua ke komo i ka imperialism, a hiki ke kōkua i nā aupuni i hoʻokumu ʻia. No laila,
Hoʻonui ʻo Nederveen Pieterse i ka manaʻo o ka imperialism "vertically" e hoʻokomo i nā pae like ʻole o ka mana. ʻAʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina dominative ma ka pae aupuni-moku'āina, akā hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā pilina dominative ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pae mokuʻāina. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lāhui-moku'āina / kaiaulu kālai'āina), hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā pilina mana, e like me waena o United Nations (UN) a me nā kānaka o kēlā me kēia'āina (e like me UN "puʻi mālama maluhia" a me nā poʻe noho ma Haiti). Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā pilina mana ma kahi pae ʻāina (ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa), e like me ma waena o kahi hui hana ma US a me nā hui hana ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui wale ʻo Nederveen Pieterse i ka manaʻo o ka imperialism ma ke koʻi ākea ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana iā ia e hoʻokomo i ka mana ma waena o nā palena kaiāulu politika, akā hoʻolōʻihi ʻo ia iā ia me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pae like ʻole o ka mana. Aia ma ka ʻike ʻana e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka mana ma kahi pae lalo ʻO ka mana aupuni-mokuʻāina e hiki ai ke hoʻokomo i ka mana o ka Labour ma waena o ka politika-kaiaulu-palena i loko o ka manaʻo o ka imperialism (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Ma hope mai, a e hele mai ana mai kahi manaʻo ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomohala hou nā loea e like me Alfred W. McCoy (2009, 2017, 2021) i ka ʻike o nā aupuni. ʻO McCoy (2017), e kālele ana i ka emi ʻana o ka US Empire, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ke aupuni. Ma hope o ke kūkākūkā ʻana i kekahi mau mea kākau mai nā ʻano manaʻo politika, ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia, "I ka pōkole, ua ʻae nā mea loiloi ma ke ʻano politika. aupuni a pau ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo kūpono loa e wehewehe i ke kūlana mana nui o ʻAmelika i kēia manawa” (McCoy, 2017: 47). A eia hou, "ʻO ke kāhea ʻana i ka lāhui e hoʻomalu ana i ka hapalua o nā pūʻali koa o ka honua a me ka hapa nui o kona waiwai he 'emepaea' i lilo i mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi kiʻi analytical i nā ʻike kūpono" (McCoy, 2017: 43).[xvi]
No laila, i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā ʻāina nāwaliwali, ua hui pū ka poʻe ikaika i ko lākou mana i mau aupuni.
A ʻo nā aupuni, i nā makahiki, ua hoʻokūkū e hoʻomalu i nā aupuni ʻē aʻe.
A ʻo ka imperialism, ma nā ʻano āpau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka hana ʻino, inā paha i hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi kūlana a i ʻole. Hōʻike ʻo Thomas Ferguson (2012: xi-xii) i kahi pakuhi hoihoi (e ʻike i kāna Kiʻi 1) e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika a i ʻole ka hana huna ʻana ma waho ma waena o 1798-2001. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka ʻikepili mai ka US Congressional Research Service, nāna i hōʻuluʻulu i kahi hōʻike, "Instances of US Armed Forces Abroad From 1798," a mai Blum (2014). ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia he helu hoʻomau akā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā hana a hiki i ka makahiki 1947 (i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ka CIA ma o ka National Security Act),[xvii] a laila lele nui a hiki i ka makahiki 1975: "Ua piʻi nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻali koa ma waho a me ka hana huna i ka wā o ke Kaua Cold, ma mua o ka emi ʻana o ke koena o nā hālāwai kūkā o ke Kōmike Ekalesia ..." Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia: "ʻAʻole i hoʻomau ka hāʻule o nā hana. ; akā, ua hoʻohuli nui ʻia me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka "Reagan Doctrine" (Ferguson, 2012: xi), i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa 1947-75.
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kēia, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻike i ka hoʻomohala honua o ka kapitalism, ʻaʻole e hana kēlā kapikala i loko o kahi honua kapitalista "kūʻokoʻa", kahi e hoʻoholo ai nā mea nona a i ʻole nā luna mana, akā i loko o kahi honua politika i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia. ma luna o ke aupuni e like me ka mea i kūkulu ʻia e kekahi lāhui-mokuʻāina.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa-a he mau makahiki paha kēia, inā ʻaʻole he mau kenekulia o ka hoʻokauwā ʻana-ua loaʻa i nā kolone ko lākou kūʻokoʻa politika mai ko lākou aupuni aupuni.[xviii] I kekahi manawa, ua hiki mai ke kuokoa ma o ka paio kaua; ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kipi. ʻO nā manawa ʻē aʻe, ua liʻiliʻi nā pōmaikaʻi i ka colonizer a ua hāʻawi ka colonizer i ke kūʻokoʻa politika i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai e hiki mai ana i ka ʻāina imperial. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kolone kahiko i loaʻa i ko lākou kūʻokoʻa politika wale nō; ua hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia lākou i ko lākou haku colonial mua.[xix]
No laila, e hōʻuluʻuluʻia:
ʻO ka Imperialism kahi kaʻina hana pili ma waena o kahi kaiaulu kālai'āina ʻoi aku ka ikaika (ka mokuʻāina, a i ʻole nā hui ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole sub-national) a me kahi kaiāulu politika nāwaliwali, i manaʻo ʻia e pōmaikaʻi i ka mea ikaika ma ka lilo o ka mea nāwaliwali; kahi e hoʻohana ai ke kaiaulu kālaiʻāina ikaika i kāna mau kumuwaiwai (me ka mea kūpono, ka pūʻali koa, ka waiwai, ka politika, ka diplomatic, a/a i ʻole nā kumuwaiwai moʻomeheu) e hoʻokau i kona mana ma luna o ka mea nāwaliwali; a ua manaʻo ʻia kēia lula e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻokaumaha ʻana i nā lāhui a me ke kaiapuni o ka ʻāina nāwaliwali i mea e hoʻomau ai i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ka mea ikaika i ka manawa.
HOOLAHA[xx]
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa he hana mau. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i kahi ākea honua, ʻaʻole e kaupalena hou i ka nānā ʻana o kekahi i ka pae o ka mokuʻāina. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo he kahiko ʻole ka mokuʻāina ʻāina, pili ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopaʻa i kā mākou loiloi politika i ka pae aupuni-mokuʻāina wale nō. Hoʻonui ʻo Jan Nederveen Pieterse:
Ma waena o nā mea noiʻi a me nā mea hana kulekele, ʻĀkau a me Hema, aia kahi manaʻo e kū mai ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka honua: ke hoʻokumu ʻia nei ka honua e nā loli ʻenehana, e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā mokuʻāina, e hui pū me ka regionalization [eg, European Union, Latinamericanization-KS], a ʻaʻohe kūlike (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).
Ua kākau hou ʻo ia ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe e ʻōlelo pinepine i ka manawa-space compression, "ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka honua e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o kahi ākea a me ka manawa pōkole ma mua o ka wā ma mua" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).[xxi]
Aia nō naʻe nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa kahi i mau ai nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui. Ma hope o Nederveen Pieterse, hoʻopaʻapaʻa kēia mea kākau ma waho aʻe o ka mea i luna, he multidimensional ka honua (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻaoʻao, e like me ka ʻoihana waiwai, akā e komo pū nā mea e like me ka politika a me ka moʻomeheu) a pono e ʻike ʻia he hanana lōʻihi. i hoʻomaka i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka "hoʻomaka i ka neʻe mua ʻana o nā lāhui a me nā pilina kalepa lōʻihi a ma hope o ka wikiwiki ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā (ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻenehana, hoʻomana, heluhelu heluhelu, aupuni, kapitalisme" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 70- 71).[xxii] ʻO ia hoʻi, globalization nā lālā ʻo ka kapitalisme a me ka modernity, ʻo ia ka mea ma mua o ke "West." A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1970.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka laulā, hohonu, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kaʻina hana honua ma mua o ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻomaka kēia mau kaʻina hana i ka wikiwiki i nā makahiki 1970.
Inā pili ka globalization i ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia iwakālua me ka 'American Century' a ʻo ka manawa 1980-2000 coincided me ka mana o ka Anglo-American capitalism a me ka hegemony ʻAmelika, hōʻike ʻia ka globalization i ka iwakāluakūmākahi-kenekulia i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ua nawaliwali ka hegemony ʻAmelika, ua hilinaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika, ua ʻaiʻē nui, a ua komo i loko o nā pilikia kālā.
ʻO nā ʻano hou o ke kenekulia iwakāluakūmākahi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa nā kikowaena o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua e neʻe nei i ka honua Hema, i nā ʻāina ʻoihana hou, a me nā mea hoʻopuka ikehu (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24).[xxiii]
Hōʻike hou ʻo ia e hana nei kēia mau hoʻololi i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me ke kālā, i nā hui honua, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia, "Ua hala ka hegemony moʻomeheu ʻole o ke Komohana" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24-25).
ʻOiai ua ʻae kēia mea kākau i ka manaʻo o Nederveen Pieterse e pili ana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa—me ka nui o ia mea a ma mua o ka wā hou—makemake au e hoʻohui i kekahi manaʻo e pili ana i ka honua: he multilayered (Scipes, 2012a). He mea nui kēia.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻoihana a me nā aupuni i ka huaʻōlelo "globalization," me ka koi ʻana he mana monolithic o "maikaʻi" e hoʻohāinu nei i ka honua, a e hoʻopuni ana i nā mea a pau i loko, e like me ka pā o ka wai kahe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōki.
Ua pane mua nā mea hana i kēia ma ke kū'ē i ka honua; no ke ola ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ka puke a Amory Starr i ka makahiki 2005 Global Revolt: He alakaʻi i nā neʻe kūʻē i ka honua. Eia naʻe, ua hele mai ka poʻe hoʻoikaika i ka ʻike ʻaʻole mākou kūʻē i ka globalization, akā kūʻē i ke ʻano o ka honua e hoʻolaha ʻia a hoʻolaha ʻia (e laʻa, Friedman, 1999).
Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau he manaʻo maikaʻi aʻe ka ʻike ʻana aia ʻelua mau pae o ka globalization - e ʻōlelo ana aia he "top-down," hui / militaristic globalization, a me kahi "lalo-up," ka neʻe honua no ka hoʻoponopono kaiapili a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau pae ʻelua i nā waiwai kūʻē loa i kekahi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka globalization ka mea aole he monolith, hoʻokahi, hui pū ʻia, akā hoʻopaʻapaʻa he ʻelua mau papa, no laila hiki iā mākou ke kapa ʻia ʻo "ka honua mai luna," a me "ka honua mai lalo." He aha kēlā manaʻo?
ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a Nederveen Pieterse e pili ana i ka "globalization e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana ma nā wahi ākea a me ka manawa pōkole ma mua o ka wā ma mua" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), pono mākou e nānā i ka Hawaiʻi o kēlā me kēia pae o ka honua. ʻO nā waiwai o ka honua honua kiʻekiʻe ka mea e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolaha ʻole ʻia o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka noho aupuni ʻana a puni ka honua, a me ka militarism (a me nā kaua pili a me nā hana kaua) pono e hōʻoia i ka hiki; ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka honua ka hana hou loa e hoʻomalu i ka honua, nā mea ola āpau a me ka honua.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia i ka nānā ʻana i ka pilikia o ka moʻomeheu honua. ʻO ke kumu nui, hoʻolaha ka honua honua i luna i kahi moʻomeheu "universal" kahi e hoʻolālā ʻia ai ka moʻomeheu o nā mea hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi e like me ka moʻomeheu o kēlā me kēia lāhui kanaka; ʻaʻole ʻike a ʻimi ʻo ia e hoʻoholo i nā moʻomeheu kūloko āpau no ka ʻae ʻana i ka mea nui āna e hana ai.
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa mai lalo, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ola: hōʻole ʻo ia i ka noho aliʻi ʻana ma kona ʻano āpau a ʻimi e kūkulu i honua hou e pili ana i ka kaulike, ka pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka mahalo i nā mea ola āpau a me ka honua (Shiva, 2005 ). ʻO nā manaʻo honua ʻelua, a me nā waiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kēlā me kēia, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻē hou aku.
ʻO kēia kahi o kaʻu kāhea ʻana i nā mea noʻonoʻo macro-level e hoʻohui i ka unionism holomua i kā lākou loiloi i lilo i mea nui loa: ʻo kēia mau hui holomua.[xxiv] he ʻāpana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua no ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pilikanaka (inā ʻike lākou a ʻaʻole paha), a i ka loaʻa ʻana o ia ʻano ʻike, e ʻike lākou i nā ala e hoʻomohala ai i ka lokahi me nā limahana a me nā uniona ʻē aʻe, nā wahine, nā mahiʻai, nā haumāna, nā ʻilihune kūlanakauhale. , etc., a puni ka honua.
No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana aia ʻelua mau pae like ʻole o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a ke kūʻē nei kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono nā kānaka e koho: aia ʻoe ma ka ʻaoʻao hea?
A, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻo ia ke ʻano o kā mākou ʻimi ʻana i nā hoa pili a puni ka honua e kālele ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pilina me ka poʻe e holomua ana i nā waiwai, nā pahuhopu, a me nā hui o ka neʻe "globalization mai lalo" i ko lākou ʻimi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona pili honua mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua no nā wahi āpau o ka honua.
NEO-LIBERAL EKONOMI[xxv]
Eia kekahi, aia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo neo-liberal economics. He ho'āʻo kēia e wehewehe i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika i loko o ka pōʻaiapili honua.[xxvi] Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e pili ana i nā loina o ka mākeke kūʻokoʻa-ʻo ia iho kahi manaʻo ideological[xxvii]— ʻaʻole manuahi ka ʻoihana neo-liberal, akā i hoʻomohala nui ʻia e pōmaikaʻi i ka poʻe waiwai a ikaika o ka US Empire; no laila, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻowaiwai hou aku i ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā kumu waiwai waiwai hou e kākoʻo ai i ke aupuni US. A ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopololei ai i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka home o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka US, ka mea i hoʻopau i ka pono o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka palekana o nā miliona ma kēia ʻāina, ʻoiai e noʻonoʻo ana ka poʻe ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻo lākou wale nō ka hemahema - ʻaʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana. e ka poʻe waiwai a me ka mana-a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i kēia mau kaʻina kaiapuni nui ma o ko lākou noho kaʻawale ʻana a me nā manaʻo o ka pilikino i hoʻonui ʻia e nā elites.
Ua puka mai ʻo ʻAmelika mai ka luku honua ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II i nā mea āpau-akā-aʻole i hōʻeha ʻia a me ka ʻoihana ʻenehana ʻoi loa o ka honua; Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pōkā atomika a hāʻule ʻelua ʻelua ma Iapana, a ʻo ka pūʻali koa moana a me ka ea ikaika loa ma ka honua, ua hoʻokumu koke lākou i ka CIA (ke Central Intelligence Agency) e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻomau i ka noho aupuni politika ma ka honua i kēlā me kēia manawa a ma kahi hiki.[xxviii] Ua kūkulu ʻia ke aupuni ʻAmelika ma ke kua o kahi hoʻokele waiwai ikaika—Ua kuhikuhi ʻo McCoy (2017) ua hana ʻo US i 50 pakeneka o ka hana ʻana o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe o ka honua i nā makahiki 1950 mua (e like me ka mea i hana ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a pau. ka honua, hui pū ʻia)–a ua hui pū ʻia kēia me nā hui kālā o ka honua e like me ka World Bank, ka International Monetary Fund (IMF), a me ka General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai honua mai nā hemahema o ka kapitalisme unregulated i alakaʻi ai. i ka Great Depression, kahi hoʻokele waiwai honua i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe kālai waiwai ʻAmelika e hoʻomalu mau ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
No ka poʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i 26 mau makahiki o ka hoʻonui ʻana a kokoke like i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai maoli i loko o ka hui US. Hiki ke ʻike koke ʻia kēia ma lalo, me ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma waena o ka hoʻokele waiwai o US.
ʻO nā makahiki ma waena o 1947 a me 1973 i manaʻo ʻia he "makahiki gula" o ka hui US.[xxix] Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai i nā kālā 2005, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kāpae ʻia ka piʻi ʻana a ua hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻike ma kēia pakuhi me ka Figure 2 a me Figure 5, ma lalo: waiwai dala maoli, a pela na hoohalike kupono.
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20 % | ʻEkolu 20% | ʻEhā 20% | 95th Kenekulia[xxxi] | |
1947 | $11,758 | $18,973 | $25,728 | $36,506 | $59,916 |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
ʻokoʻa (26 makahiki) | $ 11,386 (97%) | $ 19,215 (101%) | $ 27,554 (107%) | $ 36,769 (101%) | $ 54,318 (91%) |
Puna: US Commerce Department, Bureau of the Census (ma keia hope aku, US Census Bureau) ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa kēia ʻikepili. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā waiwai kālā a pau i 2005 e ka US Census Bureau, e wehe ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā waiwai maoli. Nā ʻokoʻa a me nā pākēneka i helu ʻia e ka mea kākau. ʻO nā pākēneka i hōʻike ʻia ma ka lālani i kapa ʻia ʻo "Difference" e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa kālā ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka makahiki mua o ka hoʻohālikelike a ua hoʻopuni ʻia.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka manawa mua, 1947-1973 ka ulu waiwai maoli no kēlā me kēia quintile. I loko o ka manawa 26-makahiki, aia ma kahi o 100 ka nui o ka ulu waiwai maoli no nā loaʻa kālā ma luna o kēlā me kēia quintile, ʻo ia hoʻi. ua pālua ka loaʻa kālā ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻonui kālā; no laila, ua nui ka ulu waiwai maoli i loko o ka nohona. A ʻo ka mea nui, ua puunaue like ia keia ulu waiwai maoli. ʻO ka ʻikepili ma ka lālani ʻehā (ma nā pale) ka pākēneka o ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o 1947-1973 ka loaʻa kālā maoli ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka loaʻa maoli o ka makahiki 1947, me ka 100 pākēneka e hōʻike ana. he papalua o ka loaa maoli: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ke kuintil lalo ma waena o 1947 a me 1973 he piʻi aʻe he $11,386, ʻo ia hoʻi he 97 pakeneka ʻoi aku ma mua o $11,758 i loaʻa i ka luna o ke kuintil i ka makahiki 1947. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua ʻike pū kekahi mau quintile ʻē aʻe i ka piʻi ʻana o nā huina like ʻole: ma ka hoʻonohonoho piʻi ʻana, 101 pākēneka, 107 pākēneka, 101 pākēneka, a me 91 pākēneka. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua like loa ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana ma ka quintile ma nā quintile ʻelima o ka heluna kanaka.
Ma ka waena naʻe o nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻi hou mai ke Kaua Honua II o Kelemania, Iapana, a me United Kingdom a hiki i kā lākou hui ke hoʻokūkū me ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ʻEulopa a me Iapana. Ma ka 1970s, ua hoʻokūkū kekahi o kēia mau hui me nā hui US i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe i nā ʻoihana huahana i loko o ka US, e hoʻonui ana i ko lākou kūlana hoʻokūkū kūʻē i nā ʻoihana US.
Hōʻike ʻo Ronald W. Cox i kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana i "ka hāʻule ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā i ʻike ʻia e nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻAmelika i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960 a me nā makahiki 1970 mua," i hoʻonui ʻia i nā makahiki 1970 a hiki i ka waena o 1980s.[xxxii] Hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka "noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hana i lawe ʻia e nā hui US no ka pane ʻana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa," ʻo ia hoʻi "i loko o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka mākeke e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokomo, i hui pū ʻia me ka hui politika e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kulekele mokuʻāina ʻo US ma kahi neoliberal. ” nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia e lāua ʻo Cathy Skidmore-Hess ma 1999.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Cox i kekahi mau kikoʻī:
No nā hui o ʻAmelika, ʻo ke ala kuʻuna i ka mālama ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kālā ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana mākeke oligopolistic a me ke kūlana e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai. Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia hoʻolālā e nā ʻoihana nona ka māhele mākeke ma kahi ʻoihana i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i mea e pāpā ʻia ai ke kumukūʻai no nā ʻoihana hou e komo pono i ka mākeke a hoʻokūkū i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū nui loa o ka US ma nā kaʻa, ke kila, nā kemika, a me nā mea hana mīkini i hauʻoli i kēlā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kā lākou mau mea hoʻokūkū ma o ka manawa ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai i kēia mau ʻoihana ke hopu maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻoi loa o ka mākeke US e kūʻē i nā mea hoʻokūkū kūloko a me nā haole no nā makahiki ʻelua ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Eia naʻe, ma ka waena o 1960s, ua ʻike ʻia nā māwae i nā hale oligopolistic i hiki ai i kēlā mau ʻoihana ke hoʻomalu i ka mākeke US.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū mai nā mea kūʻai aku Iapana a me Kelemania, a ukali ʻia e ke komo ʻana o ka mākeke mai nā ʻāina ʻenehana hou o Asia, ua nāwaliwali ka paʻa ʻana o nā oligopolies ma US ma ka mākeke kūloko. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻoihana oligopolistic US i nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai no ka mālama ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā i hōʻemi ʻia e ka komo ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū nui ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻoihana haole i hana hou ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka pōmaikaʻi ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa US: ua lawe lākou i nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻokūkū ai iā lākou a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā kumukūʻai "sunken" i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kā lākou mau hoʻokūkū US. ʻO nā ʻoihana US, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou waiwai waiwai i ka makahiki 1930, ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka penikala a me nā kuleana mālama olakino ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa haole-he hōʻike o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka privatization o kēia mau kumukūʻai ma US i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻEulopa a me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa no nā ʻoihana US. i ka pili ana i keia mau koina. I loko o nā makahiki mua ʻelua o ka wā ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, hiki i nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū nui loa o ka honua ke hoʻohana i ko lākou kūlana ma ke ʻano he "mea hana mua" e hoʻokumu i nā oligopoles i hoʻomalu i ka mākeke US ma nā ʻoihana alakaʻi āpau. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēlā hoʻolālā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū honua.
Pono nā hui US e nānā i nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻāʻo e lanakila i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā. ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā hanana i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1970 a me ka 1980 mua i alakaʻi i nā hui e hoʻoponopono hou i kā lākou hana ma o ka hui ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻolālā e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū, a ma hope o ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā waiwai i kahi kaʻina hana hou i hoʻolālā ʻia e kālele i nā hana ʻoihana a puni kahi kumu. pūʻulu hana. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana e pili ana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako honua kahi i loaʻa ai ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻoihana ma luna o ke kaulahao. Mai ka waena o 1980s a hiki i kēia manawa, ua nui ka manaʻo o ka māhele mākeke i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hui ma luna o ke kaulahao waiwai hoʻohui ʻia o ka hana ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka 'ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a / a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ikaika o ka honua. makeke….' Ua hui pū kēia kaʻina hana me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomohala honua paʻakikī o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻolako e hoʻopiha i kekahi i kekahi e hoʻokō i nā huaʻōlelo o ka hana e hoʻonui ʻia nei e nā 'system integrators' ma luna o ke kaulahao lako ( Cox, 2012: 15-16). [xxxiii]
ʻO ka honua paʻa ʻole i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokele waiwai o US ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II ke loli nei: ʻaʻole i lalo o ka mana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke neʻe nei ia mai kahi ʻōnaehana kikowaena i hoʻomalu ʻia e kekahi ʻāina i kahi decentralized i ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū. I ka makahiki 1980, e piʻi mai ana ka hoʻokūkū mai nā ʻoihana mai kekahi o nā ʻāina kūkulu. Ua hoʻomau wale ʻia kēia mau ʻano. A ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma hope, ʻo ia ka hoʻokūkū kūʻē a me ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, me nā hui mai nā aupuni i noho ʻia ma mua.
Ua paʻa ka hana ʻana ma US i nā makahiki 1970, a ua hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonui kālā. Ua nalowale loa ʻo ʻAmelika i kāna mau pono waiwai i nā ʻāina hoʻokūkū.
ʻO ka Business Roundtable-he hui o nā Luna Nui (CEO) o nā hui alakaʻi o ʻAmelika - ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1972 e hoʻomaka i ka hāʻawi ʻana i "nā hoʻonā" i pane i ka lethargy hoʻokele waiwai a lākou i ʻike ai e ulu ana.[xxxiv] ʻO ke kumu, ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻae i nā uniona kālepa i kaupalena i kā lākou mana hoʻokele ma nā papa hale kūʻai a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻopau i kēlā pilikia.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana a me ka lanakila o ka hui neo-liberal agenda ʻaʻole i hana wale ʻia ma muli o nā 'ikaika mākeke' a i ʻole ka honua. ʻO nā hui ikaika loa i ka US-he nui o lākou ka mea ikaika loa ma ka honua-i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻokō; Ua hoʻomohala lākou i kā lākou ʻae a hoʻoneʻe i kā lākou waiwai nui a me ka pūnaewele i hana hiki mai. Ua paʻa ko lākou manaʻo e kūʻē i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa hana a hoʻohuli i ka loaʻa kālā i loaʻa i nā makahiki 1960 a piʻi i ka wā hope o ke Kaua Vietnam ma 1969-71. ʻAʻole i manaʻo wale ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻoihana i ke kāohi ʻana i ka hakakā ʻana o nā limahana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka uku uku, he pane nō hoʻi ia i nā luʻi i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole o nā makahiki 1960, nā neʻe i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ke kūlana quo a loaʻa nā resonances. ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio a me nā limahana ʻeleʻele (koʻikoʻi i ke kumu) (Roman and Velasco Arregui, 2013: 7).[xxxv]
Ua komo kēia mau hoʻolālā i nā hana ma nā pae he nui. Ua kū'ē lākou i nā palena o nā uniona ma nā papa hale kūʻai, akā ua hele lākou ma mua o kēlā. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e "outsource" i ka hana ikaika i nā ʻāina i haʻahaʻa nā koina hana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka poʻe i loaʻa nā ala e hoʻokele ai i ka hana, a e hoʻokūkū ai e loaʻa kālā no ko lākou mau ʻāina. E hana pū lākou me ka International Monetary Fund (IMF) a me ka World Bank e hāʻawi iā lākou e hoʻolako i nā ʻoihana waiwai no kēia mau ʻāina e kākoʻo i nā hoʻopukapuka hou o nā ʻāina ʻē. E hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i ka ʻenehana i nā hale hana US, e hoʻololi ana i nā limahana me nā mīkini i hana hou ʻia me nā ʻano "hoʻopakele hana". E hana pū lākou me nā "alakaʻi" naʻauao e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loli e pono ai i hiki ke haʻi ʻia i ka lehulehu - no laila, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "neo-liberal" economics. E kākoʻo lākou i nā kālaiʻāina a me nā luna kānāwai e kākoʻo i kā lākou papahana. A e kākoʻo a kākoʻo lākou i ka poʻe kālai'āina nāna e hoʻoikaika i kēia mau manaʻo ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou hoʻolaha koho balota, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka pae aupuni.
ʻO ke kumu o ka neo-liberal economics ke kī i kēia hoʻolālā. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo ka maikaʻi o nā hui US ka mea nui i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika, ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika ke kikowaena o ka pono o ka United States Empire, a ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO ke kī nui i ka maikaʻi o nā hui US ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea paʻa i nā hui US, ʻaʻole pili i ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka hui US.[xxxvi] ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka ʻae ʻana i nā hui o ʻAmelika i ka mana paʻa ʻole ma luna o kā lākou mau hana, e hōʻemi ana inā ʻaʻole e luku i nā uniona kālepa i kā lākou mau hale hana a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kuʻi ma ka ʻae ʻana i nā "limahana pani" (scabs) a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i kā lākou "kuleana" hana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā hahau. ʻO ia ka ʻae ʻana i nā limahana aelike a me nā limahana hana manawa e pani i nā limahana manawa piha. ʻO ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pale olakino a palekana, nā papahana uku o nā limahana (no ka poʻe ʻeha ma ka hana), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e kaupalena ʻia ai ka hana a me ka huahana. A ʻo ia hoʻi ka pāpā ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono a i ʻole nā palena i nā hoʻoholo ʻoihana e pili ana i hea, a ma lalo o nā kūlana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopukapuka a hoʻokaʻawale paha mai nā kaiāulu.
E like me kaʻu i kākau ai i ka makahiki 1984, "ʻO kēia hana ʻino [ʻoki i nā kumukūʻai hana o nā hui] ua lawe i nā ala he nui. Loaʻa iā ia ka 'rationalization' (ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke koena a/a i ʻole nā mea kanu kahiko), ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, ka ʻae ʻana, a me ka banekorupa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, e hui pū ka hoʻouka ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ala. "
Ua wehewehe hou aku au,
ʻO ke kumu o ka haʻi ʻana i kēia mau ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e hōʻike i nā ala like ʻole e hoʻouka ʻia ai nā limahana. ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau hoʻouka ʻana he hoʻouka kaua i nā uniona. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui ka luku ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā limahana ma ka papahele hale kūʻai. Makemake kēlā me kēia hui e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā limahana e hana i ka makemake o ka ʻoihana, i ka wā e makemake ai ka ʻoihana, pehea ka makemake o ka ʻoihana. ʻIke lākou i nā uniona ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūʻē i hoʻokumu ʻia, a inā e kū ana kahi uniona no kona mau lālā, makemake lākou e hoʻokuʻi iā ia (Scipes, 1984: 20-21).
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻoihana neo-liberal ma mua o ka "hoʻokuʻu ʻana" i nā ʻoihana mai ka "hoʻokaumaha" o ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou poʻe limahana. ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka nohona holoʻokoʻa. E like me kā Francis Fox Piven i hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻo ka neo-liberal hoʻokele waiwai he mau kulekele i hana ʻia, ma ka inoa o ka individualism a me nā mākeke paʻa ʻole, no ka mea.
ka hoopau ana i ka hooponopono ana i na ahahui, a me na oihana waiwai; ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā lawelawe aupuni a me nā papahana pōmaikaʻi; ka pale ʻana i nā uniona hana; ʻO nā kulekele 'kūʻokoʻa' e wehe i nā mākeke o nā ʻāina ʻē; a i nā manawa a pau e hiki ai, e hoʻololi i nā papahana aupuni me nā mākeke pilikino (Piven, 2006: 17).[xxxvii]
Ua komo pū kekahi i nā ʻauhau ʻauhau no nā hui a me ka poʻe waiwai, a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā papahana kaiapuni.
ʻO nā pūʻali ʻēheu ʻākau i kūʻē i ke komo ʻana o ke aupuni i ka hoʻokele waiwai (koe naʻe ka pōmaikaʻi iā lākou a i ʻole nā mea kākoʻo ʻoihana) - inā kūʻē i nā papahana kaiapili o nā makahiki 1960 (pinepine no nā kumu racist), a i ʻole no ka ʻimi waiwai waiwai - i hui pū ʻia i ka hoʻolaha pelekikena a , e hoʻomaka ana ma Ianuali 1981, i ka hoʻokele ʻana o Ronald Reagan. Ua hoʻohana kēia poʻe i kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pono o ke kaiāulu: Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Reagan, "ʻAʻole ke aupuni ka hopena; ʻo ia ka pilikia.”[xxxviii]
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei naʻe au, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā e alakaʻi nei i kēia hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻoihana neo-liberal: ke manaʻo nei ka poʻe elite i ka hoʻokūkū kūleʻa holomua mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. he hoʻoweliweli pololei i ko lākou hiki ke kākoʻo a mālama i ka US Empire, a no laila ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻoneʻe i nā waiwai waiwai mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kona poʻe i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke aupuni US a me ka pūʻali koa US.[xxxix]
I ka makahiki 1980, a i ka makahiki 1982, ua kuʻe ka hoʻokele waiwai. I ka makahiki 1982, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā poʻe manaʻo ma lalo o Reagan iā ia i ka pono e hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui kālā mai ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ʻaʻole i komo ke aupuni e "hoʻoulu hou" i ka hoʻokele waiwai: ʻoiai ua piʻi ka uku paneʻe i ka 21 pakeneka, he mea pōʻino i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻo Reagan i nā mea hou. nā papahana kaiaulu a i ʻole e hoʻonui i ke kālā no nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia. Ua pahū ka nele i ka hana, a hiki i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa mai ka Great Depression.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻouka ʻo Reagan i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, ʻo ka ikaika hoʻokahi - ʻoiai nā palena he nui - i hāʻawi i ka holomua waiwai no nā miliona o ʻAmelika.[xl] I ka wā i paʻi ai ka hui hoʻokele o ka ea (PATCO—Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) i ka makahiki 1981, ua lawe mai ʻo Reagan i nā mea hoʻokele ea e wāwahi i ka hahau. (ʻO kekahi o nā hewa nui i hana ʻia e nā alakaʻi o ka pae aupuni o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, me nā hopena pōʻino, ʻo ia ka hōʻole ʻana i ka pani ʻana i ka ʻoihana mokulele holoʻokoʻa, ka mea i hui nui ʻia, e hoʻōki i ka hana ʻana o Reagan.) , a me nā ʻēheu ʻākau ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ʻaha hoʻokolokolo i kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, ua hoʻokuʻu i ka hiki o ka ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka huahana ma ka uku pololei o nā limahana - ʻoi loa ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻāina uku haʻahaʻa e like me Mexico a me Kina (e luku ana i nā hana ma ka US) a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mīkini hoʻoikaika nui i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i nā hana.[xli]
Akā ʻo Reagan, ʻoiai ʻo ka moʻolelo i hana ʻia a puni iā ia, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i kahi ʻano lōʻihi i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka nui o ka hoʻolilo deficit, ʻaʻole wale kēia hoʻolilo no ke kōkua ʻana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ma ka laulā; ʻo ia ke kōkua i ka poʻe ʻAmelika waiwai loa, ka pūʻali koa US a me ka ʻoihana mea kaua: Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Reagan e hoʻolilo i nā haneli he mau piliona kālā i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ke keʻena kaua - hōʻole wau e kapa ʻia ʻo "pale" - a ua hana ʻo ia ma ka pālua ʻana i ka ʻaiʻē aupuni ma ʻewalu makahiki: i kona wā i noho ai i ka oihana i ka makahiki 1981, ʻo ka ʻaiʻē aupuni o ʻAmelika—mai ka makahiki 1789 ma lalo o George Washington a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka noho hoʻomalu ʻana o Jimmy Carter—he $ .909 trillion dala; i ka wā i haʻalele ai ʻo Reagan, ʻewalu mau makahiki ma hope, he $2.7 trillion.[xlii] (Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana mai ia manawa ma lalo o nā pelekikena Democratic a me Republican, a ma ʻOkakopa 2022, ʻoi aku ia ma luna o $ 31 trillion (Rappeport and Tankersley, 2022).[xliii]
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hana like ka ʻoihana US e like me ia i nā makahiki he 40+ i hala iho nei-ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa no ka poʻe maʻamau e like me ia ma waena o 1947-73-no ka mea ke kākau nei ke aupuni US i nā "hōʻike wela" e uku. no kona mau lilo. I kekahi manawa, pono e uku ʻia kēlā ʻaiʻē—a ʻaʻole maikaʻi.[xliv]
No ka hoʻi ʻana i kā mākou moʻolelo: me ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā uniona, nā kaua kālā ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohiolo ka ʻepekema o ka neo-liberal i kā mākou mau waiwai koʻikoʻi i hoʻokahi mea: ka loaʻa kālā. Inā hoʻonui kekahi mea i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana, maikaʻi ia; ina aole—no ka nui o na mea e ae—he ino ia. Inā hoʻoponopono nā hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka ea/wai a i ʻole nā hui limahana a me ka palekana i ka meaʻai, hewa lākou a pono e hoʻopau koke ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai lākou i nā kānaka, ke kaiapuni a i kā mākou ʻoihana lehulehu. ʻO kēia "philosophy" a ke aupuni US i hoʻoikaika ai a puni ka honua, a ua hōʻeha ia i nā piliona kānaka, me nā ʻumi miliona i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia no ka hana, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea i kaupalena ʻia ka mana o ka ʻoihana ma ka wahi hana - nā uniona iā lākou iho, nā hahau ʻana, nā ʻano hoʻoponopono olakino a palekana, etc. Eia kekahi, ma o nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo kānāwai a/a i ʻole ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, ua kākoʻo ʻia nā hana i kaupalena ʻia ka mana hui o nā limahana—ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe uhaki, ka hana ʻaelike, a me nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e luku i nā uniona ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā lawelawe aupuni, etc. Eia hou, ʻo nā mea a pau e keʻakeʻa a hōʻemi paha i ka loaʻa kālā, ʻaʻole i pili i ka nui o ka maikaʻi o ka lehulehu i hāʻawi ʻia - he hewa ia: ʻo ia ke kumu a me ka hopena o ka ʻoihana neo-liberal.
Eia naʻe kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻoihana neo-liberal. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka nohona i ka makahiki 1960-mua o 1970s—me nā ʻoihana Civil Rights/Black Power, ka neʻe ʻana o nā wahine, ka LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender), ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaiapuni, ka anti-Vietnam War movement, a ʻoi aku ka ke kaua kū'ē iā Vietnam loko ʻo ka pūʻali koa US - makaʻu i ka ʻāʻī o ka poʻe elite. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana lākou i nā mea a pau e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hoʻokiʻekiʻe hou ka hui pū ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui pū ʻana, i kona poʻo ʻino i kēia ʻano nohona.[xlv]
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, ua hana lākou i kahi moʻomeheu o kanaka pakahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā manaʻo o ka hui. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, inā maikaʻi ʻoe a me kāu poʻe aloha, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hopohopo e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina-a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua haʻi lākou i ka poʻe ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ko lākou pono pilikino. Ua hana lākou i ka mea aʻu i kapa ai ʻo ka moʻomeheu a me ke kaiāulu "Ua loaʻa iaʻu kaʻu, e hoʻokaʻawale iā ʻoe, Jack". A ua kūleʻa loa kēia manaʻo "screw you, Jack": ʻoiai ke ulu nei ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi loa ma mua o kekahi o nā lāhui ʻilihune loa o ka honua (e laʻa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique, Uganda, a Vietnam)—ʻaʻohe kūkākūkā aupuni no kēia ʻano like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā mai ka makahiki 1973 a hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o Occupy Wall Street i puka mai i ka hāʻule o 2011, kokoke i 40 mau makahiki.[xlvi]
No laila, e hoʻomaka ana paha ma kahi o 1978, akā ma ke koho ʻana iā Ronald Reagan i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻopunipuni ka poʻe manaʻo ʻēheu ʻākau (me kā lākou mau hoa pili i ka media mainstream, e like me FOX ma hope o 1996 a me ke koena) 'A'ole 'o ia ka 'oihana no ka ho'onui 'ana i ka loa'a kālā he 'ino, a 'o nā 'ano like 'ole o ka hui 'ana e ho'opō'ino iā ia iho. No laila, ʻaʻole wale ʻo Reagan i hoʻoneʻe i ka ʻaoʻao Repubalika i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa, akā ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo ia i ka ʻaoʻao Demokarata e neʻe i ka ʻākau pū kekahi: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻohe hoʻokele pelekikena o ʻAmelika i hala ma ke ʻano he papahana kūloko e like me Richard Nixon ma waena o 1969-73.[xlvii]
Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kekahi manaʻo i ka hopena o kēia mau mea a pau i nā ʻAmelika maʻamau ke nānā mākou i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma waena o 1973-2001, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ke hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka ʻikepili ma ke Kiʻi 1 (1947-73), ma luna.
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20 % | ʻEkolu 20% | ʻEhā 20% | 95th Kenekulia[xlviii] | |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,355 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
ʻokoʻa (28 makahiki) | $ 3,323 (14%) | $ 7,167 (19%) | $ 15,643 (29%) | $ 30,553 (42%) | $ 66,739 (58%) |
Puna: US Commerce Department, Bureau of the Census (ma keia hope aku, US Census Bureau) ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia ʻikepili. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā waiwai kālā a pau i 2005 e ka US Census Bureau, e wehe ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā waiwai maoli. Nā ʻokoʻa a me nā pākēneka i helu ʻia e ka mea kākau. ʻO nā pākēneka i hōʻike ʻia ma ka lālani i kapa ʻia ʻo "Difference" e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa kālā ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka makahiki mua o ka hoʻohālikelike a ua hoʻopuni ʻia.
I ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi no 1973-2001, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi mea ʻokoʻa loa. He aha ka mea e ʻike ʻia? Ka mua, ua emi loa ka ulu waiwai: ʻO ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana no kēlā me kēia quintile ʻo ia ka 58 pakeneka no ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ma luna o ka quintile ʻelima, a ʻoi loa kēia ma lalo o ka "lagger" o 91 pakeneka o ka manawa mua.
Ka lua, o ka ulu ana, ua puunaue like ole ia. A ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe ma nā quintile haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka poʻe ma luna o lākou: no ka quintile lalo, ua piʻi ko lākou loaʻa kālā maoli he 14 pakeneka wale nō ma mua o ka makahiki 1973-2001; no ka lua kuinile, 19 pakeneka; no ke kolu, he 29 pakeneka; no ka ha, he 42 pakeneka; a no ka 80-95 pākēneka, 58 pakeneka: ʻo ka ʻōlelo ākea, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka poʻe waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune o ka poʻe ʻilihune.
No ke aha ka loli? Manaʻo wau i ʻekolu mau mea. ʻO ka mea mua, i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻenehana mai ke Kaua Honua II, hiki i nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kēia mau ʻāina ke hoʻokūkū hou me ka poʻe mai US-mua ma ko lākou ʻāina home ponoʻī, a laila ma ka lawe ʻana mai i ka US, a laila i ka wā i hoʻokomo ai lākou i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. . E noʻonoʻo iā Toyota: ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokomo i ka US i nā makahiki 1970 mua, a me kā lākou hoʻopukapuka ʻana ma ʻaneʻi i nā makahiki 80 a i mua, ʻo lākou ka lua o ka mea hana kaʻa kaʻa nui loa o ka US.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o US, aʻu i kūkākūkā ai ma luna, e neʻe ana mai ka mana oligopolistic i ke kauoha ʻana i nā kaulahao lako honua. Ma ka pae hoʻokele ʻoihana, maopopo lākou ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana i kēia hoʻoponopono hou ʻana. Ua hana nui nā hui ʻoihana nui e ʻimi a koho i nā poʻe kālaiʻāina nāna e kau i nā kānāwai / hana i nā kulekele e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono hou a hoʻokō i nā papahana a lākou i ʻimi ai. Ua kākoʻo lākou i nā moho o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe e ʻae i ia mau hoʻololi a ʻae i kēia mau hoʻololi e hoʻokumu ʻia. A e hana pū lākou me nā aupuni ʻē e ʻae iā lākou i loko o ko lākou mau ʻāina, a ma kahi o nā alakaʻi aupuni e mākaukau e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā neʻe o nā limahana e puka mai ana. A ʻo ka makana nui loa ʻo ka wehe ʻana iā Kina i ka hoʻopukapuka transnational haole.
Ma hope o kahi hoʻolaha lōʻihi a nui i waena o nā poʻe kālai'āina a me ka lehulehu ʻAmelika e nā hui ʻoihana transnational nui loa,
ʻO ke komo ʻana o Kina i ka WTO [World Trade Organization] ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope. He hana koʻikoʻi loa ia no ka pono o ke kapikala transnational, no ka mea, ua kūkākūkā ka poʻe kālai'āina o US a me EU i nā ʻae i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā lālā o ka ʻāina liʻiliʻi loa (LDC) (Breslin, 2000). E ʻae kēia mau ʻae ʻana i nā ʻoihana transnational US e hoʻonui i kā lākou loaʻa kālā ma o ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou e komo nui aku i ka mākeke Kina a ma ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou e hoʻohui iā Kina i kā lākou mau kaulahao lako honua. I ka pōkole, ʻO ke komo ʻana o Kina i WTO he wahi wai ia no ke kapikala transnational, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i mākaukau loa e hoʻokomo iā Kina i loko o nā pūnaewele o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka honua. (hoʻonui ʻia ka manaʻo nui) (Cox and Lee, 2012: 36).
A i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia mau hui transnational iā Kina i kā lākou mau kaulahao hoʻolako honua, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa lākou a / a pani paha i kā lākou mau hale hana US, e holoi ana i nā miliona o nā hana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.[xlix]
ʻO ke kumu ʻekolu o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā limahana ʻAmelika: mai ka 35.3 pakeneka o ka poʻe hana ʻole mahiʻai i nā uniona i ka makahiki 1954, i ka 12.0 pakeneka wale nō o nā limahana ʻAmelika āpau i nā uniona i ka makahiki 2006-a he 7.4 pakeneka wale nō o nā ʻoihana pilikino āpau. hui ʻia nā limahana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka makahiki 1930![l]
He nui nā kumu o kēia emi ʻana o ka unionization. ʻO kahi hapa o kēia hōʻino ʻana ʻo ia ka hopena o nā kulekele aupuni - nā mea a pau mai ka haki ʻana o nā mea hoʻokele ea i ka wā i hele ai lākou e ka Reagan Administration i ka makahiki 1981, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kānāwai hana, a i nā koho ʻana i ka National Labor Relations Board. hoʻoponopono i ke kānāwai hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he kulekele aupuni koʻikoʻi, i pūlima ʻia e ka Pelekikena Demokratika Bill Clinton, ʻo ia ka North American Free Trade Act a i ʻole NAFTA. Ua hele pololei mai kekahi kanaka kālailai:
Mai ka ... [NAFTA] i kau inoa ʻia i ka makahiki 1993, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka deficit kālepa US me Kanada a me Mexico a hiki i ka makahiki 2002 ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hana i kākoʻo i nā hana 879,280 US. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hana nalowale he mau kūlana uku kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻoihana hana. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o kēia mau hana ʻo ia wale nō ka hopena ʻike ʻia o ka hopena o NAFTA i ka hoʻokele waiwai o US. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kōkua pū ʻo NAFTA i ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana, kaohi ʻana i ka uku maoli no nā limahana hana, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka mana hui pū ʻana o nā limahana a me ka hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā uniona, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi (Scott, 2003: 1).
Ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau hoʻouka kaua a nā luna i koho ʻia e nā hopena ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui transnational nui loa. Ua hoʻololi ʻia mai ka hana ʻana i nā lawelawe.
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka hana ʻana, kahi lōʻihi i paʻa i ka uniona, ua nui ka pohō o ka hana: ma waena o Iulai 2000 a me Ianuali 2004, ua nalowale ʻo ʻAmelika i ʻekolu miliona mau hana hana, a i ʻole 17.5 pakeneka, a me 5.2 miliona mai ka piko o ka mōʻaukala ma 1979, no laila. ʻO ka hana haʻahaʻa loa mai Iulai 2004 (CBO, 1950).
Ua laha a hohonu ka lilo o ka hana ma ka ʻāpana hana:
Hōʻike ka AFL-CIO i ka nalowale o ka hana ʻAmelika e ka ʻoihana hana i ka manawa 2001-05:
Kamepiula a me ka uila: 543,000 limahana a i ʻole 29.2 pākēneka
Semiconductor a me nā mea uila: 260,100 a i ʻole 36.7 pākēneka
Nā lako uila a me nā mea hana: 152,500 a i ʻole 26 pākēneka
Nā ʻāpana kaʻa: 153,400 a i ʻole 18.6 pākēneka
Mīkini: 289,400 a i ʻole 19.9 pākēneka
Nā huahana metala i hana ʻia: 235,200 a i ʻole 13.3 pākēneka
Nā metala mua: 144,800 a i ʻole 23.5 pākēneka
Nā lako kaʻa: 246,300 a i ʻole 12.1 pākēneka
Nā huahana lako: 58,500 a i ʻole 13.4 pākēneka
Nā hale lole lole: 158,500 a i ʻole 43.6 pākēneka
Nā lole 220,000 a i ʻole 46.6 pākēneka
Nā huahana ʻili: 24,700 a i ʻole 38.3 pākēneka
Pai: 159,300 a i ʻole 19.9 pākēneka
Nā huahana pepa: 122,600 a i ʻole 20.4 pākēneka
ʻO nā mea palaki a me nā mea hoʻopalapala: 141,400 a i ʻole 15 pākēneka
Kemika: 94,900 a i ʻole 9.7 pākēneka
Aerospace: 46,900 a i ʻole 9.1 pākēneka
Ua hōʻole ʻia nā lole lole a me nā lole e 870,000 mau hana 1994-2006, kahi emi o 65.5 pakeneka (Source: AFL-CIO, 2006: 2, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma Scipes, 2009: 16-17).
ʻO kēia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako honua ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā kamepiula a me nā huahana ʻenehana ʻikepili ʻē aʻe me nā kaʻa), i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻopuka nui ʻana o ka hana hoʻoikaika hana ma waho (e like me nā lole, textiles, a me nā kāmaʻa) a ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka ʻenehana e like me ka ʻenehana hou i hiki ai i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe limahana i ka hana nui e like me ke kila (e nānā iā Fisher, 2004).
Nui nā "kumu" i hāʻawi ʻia no kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana me ka mea i luna. Ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi poʻe loiloi i ka ulu ʻana o nā hemahema kālepa no ka piʻi ʻana: "... ʻo ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka noi kūloko no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i hoʻokō ʻia e nā haole ma mua o nā mea hana hale" (Bivens, 2005). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā loli i nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku (Schweitzer a me Zaman, 2006). ʻO kēlā me kēia kumu, ʻo nā mokuʻāina he 50, ʻelima wale nō (Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, a me Wyoming) ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka nalowale o ka hana ma waena o 1993-2003, akā 37 nalowale ma waena o 5.6 a me 35.9 pakeneka o kā lākou hana hana i ka wā. keia manawa (Public Policy Institute, 2004).
Eia naʻe, pono e hāʻawi ʻia kekahi hapa o ka hōʻaiʻē no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā limahana: ʻaʻole hiki i ke alakaʻi ke kū i kēia mau hoʻololi, a, i ka manawa like, ua hana mau lākou i kekahi hana kūʻokoʻa ma ke kūlana- a me-file lala.[li]
Eia naʻe, pono e nīnau ʻia: ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he hoʻopunipuni helu wale nō, a i ʻole he mea maoli paha kēia?
Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia wahi i kahi ala ʻē aʻe: ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CAGR, ka Compound Annual Growth Rate, kahi mea hana maʻamau i ka honua kālā. He helu hoʻokahi kēia i helu ʻia, e pili ana i nā huina i hui ʻia, ma waena o nā makahiki, e hōʻea i kahi helu awelika e hōʻike i ka helu o ka hoʻonui a i ʻole ka emi ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka manawa holoʻokoʻa. He ʻano paʻakikī kēia, akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka manaʻo like me ka ukupanee hui i hoʻohana ʻia i kā mākou waihona mālama kālā: hoʻokomo ʻoe i $10 i kēia lā a (ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole kēia he kumu hoʻohālike maoli) no ka mea, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka uku pākēneka he ʻumi, no laila, loaʻa iā ʻoe $11 i ka wā e hiki mai ana. makahiki. ʻAe, i ka makahiki aʻe, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ka ukupanee mai ka $10 kumu, akā helu ʻia ma ka $11. No laila, ma ke kolu o ka makahiki, mai kāu $10, ua loaʻa iā ʻoe he $12.10. Etc. A ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka Compound Annual Growth Rate: ʻo ia ka ulu ʻana i hui ʻia i ka makahiki ma waena o kahi manawa i koho ʻia.
Ma muli o nā helu i hōʻike ʻia ma luna o ka Figure 1, ua helu ka mea kākau i ka Compound Annual Growth Rate e nā quintiles (Figure 3). Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka ulu makahiki no ka manawa mua, 1947-1973, nā makahiki i kapa ʻia ʻo "makahiki gula" o ka hui US. He aha ka mea i hana mai ia manawa? E hoʻohālikelike i nā hualoaʻa mai ka makahiki 1947-73 i ka ulu makahiki ma waena o ka manawa ʻelua, 1973-2001, helu hou ʻia e ka mea kākau.
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 |
95th Percentile | 2.51% | 1.66% |
Kuintile ʻehā | 2.72% | 1.25% |
Kuintile ʻekolu | 2.84% | .92% |
Kuintile lua | 2.73% | .62% |
quintile haʻahaʻa | 2.64% | .48% |
Puna: Ua helu ʻia e ka mea kākau mai ka ʻākoakoa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka US Census Bureau ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. (ʻAʻole loaʻa ka ʻaoʻao.)
ʻO ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoiai e ulu ana ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma kahi o ka helu like i ka manawa mua-ma waena o 2.51 a me 2.84 pākēneka i kēlā me kēia makahiki-ma ka lua o ka manawa, ʻaʻole wale i emi iho ka ulu ʻana ma waena o ka papa, akā ua ulu ʻo ia ma kahi ʻokoʻa loa. rates: ʻo ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka poʻe waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune o ka poʻe ʻilihune.
Inā pololei kēia mau helu, pono e ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manawa i ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā i kēlā me kēia quintile. ʻO ka mea kūpono, inā he kaulike ka hui, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia 20 pakeneka o ka heluna ka 20 pakeneka o ka loaʻa kālā i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke Kiʻi 4, ma lalo nei, ʻaʻole pono e nānā wale i ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā i mālama ʻia e kahi quintile ma ka pakuhi, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka makahiki i koho ʻia e ka makahiki i koho ʻia, akā pono kekahi e nānā e ʻike inā ke neʻe nei ka hapa o ke kuinile o ka loaʻa kālā i mua a i ʻole. mai ka 20 pakeneka kūpono.
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 |
ʻElima kiʻekiʻe (palena haʻahaʻa o ka 5 pakeneka kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% |
ʻElua ʻelima–$103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima–$68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% |
ʻEhā ʻelima–$45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% |
ʻElima lalo–$25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% |
Source: US Census Bureau ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html : ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua pau ka hapa nui o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka lehulehu i ka makahiki 2001. Eia naʻe, i ke kauwela o 2007, ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma mua o 2001, ua hoʻokuʻu ka Census Bureau i ka ʻikepili kālā a hiki i 2005. Hiki iā mākou ke nānā i nā mea i hana ʻia. e pili ana i ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻohana i nā makahiki ʻehā mua o ka Bush Administration.
ʻO 20% haʻahaʻa | ʻElua 20% | Waena 20% | ʻEhā 20% | ʻO ka pae haʻahaʻa loa o ka 5% kiʻekiʻe | |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,855 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
2005 | $25,616 | $45,021 | $68,304 | $103,100 | $184,500 |
ʻokoʻa (4 makahiki) | -$851 (-3.2%) | -$834 (-1.8%) | -$621 (-.01%) | -$728 (-.007%) | $ 3,527 (1.94%) |
Source: Keena Heluhelu o Amerika ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa hou. (No ka makahiki 2005 kēia mau waiwai a ua helu ʻia e ka Bureau Census Bureau.) Nā ʻokoʻa a me nā pākēneka i helu ʻia e ka mea kākau, a me nā pākēneka i hoʻopuni ʻia.
No laila, ʻo ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma lalo o nā makahiki ʻehā mua o ka Bush Administration, ʻo ia no ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kūlana waiwai: ʻaʻole wale ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia quintile i hoʻolōʻihi i kahi 1.94 pākēneka liʻiliʻi ma ka hapa nui, akā ʻo ia. ʻo ka lalo 80 pakeneka i nalowale maoli; lilo ke kālā (he poho loa), ma mua o ka ulu li'ili'i akā hā'ule ma hope o ka quintile luna (kahi poho pili). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka emi ʻana ma waena o nā quintiles ʻehā i hōʻeha ʻia e ka poʻe i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 40 pakeneka o ke kaiāulu.
Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kēia ma ka nānā ʻana i nā helu CAGR ma ka manawa.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohui i nā hopena o ka māhele o ka makahiki 2001-2005 ma ka quintile i kā mākou pakuhi mua:
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 | 2001-2005 |
ʻO 95 pakeneka kiʻekiʻe | 2.51% | 1.66% | .48% |
ʻEhā ʻelima | 2.72% | 1.25% | -.18% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima | 2.84% | .92% | -.23% |
ʻElua ʻelima | 2.73% | .62% | -.46% |
ʻElima lalo | 2.64% | .48% | -.81% |
Source: Ua helu ʻia e ka mea kākau mai ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka US Department of the Census www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma lalo nei, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana ma kēlā me kēia o nā quintile lalo ʻehā i ka makahiki 2005 ma mua o ka makahiki 1947; ʻO kahi wale nō i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i kēia manawa 58-makahiki ma ka 95th percentile (a ma luna aʻe).
Ka heluna kanaka ma na quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 | 2005 |
ʻElima kiʻekiʻe (palena haʻahaʻa o 5percent kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% | 48.1% |
ʻElua ʻelima–$103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% | 22.9% |
ʻEkolu ʻelima–$68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% |
ʻEhā ʻelima–$45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% | 9.6% |
ʻElima lalo–$25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
Source: US Census Bureau ma www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.
ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā loli i ka hāʻawi kālā, aia ma ka pae hui iloko o ka hoʻonohonoho pilikanaka US; i keia hihia, quintile by quintile. ʻO ka manawa kēia e ʻike ai i ka hopena o kēia i ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻohana ka poʻe sociologists a me economists i kahi helu i kapa ʻia ʻo Gini index e ana i ka like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili kālā ʻohana i kēia manawa, a e hoʻomau mākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana. He maʻalahi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kuhikuhi Gini. He ana ia i ka like ole i loko o ka ahahui. Hōʻike maʻamau ʻia kahi papa kuhikuhi Gini ma waena o 0.000 a me 1.000, a ua kākau pinepine ʻia i loko o nā tausani, e like me ka māka pākēneka lanakila: ʻekolu mau helu ma hope o ka decimal. ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu Gini, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka like ʻole.
Ke nānā nei mākou i ka index Gini, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ʻelua mau manawa mai ka makahiki 1947, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke Aupuni US e helu i ka helu Gini no ka ʻāina. Mai ka makahiki 1947-1968, me ka hoʻololi o ka makahiki i ʻoi aku ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, ke iho nei ke ʻano, e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka like ʻole: mai .376 i 1947 a i .378 i 1950, akā i lalo i .348 i 1968. No laila, hou, ma ka manawa mua, ke au i lalo.
He aha ka mea i hana mai ia manawa? Mai ka helu haʻahaʻa i ka makahiki 1968 o .348, ua piʻi ke ʻano i luna. I ka makahiki 1982, ua paʻi ka helu helu Gini i ka .380, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēlā me kēia makahiki ma waena o 1947-1968, a ʻaʻole i emi ka US ma lalo o .380 mai ia manawa. Ma ka makahiki 1992, ua paʻi ia i ka .403, a ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻi i lalo ma lalo o .400. I ka makahiki 2001, ua paʻi ka US i .435. Akā, ua paʻi ʻia ka helu no 2005: .440.[liii] No laila, ke ulu nei ke ʻano, a me nā kulekele i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o George W. Bush, ʻike wau iā lākou e hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻonui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. [A ma ke ala, ua hoʻomau ʻia kēia ʻano piʻi nui ma lalo o nā Repubalika a me nā Democrats, akā, ʻoiai ua hoʻomalu nā Repubalika i ka pelekikena no 18 o nā makahiki he 26 i hala (mai ka makahiki 1981), loaʻa iā lākou ka hapa nui o ka hōʻaiʻē—akā, mai poina kākou. ua hoʻomalu ka poʻe Demokarata i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i nā makahiki he nui, no laila, ua lilo lākou i mea luku like!]
Eia nō naʻe, pono e nīnau ʻia kekahi nīnau hou: pehea ka like ʻole o kēia loaʻa kālā ma ka US me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua? Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa kālā me nā hui "hoʻomohala" ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina "hoʻomohala"?
Pono mākou e huli i ka US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) no kā mākou ʻikepili. Hoʻopili ka CIA i nā helu Gini no ka loaʻa kālā ʻohana ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina a puni ka honua, a ʻo ka manawa hope loa i nānā ʻia ma 2007 (ʻAukake 1), ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻikepili ma nā ʻāina he 122 ma kā lākou ʻaoʻao pūnaewele a ua hōʻano hou ʻia kēia mau helu ma Iulai 19. 2007 (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Me kēlā me kēia ʻāina i helu ʻia, aia kahi helu Gini i hāʻawi ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole helu ka CIA i nā helu Gini i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā hāʻawi lākou i ka makahiki hope i helu ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole like kēia mau mea, akā ua lawa lākou e hoʻohana. Eia nō naʻe, ke hōʻuluʻulu lākou i kēia mau helu Gini ma kahi hoʻokahi, helu lākou iā lākou ma ka alphabetic, ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻohālikelike nui (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007).
Eia naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ka World Bank i nā ʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka World Bank, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i nā helu Gini, hoʻokomo i nā ʻāina he 208 i hoʻokahi o nā ʻāpana ʻehā e pili ana i ka Gross National Income per capita—ʻo ia ka huina o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe i kūʻai ʻia ma ka mākeke i hoʻokahi makahiki, i puʻunaue ʻia e ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. He ʻikepili kūpono kēia, no ka mea hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hui me nā ʻoihana ʻokoʻa ka nui: hoʻopau ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻāina.
Hoʻonoho ka World Bank i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i hoʻokahi o nā ʻāpana ʻehā: loaʻa haʻahaʻa, loaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, loaʻa waena waena, a loaʻa kiʻekiʻe (World Bank, 2007a). ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka poʻe ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he "hoʻomohala" a i ʻole ka mea a mākou i kapa ai i nā ʻāina ʻo "ka honua ʻekolu", ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa o nā ʻāina i kapa ʻia nā ʻāina kūkulu.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāina i helu ʻia e ka CIA me kā lākou mau helu Gini i loko o nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka World Bank kahi i loaʻa mua ai ka World Bank iā lākou (World Bank, 2007b). Ma hope o ka hui ʻana i kā lākou mau ʻāpana, ua helu ʻia nā helu median Gini no kēlā me kēia hui. Ke ho'āʻo nei e kiʻi i hoʻokahi helu e hōʻike i kahi hui o nā helu, ua manaʻo ʻia ka median i ʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o ka awelika, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka median, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapalua o nā helu, haʻahaʻa ka hapalua - ʻo ia hoʻi, aia ka ʻikepili ma ka 50th pākēneka no kēlā me kēia māhele.
ʻO ka helu Gini no nā ʻāina, e ka Gross National Income per capita, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka World Bank:
ʻĀpana loaʻa | Helu Gini Median | helu Gini, US (2004) |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa (emi iho i $875/kanaka/makahiki) Nā Laʻana: Bangladesh, Ghana, Moldova, Sierra Leon, Zimbabwe | .406 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma waena o $876-3,465/kanaka/makahiki) Nā Laʻana: Algeria, Colombia, Honduras, Romania, Ukraine | .414 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa kālā waena (ma waena o $3,466-10,725/kanaka/makahiki Nā Laʻana: Chile, Estonia, Malaya, Panama, Venezuela | .370 | .450 |
Nā ʻāina loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ma mua o $10,726/kanaka/makahiki Nā Laʻana: Australia, Finland, Italia, Slovenia, USA | .316 | .450 |
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, me ka helu Gini (CIA-calculated) o .450, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ʻohana US ma mua o nā median no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a ʻoi aku ka like ʻole ma mua o kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻilihune loa o ka honua, e like me Bangladesh (.318—helu ʻia ma 2000), Cambodia (.400, 2004 est.), Laos (.370-1997), Mozambique (.396, 1996-97 ), Uganda (.430-1999) a me Vietnam (.361, 1998). He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi kēia ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu Gini i helu ʻia e ka Bureau Census Bureau-conservative o .440.[liv]
No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka like ʻole o ka US i nā makahiki he 40, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, akā ua loaʻa i kahi pae like ʻole i ʻoi aku ka like me ko nā ʻāina e ulu nei ma ka laulā a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole i kēia mau lā ma mua o kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻilihune loa ma ka Honua! ʻAʻohe mea e hōʻike ana e emi ana kēia ulu like ʻole i kēlā me kēia manawa koke. A ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o kēia ʻano like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao politika nui ʻelua, ʻaʻohe mea ma ka ʻaoʻao e manaʻo nei e hoʻoponopono pono i kēia pilikia i ka wā e hiki mai ana me ka nānā ʻole i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i hana ʻia.
Eia naʻe, no ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o ke kūkākūkā ʻana inā paha e hoʻoponopono nā Democrats a i ʻole Republicans i kēia mau pilikia a me nā pilikia pili, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kulekele hoʻokele aupuni. No laila, e kāohi ʻia kēlā me kēia pelekikena e nā hoʻoholo i hana ʻia e nā ʻoihana mua, a me nā makapō ideological i kau ʻia e ka poʻe i koho ʻia e lawelawe ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe o kahi hoʻokele.[lv]
I ka pōkole, ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki (1982-2011), ʻaʻohe nui o nā kūʻē i ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka papahana neo-liberal a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi moʻomeheu individualist he hopena nāwaliwali i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona. nā papahana politika ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hana.
ʻO ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana i ke kūlana waiwai o ka poʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi a hiki i ka nui. ʻIke loa, he pōʻino ka 2008-09 Great Recession no ka hapa nui o ka poʻe hana ma kēia ʻāina.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kēia ma ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana waiwai ma kahi o 2013.[lvi] Ua ʻinoʻino ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika no nā limahana i ka makahiki 2007, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Great Recession (e nānā i luna no nā kikoʻī mai Scipes, 2009; e ʻike pū i ka Greenhouse, 2008). A laila, ma luna o 8.7 miliona mau hana i nalowale mai ka Great Recession, ma waena o ka hopena o 2007-mid 2009 (Barello, 2014), a ua hāʻule ka loaʻa kālā median ʻAmelika i ka 8.9% mai 1999, ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe mai ke Kaua Honua II; a me ka loaʻa kālā ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i hōʻole i ka 2.5% mai 2010 a i 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 5).
Ke kākau nei i ka hopena o 2010, ʻo David Leonhardt o ka New York Times kakau iho la:
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka manaʻo he 9.4 miliona mau hana e pono e hoʻohui koke ʻia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka helu hana ʻole i ka 6%, kahi i kapa ʻia e kekahi poʻe ʻekekema "hana piha." Ma kahi o 4% kēlā ma mua, no laila he mau kuhi kuhi kēia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia ka manaʻo: inā hāʻawi ka hoʻokele waiwai i 300,000 mau hana i kēlā me kēia mahina, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopau i ka hemahema o ka hana a hiki i ka waena o 2014. (Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā mākou i ka 6% o ka nele i ka hana.) Inā piʻi ka ʻoihana. ma 250,000 mau hana i ka mahina, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka waena o 1990s i ka wā o ka hoʻonui lōʻihi o ka hoʻokele waiwai mai ke Kaua Honua II, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopau i ka hemahema o ka hana ma lalo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2016. A inā hāʻawi ka ʻoihana i nā hana 200,000 i ka mahina, ʻAʻole e pau ka hemahema o ka hana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020.
Pehea mākou i hana ai? Ke poʻo o ka ʻaoʻao mua New York Times ʻatikala ma Ianuali 8, 2011, na Michael Powell lāua ʻo Sewell Chan i manaʻo i ka pane: "Slow Job Growth Dims Expectation of Early Revival: Unemployment rate is 9.4%—Recovery Could Require Another 4 or 5 Years, Fed's Chief Says." Ua hōʻike kēia mau mea hoʻolaha i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba 2010, he 103,000 wale nō mau hana i hoʻohui ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia e noho ka nele i ka ʻewalu pakeneka i ke koena o ke kau mua o Obama, a ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "real" unemployment rate-ʻo ia hoʻi nā limahana i nāwaliwali a hāʻawi. ke ʻimi nei i ka hana, a i ʻole ka poʻe e hana hapa manawa wale nō ke ʻimi lākou i ka hana manawa piha-kū i ka 16.7 pakeneka. Eia kekahi, ua haʻi lākou i kahi mea loiloi e ʻōlelo ana, "Ke ʻike nei mākou i nā hōʻike o ka hana hoʻolālā i waena o ka poʻe i ka poʻe i ka poʻe i ka poʻe ma mua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 35- a 44 mau makahiki demographic kahi i hoʻonui maoli ʻia ai ka hana ʻole i Dekemaba," a hōʻike lākou i kahi kuhi e lawe ʻia. a hiki i ka makahiki 2037 e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka helu o nā hana i nalowale i ka wā o ka hoʻokele waiwai nui, ʻo ia ka mea a lākou e kapa nei i kēia pilikia mai 2007 (Powell and Chan, 2011).
I kēia manawa-e like me kaʻu i kākau ai ma waena o 2013-ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ma mua o kēia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ka nui. ʻO 165,000 wale nō mau hana i hoʻohui ʻia i Iulai 2013, a ʻo ka helu hana ʻole ma ka 7.4 pakeneka, aia ma lalo iki o ka pae 7.8 pakeneka ma waena o Kepakemapa a me Dekemaba 2012, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa loa mai ka makahiki 2008. Ua haʻalele wale ʻo ia mai ka mākeke hana, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ma mua o ko lākou ʻano maoli: “No kēlā me kēia 100 kanaka makua ʻAmelika, he 63 mau hana ma mua o ka emi ʻana; i kēia manawa, he 59 wale nō ka hana.
Ke hāʻule nei naʻe ka helu hana ʻole no ka mea e helu wale ana ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i ka hana. A mai ka hoʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻāʻo ka nui o nā ʻAmelika e ʻimi i nā hana. Ua haʻalele kekahi; ʻO kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe e ʻalo nei i ka mākeke hana ma ka noho ʻana i ke kula a i ʻole ma ka home (New York Times, 2013).
Me ke kūlana hana, ua mahuahua ka ilihune. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻilihune o ka ʻāina—ma kahi pae ʻaʻole lawa ʻo ia ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā mea e pono ai no ke ola lōʻihi.[lvii]— lele mai ka 13.2 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2008 a i ka 15 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, oiai ka nui o na kanaka ma na makahiki hookahi mai 39.6 miliona a 46.2 miliona, ka mea kiekie loa mai ka hoomaka ana o ke aupuni e ohi i ka ikepili ma 1959 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13).
Ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻilihune i ko mākou nānā ʻana i nā ʻike o nā hui like ʻole a me nā lāhui. Ua piʻi ka ʻilihune ma waena o nā keʻokeʻo mai ka 8.6 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2008 a i ka 9.8 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, aʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka pōʻino ʻeleʻele mai 24.7 pakeneka i ka 27.6 pakeneka; Ua piʻi ka ilihune Latino mai 23.2 pakeneka i 25.3 pakeneka ma 2011; aʻo ka ʻilihune o ʻAsia ma kahi o 12.5 pakeneka.[lviii]
Ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻilihune no nā keiki ma lalo o 18: mai 19 pakeneka ma 2008 a i 21.9 pakeneka ma 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13). ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, e like me ka hōʻike 2010 a nā mea noiʻi ma ka National Center for Children in Poverty i ʻōlelo ʻia, "ʻO nā keiki he 25 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka. Eia naʻe, aia lākou he 36 pakeneka o ka poʻe ʻilihune. I waena o nā keiki, he 42 pakeneka e noho ana i nā ʻohana haʻahaʻa loaʻa [i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo o 200 pākēneka o ka laina ʻilihune-KS], a ʻo lākou, 25% e noho nei i nā ʻohana ʻilihune [ma lalo o ka laina ʻilihune-KS]” (Chau, Thampi, and Wight, 2010). Ke kākau ʻana ma ka Ka New York Times, Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Charles M. Blow, "Ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā keiki e noho ana i ka ʻilihune he 33 pakeneka mai ka makahiki 2000," aʻo ka nui o nā keiki ma kahi o ʻekolu pakeneka i ka manawa like. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻo ia, "e like me ka hōʻike UNICEF 2007 e pili ana i ka ʻilihune keiki, ʻo ka US ka mea hope loa ma waena o 24 mau lāhui waiwai" (Blow, 2010). E like me kā Paul Krugman i kākau ai ma ka ʻO New York Times, "Uaʻike nā neuroscientists 'he nui nā keiki e ulu ana i loko o nāʻohanaʻilihune loa me ke kūlana pilikanaka haʻahaʻa eʻike i nā kūlana maikaʻiʻole o nā hormones koʻikoʻi, e hoʻopilikia i ko lākou uluʻana.' ʻO ka hopena e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana no ke koena o ke ola o ke keiki” (Krugman, 2008). Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi: hoʻopau ka ʻilihune i ka lolo o nā keiki.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka poʻe e noho ana ma lalo o ka laina ʻilihune, he 44 pakeneka o ka poʻe ʻilihune a pau i noho ma ka hapalua o ka laina ʻilihune kūhelu a i ʻole; ʻo ia ka 6.6 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka, e piʻi ana mai 17.1 miliona ma 2008 a i 20.4 miliona ma 2011. ʻO ka nui, 34.3 pakeneka o nā ʻAmelika a pau i noho ma lalo o 200 pakeneka o ka paepae ʻilihune (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17) .[lix]
He aha ke kumu o kēia pōʻino pilikanaka? Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi papahana hoʻokele waiwai neo-liberal i ka pane ʻana i kēia hoʻokūkū hoʻokele waiwai honua a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka US Empire, ua wikiwiki ʻo Reagan a me kāna mau hope i kā lākou hoʻouka ʻana i nā uniona a me nā poʻe hana ma ka laulā. ʻO nā hui i hoʻolimalima i nā limahana he nui (ʻo ia hoʻi, he "labor intensive") pani i kā lākou hana ma ka home a neʻe aku i nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi e like me Mexico a me Kina, kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā limahana, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka uku. ʻO nā hui i hilinaʻi i nā mīkini kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe ("capital intensive") i noho ma US, akā ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kā lākou mau mīkini pono e pono ai ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā limahana.[lx] Ma luna o kēlā, ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻauhau no ka poʻe waiwai a me nā ʻoihana, e ʻae ana i nā hihia e hana ʻia e ʻoki i nā lawelawe kaiāulu, ʻoiai he nui ka poʻe e makemake nui iā lākou.
Kūkākūkā ʻo Steve Fraser i ka hopena:
I ka makahiki 1970 wale nō, ma waena o 32 a me 38 miliona mau hana i nalowale ma muli o…
ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, kahi hana maʻamau i ka wā kahiko (New England textile factory)
a me nā ʻoihana hou like (New England aircraft manufacturers). hana hana,
ka mea ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua ma kahi o 30 pakeneka o ka
hoʻokele waiwai, ma ka makahiki 2011, ua emi iki ma mua o 10 pakeneka. Mai ka huli ana o
ʻO ka millennium wale nō, 3.5 miliona mau hana hana i nalowale a me 42,000
pani nā hale hana. Ma ka awelika ma waena o nā makahiki 2000 a me 2011,
ʻumikūmāhiku mau mea hana ʻAmelika i pani i kēlā me kēia lā (Fraser, 2015: 235).[lxi]
ʻOiai ua maikaʻi nā mea ma mua o ka 2008-09 Great Recession, ua hoʻopau ka Recession i ka ʻōpala mai ka makemake ʻole o ʻAmelika e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena o kēia mau hoʻololi waiwai i ko lākou mau hoalauna a me nā hoa hana. Ua hōʻike ʻo Sarah Jaffe (2016: 20) ma kahi o 8.7 miliona mau hana i nalowale ma waena o Dekemaba 2007 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2010.[lxii]
ʻO nā kūlana waiwai a me ka pilikanaka no nā limahana he nui ma ka ʻāina i hāʻule i lalo, ʻoiai ʻo Steve Fraser (2015: 223-263) i hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi, akā pōʻino, iluminates.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ka capitalism ke hāʻawi hou aku i nā hana a me nā manawa hoʻokele waiwai no ka nui o nā poʻe e like me ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia i ka wā i hala. A e lilo kēia i mea liʻiliʻi i ka poʻe liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ke hala ka manawa.
Ke hoʻomau nei kēia poho hana inā ʻaʻole e piʻi maoli. ʻOiai ua hoʻolilo ʻia ka nui o nā ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā haole a me ka "hoʻokūkū kālepa kūpono ʻole" no ka pau ʻana o ka hana US, ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi a Michael Hicks a me Srikant Devaraj (2015) o Ball State University ma Indiana ma waena o 2000-2010, ʻo ka automation ke kuleana o 88 pakeneka o nā poho hana a pau i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ke kālepa ke kuleana no ka 13 pakeneka o nā poho hana. I kēia manawa, e like me McKinsey a me Company, 45 pakeneka o nā hana a pau i hana ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2016 hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia (Miller, 2016).
Akā, pehea e pili ana i kēlā mau helu helu hana ʻole? Wahi a Lawrence B. Katz o Harvard lāua ʻo Alan B. Krueger o Princeton, nā lālā ʻelua o ka National Bureau of Economic Research, ʻo nā hana āpau i hana ʻia mai 2005 a 2015 he mau kūlana haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau limahana kōkua manawaleʻa. nā limahana kelepona, nā limahana ʻoihana ʻaelike, a me nā ʻaelike kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā mea kūʻokoʻa (Katz and Krueger, 2016), a ʻo ia ka hopena i ka uku haʻahaʻa, nā pōmaikaʻi liʻiliʻi, a me ka palekana o ka hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa.
I ka pōkole, maikaʻi ʻole nā mea, a ʻo nā hōʻailona a pau e ʻoi aku ka hewa no ka hoʻonui ʻana
heluna kanaka hana. Ma waena o 1999 a me 2014, ua emi ka poʻe ma lalo o $42,000 no ka ʻohana ʻekolu i nalowale he ʻumi pakeneka o kā lākou loaʻa kālā; no ka poe ma waena o $42,000 a me $125,000, ua emi ko lakou mau loaa ma ka eono pakeneka; a no ka poe i oi aku mamua o $125,000, ua haule ko lakou loaa ma ka ehiku pakeneka i keia manawa. ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, "ʻO ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā median no nā ʻohana US ma 2014 i kū i ka 8 pakeneka ma lalo o 1999" me ka "waiwai median e hāʻule ana ma 190 o 229 mau wahi metropolitan i nānā ʻia" (Pew, 2016: 10)
ʻAʻole i loli nui nā mea i ka makahiki 2021. Me ka paepae ʻilihune o $27,740 no ka ʻohana ʻehā, 11.6 pakeneka o nā ʻAmelika āpau i ka ʻilihune, ʻo 37.9 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻilihune no nā lāhui / lāhui i kēlā makahiki he 10.0 pākēneka no ka poʻe keʻokeʻo, 19.5 pākēneka no ka ʻEleʻele, 8.3 pākēneka no ʻAsia, 24.3 pākēneka no ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Alaskan Natives, 14.2 pākēneka no ʻElua a ʻoi aʻe Lahui, a me 17.1 pākēneka no nā Hispanics (US Bureau o Heluhelu, 2022).
HUAKAI
ʻO nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā ma mua ua waiho ʻia kahi manaʻo ʻokoʻa loa mai ka mea i haʻi mau ʻia e kā mākou hui, aupuni, media, a me nā kumu he nui. ʻO ʻoe, e ka makamaka heluhelu, e hoʻoholo inā he kūpono a ʻaʻole paha ka mea i waiho ʻia no ʻoe. Inā ʻaʻole kūpono iā ʻoe, e haʻalele; hoolei aku. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā kūpono ia, he aha kāu i aʻo ai?
Manaʻo wau he nui nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia a, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei au, ua hana maikaʻi ʻia a kākoʻo ikaika ʻia. E kūkākūkā wau iā lākou a laila, ma hope, e kūkākūkā wau i kekahi mau hopena no kāu noʻonoʻo.
- Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo wale i nā mea e hana nei ma kēia ʻāina-a, ma ka manaʻo, ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe-ma ka nānā ʻana i nā mea mai ka pae honua. Pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka US ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o ka US Empire: he mea koʻikoʻi kēia e hoʻomaopopo i ka heluna nui o nā kumuwaiwai i hoʻohuli ʻia mai nā ʻAmelika "maʻamau" - e like me ke kālā no ke kālā hoʻonaʻauao aupuni, mālama ola kino a me nā ʻoihana; ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā like ʻole o ka nohona a me nā kūlike ʻole; a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me nā ʻano mea ʻino ʻē aʻe o ke kaiapuni, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei au ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea inā mākou e hoʻopaʻa i ko mākou noʻonoʻo a me ka nānā ʻana i ka pae aupuni wale nō; pono mākou e hana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa!
- Ua kumakaia nā alakaʻi kālai'āina, hoʻokele waiwai, a me nā pūʻali koa i ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika: ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā "alakaʻi" US e hoʻomalu i ka honua ʻaʻole pono i nā poʻe a puni ka honua a i ʻole nā ʻAmelika maʻamau, e lawelawe wale ana i nā elites, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana me kēia e kumakaia i ka makemake o ka poʻe nui. ka hapa nui o nā kānaka o ka honua. ʻO kēia mau mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "alakaʻi" ua hoʻopau i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe - hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka me Vietnam, Iraq, a me Afghanistan? ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka papa inoa, ʻoiai e hoʻohana ana i nā kumuwaiwai e hana i nā mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēia ʻāina a me nā poʻe i loko.
- Ma waho aʻe o ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hana pūʻali koa a puni ka honua, ua ʻimi nā alakaʻi hoʻokele waiwai i kā mākou ʻae ʻana i kā lākou hana honua a puni ka honua, e hōʻike ana he hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō ʻia ka honua top-down, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole.
- Ua hewa ka poʻe hoʻolaha pilikino i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kā lākou makemake e like me ka poʻe US. ʻO kēia nā hui kapitalista nona ka pahuhopu nui e loaʻa ka waiwai no nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā luna kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka poʻe, a ʻaʻole hoʻi ma mua o ka manaʻo o ka poʻe elite hui e haʻi ʻia i nā kānaka maʻamau. ʻOi aku kēia ma mua o nā hōʻikeʻike TV a me nā leka uila, akā ua komo pū ka ʻoihana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma nā ʻano āpau. Pono mākou e kāʻili i nā waiwai o nā media pilikino a hāʻawi iā lākou i nā hui kaiaulu a puni ka ʻāina.
- Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei kēia pepa aia kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa mai ka top-down corporate/militaristic globalization a ʻo ia ka lalo-up, hoʻonui i ke ola o ka honua, i hōʻike ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona (GESJ). Ke hakakā nei nā hui a me nā hui i kēia hoʻokele honua kiʻekiʻe no nā makahiki he nui a ma nā wahi he nui a puni ka honua, a ke hoʻoikaika nei nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻopili iā lākou e hakakā me ka lōkahi me nā hui a me nā hui makemake. ʻO nā pūʻulu a me nā hui e hakakā nei i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka politika, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole hana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana mai kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, he ʻāpana o kēia papahana honua, a pono mākou e ʻimi i ko lākou pili ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka GESJ. Pono nā neʻe kālai'āina a me nā hakakā kūikawā ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hoʻoikaika i nā waiwai, nā pilikia, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka neʻe GESJ, a pono e ʻimi pono i nā hui ʻē aʻe no ke kumu o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēia neʻe honua.
- Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei kēia pepa i nā waiwai o ka neʻe GESJ - hoʻonui i ke ola ma kona mau ʻano āpau, e hoʻopau ana i ka pono ʻole ma waena o nā kānaka āpau, ʻoiai ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe - ʻoi aku ka kūlike me ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika ma mua o nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻomalu i ka poʻe ma ka home a puni ka honua. honua.
- I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokūpaʻa paʻa kēia pepa ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻōnaehana kālai'āina-ʻoihana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hōʻoia hou i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka ʻoi aku ka like o ka nohona; ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi wale i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi e ulu mau ai ka pono ʻole. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe hiki ke hoʻi i nā "makahiki gula" (1947-1973), a ʻo ka mea hoʻolaha ʻē aʻe he wahaheʻe.
- A ʻo ka hope loa, ua banekorupa ka US; aie ke aupuni ʻAmelika i ka poʻe waiwai a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i kūʻai mai i kā mākou mau palapala hoʻopaʻa ma luna o $32 trillion kālā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 100% o ka huahana ʻāina nui makahiki-a ke ulu nei. ʻIke ʻia kēia e nā poʻe waihona kālā waena o ka honua. Inā koi kekahi ʻāina i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mālama mālama honua mai nā kālā i kahi hīnaʻi kālā a i ʻole ke kālā hoʻokahi (e ʻōlelo, ʻo ka Euro), e hoʻohaʻahaʻa paha kēia i kā mākou hoʻokele waiwai. ʻAʻole paha i ka pōkole, a i ʻole ka manawa waena, ʻo kēia ka mea āpau-akā-paʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi. I ka wā e hiki mai ai—a e hiki mai ana—hiki iā ia ke hoʻolilo i ka Depression Nui i pāʻani keiki.
- I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ʻano kaiapili o kēia manawa i ka wā pōkole a me ka manawa waena paha, ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻa i ka wā lōʻihi. Aia ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai/kaiāulu e hele mai ana—a ʻaʻole e pale aku ko kākou mana koa—a ʻo ka lōʻihi o kā mākou kali ʻana e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka nohona i kona hiki ʻana mai.
Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike me ka ʻole o ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a ke ʻike nui ʻia nei he ʻoi aku ka hoʻoweliweli koke ʻana i ke ola ma kēia honua ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka nohona e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma aneʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli mai ka capitalism ponoʻī, kā mākou ʻōnaehana politika-hoʻokele waiwai. No ka hoʻomanawanui, pono e hoʻonui mau ka capitalism i ka hana. Eia naʻe ke hoʻonui nei i ka hana e hoʻouka ana i ko mākou lewa, e pale ana i ka Honua mai ka ikehu o ka lā, e hoʻonāwaliwali i kēia pale, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ke ola maoli o ke kanaka, holoholona, a me ka nui o nā mea kanu ma kēia honua i ka manawa o ka 22.nd Kenekulia.
I ka pōkole, pono mākou e hōʻole i ka capitalism ma nā ʻano āpau, me kona hilinaʻi ʻana i ka ulu mau ʻana. Pono mākou e hana i nā koho paʻakikī akā koʻikoʻi a puni ka nīnau koʻikoʻi: hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kanaka i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i kahi honua kahi e hoʻemi ʻia ai ka hana ʻana i nā pae koʻikoʻi, kahi i pau ai ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni a i ʻole ke kāohi nui ʻia, kahi i hana ʻia ai kēia hana me ka liʻiliʻi loa. a laila hana ʻia ma ke ʻano kūlike loa i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia, a ma kahi e hoʻolaha ʻia ai kēia hana ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano kūpono loa.
E hōʻuluʻulu: ʻoi aku ka ʻino o nā mea ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia pepa wale nō. Ke ʻike nei ka nui o ka poʻe i ke kūlana ʻino. Eia nō naʻe, he ala lōʻihi kā mākou e hele ai. ʻO kekahi mau ʻanuʻu liʻiliʻi e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia.
Hiki i nā hopena:
- Pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau koho i hana ʻia e nā poʻe kālai'āina a me kā lākou poʻe i koho ʻia a mākou e koho ai, a ʻo kahi ʻōnaehana kālai'āina i kākoʻo ʻia e nā haʻawina pilikino a/a i ʻole nā hui, ʻaneʻi ia i mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ai ka hewa a me ka palaho. Pono mākou e hoʻopau i nā hāʻawi pilikino/hui a hoʻololi i kā mākou kālā koho me ke kālā aupuni a me nā kānāwai koho e hoʻokō ikaika ʻia e pale ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana a me nā papahana ʻē aʻe e kāohi ana i ke koho balota ʻana.
- Pono mākou e hōʻemi nui i kā mākou pūʻali koa a me ke kālā e hana ai. Pono mākou e pani i nā pūʻali koa US āpau-maʻamau a ʻike ʻole, manawa pōkole a mau paha-ma waho o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a pono mākou e hōʻemi nui i ka helu o nā waihona i loko o ka US. Me he mea la he 90 pakeneka ka hoemi makahiki o na lilo kaua he kupono, e hoomalu mau ana ia Amerika, a e imi koke ia; pono e hui pū ʻia me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻoki kālā like ʻole e kēlā me kēia ʻāina o ka honua.
- Pono mākou e hoʻonui nui i ka ʻauhau ma luna o ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ma mua o $200,000 i ka makahiki, a he ʻauhau holomua kēia: ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu uku. Hoʻokahi wale nō hale noho hiki ke ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻauhau, a ʻaʻole hiki ke kūpono ma mua o kekahi kiʻi huinaha. Pono kākou e koi ʻaʻole loaʻa kekahi hale ʻelua a loaʻa ka hale a pau.
- Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā hoʻolimalima aupuni mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā papahana kaua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ola, ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pono ʻole, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano kūlohelohe i ka US a me ka honua.
- He palena iki kēia mau manaʻo, a ke manaʻo nei au e ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
PANINA
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā "alakaʻi" kālai'āina a me nā hui ʻAmelika i ka heluna kanaka ʻAmelika - a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻouna pono ʻia e ka media mainstream - manaʻo he mea kupanaha nā mea a ʻaʻole pono mākou e nīnau iā lākou a i kā lākou hana, ma ka home a ma waho paha. E ae ana i keia, ua ʻae mākou iā lākou e hoʻopunipuni iā mākou a hana a ʻae i nā mea i hōʻeha i ka poʻe a puni ka honua a me ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka manawa kēia e hoʻōki i ko mākou ʻae ʻana: pono mākou e noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi, pono mākou e kālele i nā mea nui no mākou āpau, a pono mākou e kūkulu i nā hui e hoʻokumu i ka mana mai ka honua a i luna. A pono mākou e hana i kēia ma ke kuʻikahi a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā poʻe maikaʻi a puni ka honua: hana mākou i kēia a make hewa paha.
Ma ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā pilikia o ka imperialism, globalization, a me neo-liberal economics—nā pilikia aole kamaʻilio pinepine ʻia i loko o ka hui ʻAmelika - manaʻolana mākou i kēia manawa ke hoʻomaopopo nei, a i ʻole ke hoʻomaka nei e hoʻomaopopo, aia nā mana e hoʻokō nei i ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e koʻikoʻi ke hoʻomaopopo akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika e hōʻole ʻia nei ka ʻike. ʻAʻole kēia he kuhihewa; Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei au he manaʻo: makemake kā mākou elite e hoʻomau iā mākou i ka huikau, huhū kekahi i kekahi, a no laila hiki ʻole ke komo i ka hana hui kūʻē iā lākou e hoʻololi i ke kūlana.
Ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻatikala me kahi kūkākūkā o nā manaʻo e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e hana maoli nei. ʻAʻole i hana wale ʻia no nā kumu maʻamau, akā no ka hōʻike ʻana he pono mākou e ʻimi a/a i ʻole e hana i nā pūʻali kaiaulu e hiki ai i nā poʻe ke loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻololi i nā mea no ka maikaʻi. ʻIke loa, inā he mea e aʻo ʻia mai ka nānā ʻana i nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe elite a me ka politika o kēia ʻāina e hoʻomaka i nā loli i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā pilikia pilikanaka, a ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia no ka mea. mākou: pono mākou e haʻalele i ko mākou mau wahi moe, mai ko mākou mau kuli, a e ʻimi i nā hoa pili ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua e hiki ai iā mākou ke loaʻa, hana pū, a hoʻomohala pū me lākou.[lxiii]
Hoʻopuka pū ʻia kēia moʻolelo moʻolelo e ZNetwork a Manaʻo Kaiāulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
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ENDNOTES
[I] E like me ka mea e ʻike koke ʻia, manaʻo wau e hoʻi kēia i ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka makahiki 1945, akā ke nānā nei au i ka manawa mai 1981 i kēia ʻatikala.
[Ii] ʻOiai ua ʻike nui wau i ka pōʻino o ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a ke kākau nui nei au e pili ana i kēia mau kumuhana, ua koho wau ʻaʻole e kamaʻilio iā lākou ma kēia ʻatikala. No kaʻu ʻaoʻao pūnaewele kahi aʻu e nānā ai i kēia mau pilikia, e ʻoluʻolu e hele i kaʻu ʻaoʻao "Climate Crisis, Environmental Destruction, and Social Justice: Resources", ma ka pūnaewele no ka manuahi, ma https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, e pili pū ana i nā loulou i kaʻu mau puke pili.
[Iii] Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei kekahi poʻe ua hoʻomaka mua kēia mau hoʻoikaika aupuni, i ka makahiki 1898, me nā kaua Sepania-ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika. Hoʻihoʻi hou ʻo Daniel Immerwahr (2019) i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ʻAmelika i ka hopena o 1400s.
[Iv] Ma ka "Nationalism ʻAmelika," ke ʻōlelo nei au i ka manaʻo ʻo ʻAmelika ka ʻāina nui loa ma ka honua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, makemake nā kānaka a pau o ka honua e noho i ka US, a ʻo kāna mau alakaʻi. ʻoi aku ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ke aloha ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a no laila, ke nānā aku nei nā mea a pau i ka US no ke alakaʻi honua ʻoiai ʻo kāna mau alakaʻi he pono, "maʻemaʻe" ko lākou mau kumu, a ua kokoke kēia ʻāina i ka paradaiso ma ka honua. noho kanaka. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia kāna mau hana. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i manaʻo ʻia; he manaʻo noʻonoʻo ia, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o kekahi loiloi kūpono o kona mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole hoʻi ma kekahi kumu noʻonoʻo i kēia lā o nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o US. He mea lapuwale.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia lāhui ʻAmelika ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka manaʻo ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻohe helu keʻokeʻo ma mua o ke kanaka ʻoi loa o ke kala. Hoʻokumu ʻia nō hoʻi ia i ka noʻonoʻo a koi i ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana a me ka maopopo ʻole o ka mōʻaukala US. He wahahee loa.
No ka laʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kēia lāhui ʻAmelika, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻokele imperialism o nā alakaʻi kulekele ʻē aʻe o ka AFL-CIO (e ʻike iā Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2022b).
[V] Ma kahi ʻatikala maikaʻi loa e kūkākūkā ana i ka militarism i ka US, a me nā hana pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina he nui, ua kau ʻo David Gibbs (2012) i kēia ma kahi liʻiliʻi (ʻaʻole loa) i ka pōʻaiapili o ka honua; e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia ma lalo nei, ʻaʻole wau i ʻae i kēia ʻano hana, a manaʻo ʻo ia ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo "empire" ma kahi o "ka hui pūʻali koa-industrial." Manaʻo wau ua kākoʻo nui kāna hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka manaʻo o ke aupuni.
[VI] Ua ʻike mua au iā Kauka Jan Nederveen Pieterse i koʻu hele ʻana i ka Institute for Social Studies ma The Hague, Netherlands ma ke kono ʻana a Kauka Peter Waterman e hana i kahi Master's Degree in Development Studies ma ʻAukake 1990 (i kūkākūkā pōkole ʻia ma Scipes, 2021: xvi -xvii). E like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai, ʻo kā Nederveen Pieterse (unhyphenated double last name) i hana nui i koʻu ulu ʻana ma hope, a ʻo koʻu kuhikuhi ʻana i kekahi o kāna mau hana ma muli o kona ʻike a me ka maopopo o kona noʻonoʻo a ʻaʻole wale no kāna alakaʻi a me kāna ʻōlelo aʻo. i nā makahiki he 30 i hala iho nei, mahalo wau iā ia.
[VII] Hoʻopili nui kēia ʻāpana iā Scipes (2010a, b, 2016a), kahi aʻu e kūkākūkā ai a hoʻomohala hou i ka manaʻo o ka imperialism a laila ʻo ka imperialism hana.
[viii] Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo McNamara i kāna kiʻi ma Errol Morris '2003 kiʻiʻoniʻoni, "The Fog of War."
Ma Ho Chi Minh City (i kapa mua ʻia ʻo Saigon), Vietnam, aʻu i kipa pinepine ai a ma kahi aʻu i aʻo ai i ke kauwela o 2017 a me '18, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Remnants of War Museum e hoʻomanaʻo i ke kaua i loko o kāna mau pōʻino āpau. . Aia nā lumi i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ʻo Agent Orange, ka mea e hoʻomau nei i ka hopena o ka poʻe i kēia manawa, a ʻo kekahi o nā kiʻi e haʻalulu loa ʻaʻole i hiki i kēia US Marine mua ke hoʻokō pono ma o ka hōʻike kikoʻī.
[IX] ʻOiai manaʻo wau he nui ka poʻe i ʻike e pili ana i ka CIA, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ka NED. Ua kākau nui ʻo William Robinson (1996) e pili ana i kā lākou hana, a hoʻokomo wau iā lākou i kaʻu puke 2010, ʻO ke kaua huna a AFL-CIO e kūʻē i ka poʻe hana hana o ka ʻāina (Scipes, 2010a: 96-105.). Eia kekahi, no kekahi mau ʻatikala e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana ma Venezuela, e ʻike iā Scipes, 2005, 2014a; e ʻike pū iā Gill (2020), Gill and Hanson (2019), a me Hanson and Gill (2019) no nā hana hou aʻe o ʻAmelika e kūʻē iā Venezuela.
ʻO ka hana a William Blum (1986, 2000, 2014, 2015) he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hana ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika a puni ka honua ma nā ʻano āpau.
[x] ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻo koke ma kēia ʻāina ma ka ʻāina "nāwaliwali", makemake wau e ʻike ʻaʻole i puunaue like ʻia nā "pono" e hele ana i ka ʻāina imperial holoʻokoʻa i kona poʻe; ʻO kēia mau pōmaikaʻi ʻāina imperial ua "kaulike" e like me ia; ie, like ole. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, a hiki i ka poʻe ma nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka ʻāina imperial e hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho i hiki ke hoʻoikaika i kā lākou elite e kaʻana like i nā pono waiwai, ʻo ka hapa nui inā ʻaʻole ʻo nā pōmaikaʻi āpau e paʻa i ka waihona kālā o ka poʻe elite, ʻoiai nā limahana ma Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina imperial.
ʻO ka manawa hoʻokahi i koi aku ai nā limahana ʻAmelika i nā elite politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai e kaʻana like i kā lākou makana i nā makahiki 1948-1973, kahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā makahiki gula o ka hoʻokele waiwai o US," he hopena o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana hana US ma. nā makahiki 1930 a me '40, a me kona makemake e hakakā. ʻOiai he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka poʻe i noho i kēia wā, he aberration kēia manawa i ka mōʻaukala US, a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona e hana hou ʻia a hana hou ʻia.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio, "papa hana" a me nā kāne ʻilihune (a me ka nui o nā wahine) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka poʻe elite e hana i kā lākou hana haumia e kūʻē i nā kānaka o kēlā me kēia ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a nāna e uku no kēia. ke koena o ko lākou mau ola—inā ʻaʻole lākou e nalowale iā lākou i ke kaua a i ʻole nā hana pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe—me PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), inu waiʻona, etc. (e nānā iā Gordon, Early, and Cravens, 2022). ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa o kēia poʻe kahiko e ʻike i ka mea a lākou i kūʻai ai a hoʻonohonoho e kūʻē i kēia, inā ma ka hana hana a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, ma hope o ko lākou puka ʻana. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o kēia ʻo VVAW, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, aia mau a puni, a me ka pepa kupanaha. ʻO ka Veteran haʻi i kā mākou moʻolelo: www.vvaw.org. (ʻO kēia mea kākau he Sergeant ma mua o ka US Marine Corps nāna i "huli" ʻoiai ma ka hana ikaika, 1969-73; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻole au i hoʻouna ʻia e kaua ma Vietnam.)
[xi] Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ma ka manaʻo o "hegemony," i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka mea kālai'āina politika Italia a me ka mea hana Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1982) i nā makahiki 1930. ʻO ka Hegemony kahi ʻano mana o ka mana ma mua o ka manaʻo ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo "domination"; ʻike ʻo ia i ka hakakā kaiapili, no laila e ʻike ai i nā manaʻo kūʻē, a pili i ka manaʻo o ka mālama ʻana i ka mana o ka ʻaoʻao ikaika ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka "ʻae" mai ka poʻe āna e hoʻokaumaha ai. ʻO ke kumu, koi ka hegemony i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻomalu e lanakila wale i nā hakakā no ka mālama ʻana i ka mana, ʻoiai ʻo ke aupuni e pono ai ka lanakila ʻana i kēlā me kēia hakakā; ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hegemony ka mea hiki ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā hana ma mua o ka hoʻomalu.
Makemake au e hoʻomaikaʻi aku iā Kayla Vasilko, i ka wā o nā kamaʻilio pilikino, no ka paipai ʻana iaʻu e hoʻokomo i nā pilikia o ka hegemony a me ka ʻae ʻana i kaʻu loiloi.
[xii] ʻAʻole kēia o ka waiwai liʻiliʻi.
Hickel, et. al., hoʻopaʻapaʻa i loko o 2015, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i prevail market kumu kūʻai, "ka [global] North net expropriated mai ka Hema 12 biliona tona o embodied maka mea like, 822 miliona heka o embodied 'āina, 21 exajoules o embodied ikehu, a me 188 miliona. kanaka makahiki o ka hana kino, he $10.8 trillion ma ke kumukuai o ka Akau- lawa e hoopau ai i ka ilihune loa he 70 manawa. I loko o ka manawa holoʻokoʻa [1990-2015], ʻo ka hoʻokahe ʻana mai ka Hema he $242 trillion (mau 2010 USD). Hōʻike kēia auwai i kahi makani nui no ka ʻĀkau o ka honua, e like me ka hapahā o ka GDP ʻĀkau” (Hickel, Dorninger, Wieland, a me Suwandi, 2022).
[xiii] E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi ʻatikala mua: "Hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia manaʻo, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā Marxists i ka ʻike ākea o ka imperialism ma mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano o ka manaʻo, ke ʻōlelo nei kēia mea kākau, he ʻano hoʻokele waiwai ka manaʻo o Lenin, a he kumu manaʻo ia e kūkākūkā ʻia nei ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka manaʻo, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma mua o ka mea i ʻae ʻia e ka manaʻo" (Scipes, 2010b: 277, fn. #4).
ʻO ka manaʻo o Gramsci o ka hegemony e hoʻonui i nā pilina aupuni ma mua o ka ʻoihana waiwai o Lenin, e kālele ana i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele kaiapuni, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ma mua o ka loina economistic o ka imperialism o Lenin.
[xiv] No ka wehewehe ʻana: ʻoiai ke kuhikuhi nei mākou i kēia mau kaʻina hana ma ka inoa maʻamau o ka imperialism, ʻokoʻa nā kikoʻī ma ka honua. No laila, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe Pelekania i ko lākou mau kolone mai ka Farani, ka Holani, a me ʻAmelika, a pēlā aku; i ka manawa like, akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā kaʻina hana o ka noho aliʻi ʻana ma waena o nā kolone i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka ʻāina imperial hoʻokahi: ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe Pelekania iā India mai kā lākou mālama ʻana i ko lākou mau panalāʻau ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me Nigeria.
[xv] ʻO ka Haitian Revolution o 1791 he kumu hoʻohālike koʻikoʻi, he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia: ma waho aʻe o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻohālikelike ia i ka moʻolelo o ke kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo.
Ua hoʻokahuli ka poʻe Haitian i ke aupuni colonial (Farani), a laila ua lanakila ʻo Napoleon i ka pūʻali koa i ka wā i hoʻouka ʻia ai e hoʻihoʻi i ke aupuni colonial. Ua lanakila lākou i ka pūʻali koa Pelekāne i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻohana i ka lanakila o Farani. (No ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo o kēia manawa mai ka mokomoko, ʻo ia ka helu 1 a me ka helu 2 e hakakā nei no ka poʻokela kaumaha o ka honua i kēlā manawa). E nana James, 1963.
ʻO ia ke kumu nui i kūʻai aku ai ʻo Napoliona i ka "New France" i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1803: me ka ʻole o Haiti, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pale aku i kāna mau laina lako i New Orleans ma ka ʻAkelanika Komohana a me Karipiano mai nā moku Pelekane a me Sepania, a me nā ʻano like ʻole. "nā pōā." Nui loa ʻo Palani hou—ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia lā ma ke komohana o ka muliwai Mississippi koe wale nō ke komohana hema, kahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e Sepania. ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka US ua pale aku i ke kaua i ka wā e hiki mai ana me Farani, no ka mea, makemake paha nā "ʻAmelika" e hoʻomau i kā lākou "hoʻonui komohana."
Ua kākoʻo pū ka poʻe Haiti i ka hana a Simon Bolivar e lanakila i ke kūʻokoʻa ma ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema, a ua kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kipi o Nat Turner ma nā mokuʻāina kauā o ʻAmelika.
Manaʻo wau no ke aha i aʻo ʻole ʻia ai mākou i kēia ma nā kula US…?
[xvi] ʻO kēia paukū mai Scipes, 2018, kahi āna e loiloi nui ai i ka puke 2017 a McCoy.
ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo "Military-Industrial Complex," ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana o Gibbs '(2012) ma lalo o "empire."
[xvii] No ke kumu o ka National Security Act o 1947, a me ka hui ʻana o nā palapala pili, e ʻike iā Santarsiero, 2022.
[xviii] ʻO kekahi mau ʻāina—e like me ʻAmelika Samoa a me Puerto Rico (a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe paha) ke noho mau nei i nā kolone i kēia lā. ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻāina i koe i kēlā me kēia aupuni ko lākou kūʻokoʻa politika. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻāina he "kolone mua."
[xix] Aia kekahi palapala waiwai e pili ana i ka pilina colonial a me neocolonial o ka Philippines me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. No hoʻokahiʻatikala e kūkākūkā ana i ka pilina neocolonial ma keʻano e wehewehe ai i kēia pilina, e nānā iā Scipes (1999); no ka ʻike kikoʻī o kēia pilina neo-colonial, e ʻike iā Shalom, 1981; a no nā hoʻoponopono hou aku, e nānā i ka Broad, 1988; Boyce, 1993, a me Bello, 2009.
Aia kekahi mau ʻāina i haʻalele i ka pilina pili waiwai me nā haku colonial ma mua, a lilo i "post-colonial," a ua uku ʻia me ka inaina pau ʻole o ka United States Empire, ka mea i ʻimi e hoʻopaʻi iā lākou no kēlā ʻano ʻawaʻawa. ua hoʻokau i nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻokele waiwai a me ka politika; ʻO Cuba ma hope o ke kipi i alakaʻi ʻia e Castro i ka makahiki 1959, a ʻo Venezuela mai ke koho balota ʻana o Hugo Chavez i ka makahiki 1998 he mau hiʻohiʻona nui. ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona mua, ma kahi manawa lōʻihi a me nā moʻolelo paʻakikī, ʻo Russia/Soviet Union a me Kina.
[xx] Lawe ʻia kēia ʻāpana ma ka "globalization" mai Scipes, 2016b: 2-3, 16-17. Ma ka laina ma https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Solidarity. Ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia a hōʻano hou ʻia.
[xxi] He mea nui loa kēia wahi e pili ana i ka like ʻole. ʻO ia ke ʻano o kēia mau kaʻina hana e pili ana i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa, a hiki iā lākou ke pā i nā manawa like ʻole, me nā ʻano ikaika like ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia: ʻo ka globalization ʻaʻole ia he mana monolithic hoʻokahi e kāhili ana i ka honua, e pili ana i kēlā me kēia ʻano pilikanaka, ʻāina, ʻoihana i ke ala like i ka manawa like. He mau kaʻina hana ia e alakaʻi ai i ka "ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o ka ākea ākea a me ka manawa pōkole ma mua o ka wā ma mua" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), akā ʻaʻole kūlike kona hopena.
[xxii] Ua ʻae ʻo Charles Tilly (2005) i kēia ʻike lōʻihi: "E hoʻomaka me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka mai ʻApelika ma kahi o kanalima tausani makahiki aku nei, ua hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ke kanaka." A laila kūkākūkā ʻo ia i ʻekolu nalu o ka honua i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1500.
[xxiii] Nānā ʻo Nederveen Pieterse (2008) i ka emi ʻana o ka US ma nā kikoʻī nui; e nānā pū i Scipes, 2009. McCoy, 2017 hana pū kekahi. Pono ʻole e ʻōlelo, he nui nā hana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kēia pilikia.
[xxiv] ʻAʻole holomua nā uniona a me nā kikowaena hana; hiki i kekahi ke hoʻololi nui; ʻike, no ka laʻana, kaʻu hana ma ka AFL-CIO imperialism hana (Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2017b, a me 2020b).
[xxv] ʻO kēia māhele ma ka "neo-liberal economics" e huki nui ana i kaʻu hana ma mua-e ʻike i nā Scipes (1984, 1999, 2006, 2009, 2016b: 3-10) - akā ua hoʻohui ʻia e nā heluhelu hou aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi e Brenner (2003) , Cox (2012), Cox and Lee (2012), Cox and Bass (2012), Gibbs (2012), Harvey (2005), Piven (2006), Roman and Velasco Arregui (2013), a me Skidmore-Hess (2012) . Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia, hoʻokomo pū wau i kekahi noiʻi aʻu i hana ai a puni 2013, a i paʻi ʻia ma Scipes, 2021: 9-11, a me kekahi mau noiʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia ma Scipes (2017b).
[xxvi] E ʻoluʻolu e kala mai i koʻu palena ʻana i ka nānā ʻana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa; aia nā kaʻina hana like e hana nei ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina o ka US Empire, me nā ʻāina imperial nui o ʻEulopa Komohana. Eia naʻe, maopopo loa ka hihia o ka US, a ʻo ia ka ʻāina nui o ke aupuni, no laila, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻimi i ka maopopo loa, ua kaupalena wau i kaʻu mau ʻōlelo ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau kaʻina e ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia hiʻohiʻona hoʻokahi.
[xxvii] He aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo nei i ka "kūkulu ideological"? Ua aʻo ʻia mākou aia nā mākeke hoʻokele waiwai, kahi e hiki ai i nā kāne (a me nā mea hou aku, nā wahine) ke launa like, e kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe e pili ana i ko lākou pono ponoʻī, a alakaʻi ʻia kēia e "ka lima ʻike ʻole" o ka mākeke. . ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoi loa ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka moʻolelo kūʻai kūʻai kihi "mom and pop", ʻaneʻane like ʻole nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku; ʻoi aku ka mana o nā mea kūʻai aku ma luna o nā mea kūʻai: "inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hāʻawi mai iaʻu i kaʻu makemake, ʻaʻole wau e kūʻai aku." Malia paha ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka hihia kahi i ʻoi aku ka mana o nā mea kūʻai aku ma mua o nā mea kūʻai aku ʻo ka mākeke hana; Hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻolimalima i ka mea a lākou e makemake ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokae i kekahi mau mea pili i ka pilikanaka ("lahi," ke kāne, ke kīnā, ka moe kolohe, etc.).
ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia wahaheʻe o ke kaulike, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he hōʻike pololei o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka nohona akā he moʻolelo hoʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia e huikau inā ʻaʻole hoʻopunipuni i nā kānaka; ʻo ia hoʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia e mālama iā ʻoe ma lalo o ka poʻe i makemake e hoʻopunipuni.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai kūʻai kūʻokoʻa e kaupalena ʻia ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana-he kālā a ʻaiʻē paha kāu e kūʻai ai i kekahi mea a ʻaʻole paha? ʻo ia hoʻi, he "hoʻohālike" haiki loa ia o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
E hoʻopaʻapaʻa wau ʻo kahi kumu hoʻohālike piha loa, ʻoiai me nā palena, ʻo ia ka mea i kūkulu ʻia e Karl Marx (1873) a me kāna mau mamo kālai'āina.
[xxviii] Ua hana ʻia ka CIA ma lalo o ka National Security Act o 1947 (e ʻike iā Santarsiero, 2022). No nā palapala nui o kā lākou hana i nā makahiki, e ʻike iā Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015.
[xxix] ʻO kēia ʻāpana e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me kahi ʻāpana ma lalo aʻe, ua lawe pololei ʻia mai Scipes, 2009. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole kēia e hoʻoponopono i ka stratification pili i ka lāhui a i ʻole ke kāne i loko o ka hui US, kahi i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia; no ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o kēia mau mea i ke olakino ma kēia ʻāina, e ʻike iā Barr (2019).
E ʻike ʻia ana ma ka Kiʻi 1, ma lalo nei, e ʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka loaʻa maoli o nā kānaka ma waena o ka makahiki 1947 a me 1973, a ʻo kēia ulu kālā i puunaue like ʻia i nā keneta a pau i loko o ka nohona. No laila, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kēia wā, aia kahi kumu waiwai maoli i ka manaʻo o "ka moeʻuhane ʻAmelika" a hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia e nā mea a pau.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka "manaʻo" i hoʻomau ʻia kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma hope o 1973, e hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka ʻikepili ma lalo nei. E like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia, ua nalowale ka "moe ʻAmelika" i ka nui o kāna kumu waiwai a ua lilo ʻo ia i "wahi kamaʻilio" noʻonoʻo no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻAmelika.
[xxx] He manawa wehewehe e kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kāu mea e nānā nei. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o kahi hui, e hōʻuluʻulu nā ʻepekema sociologists (a me kekahi poʻe economists) i kahi pūʻulu o ka ʻikepili waiwai e like me ka hiki, e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā a/a i ʻole ka waiwai, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka ʻohana a i ʻole ke kanaka, a hōʻike mai ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka nui. Maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili loaʻa, no laila ke hōʻike pinepine ʻia nei, e like me ka hana ʻana ma aneʻi. A laila e puunaue ʻia nā huina kālā i nā quintile a i ʻole hapalima, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau mea mai ka quintile haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe. A laila, i ke ana ʻana, e kau lākou i ka helu kālā no ka huina kiʻekiʻe loa (ka luna) o ka loaʻa/waiwai i ka quintile, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike iā lākou i ka manawa, e ʻike ai i kahi e ulu a hāʻule ana ka hāʻawi kālā.
[xxxi] ʻAʻole makemake ke aupuni US iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā e hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka ʻelima pakeneka (5%) o ka heluna kanaka, no laila e kū kā lākou ʻikepili no ka quintile ʻelima (a kiʻekiʻe loa) ma 95 pakeneka; ʻO ka helu no ke kanaka ma ka 95th pākēneka. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili no nā piko o nā quintiles ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea e hana mau lākou i kēia, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki ʻē aʻe ʻoiai ka palena palena.
[xxxii] Ua haʻi ʻo ia iā Prechel (1997: 414), kākau "... e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hāʻule nui o ka loaʻa kālā i kēia manawa no nā ʻoihana ʻoihana 500 kiʻekiʻe mai 7.7 pakeneka mai 1973 a 1981 a i 4.8 pakeneka mai 1982 a 1986 ..." (Cox , 2012: 18).
[xxxiii] Hoʻokahi ʻōlelo i loko o ka ʻōlelo a Cox e pono ke nānā ʻia: pili ʻo ia i nā lāhui ʻoihana ulu o Asia. Wahi a Scipes, "ʻO ka mea mua, maopopo, ua hoʻomaka kēia hoʻomohala a / a i pōmaikaʻi paha mai ka US Cold War e kū'ē i ka 'communism,' a ma hope ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia, "ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia hoʻomohala hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻokumu a hoʻokumu hou i ka hegemony kapitalista ma nā ʻano like ʻole. nā ʻāina a me ka hegemony imperial US ma ka ʻāina …” (Scipes, 2020c: 1216). ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene ʻo ia ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā "pūnaewele hoʻopukapuka" i nā hui transnational, hāʻawi kēia i nā pūnaewele hiki ke hiki i nā hui US ke neʻe aku mai US.
[xxxiv] E like me ka palapala i nā manawa he nui e kekahi mau mea kākau ma Cox, ed. (2012), he hana nui ka Business Roundtable e hoʻoikaika ana i nā pono o nā hui transnational nui loa o US a ʻoi loa i ka holomua ʻana i kā lākou mau pono i nā echelons kiʻekiʻe loa o nā pōʻai aupuni US a ua kūleʻa loa i kāna mau hana.
[xxxv] E ʻike i ke kūkākūkā o kā lākou hana kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana ma Cox and Bass (2012).
[xxxvi] ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika i ka pono o ka United States Empire, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa; Hōʻole nā luna US e wehewehe i kona aupuni e like me ia. Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi ʻia kahi aupuni a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i kahi ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai home-'āina.
No kekahi laʻana o kēia, e ʻike iā Knickmeyer, Bussewitz, Flesher, Brown, a me Casey, 2020.
[xxxvii] ʻO kāna mea i ʻōlelo hope ai ʻo ia ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā hui lehulehu-e like me ka mālama wai a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolako, ka mana hana uila, nā ʻōnaehana kula a me nā kula pākahi, nā papahana kaʻa (nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa kaʻa, nā alaloa, nā alahaka), etc.-i nā hui pilikino. , ka hoololi ana i ka mana lehulehu me ka hooponopono hui; ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēia mau papahana mai ka lawelawe ʻana i nā pono maʻamau i ka lilo ʻana i mau papa hana pilikino. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau kaʻina hana he "privatization."
[xxxviii] I loko o kahi kānana ikaika, ua wehewehe ʻo Cox (2012: 16-30) i ke kaʻina hana a nā hui alakaʻi o ʻAmelika i hana ai ma luna o Reagan a me nā hoʻokele pelekikena hope o nā ʻaoʻao politika ʻelua, a ua hoʻokumu iā lākou i ke kulekele hoʻokele waiwai politika ʻē aʻe e pono ai kēia mau hui. ka lilo pololei o na limahana ma keia aina. He kikoʻī kikoʻī ia e pono ai ke noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ʻohi ʻia a hiki i kēia lā.
[xxxix] Wahi a Macrotrends (2023), akā i hoʻohui ʻia e kēia mea kākau, ʻo ka huina kālā o ka pūʻali koa US mai 1982 (makahiki mua kālā o ka Reagan Administration) a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokele ʻana o Donald Trump ma 2021: $18,215.91 biliona a i ʻole $18.216 trillion. (ʻO kēia ma mua o ko Rūsia hoʻouka ʻana iā Ukraine i Pepeluali 2022.)
Eia hou, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻolimalima pūʻali koa US ma 2021 me ka 10 o kā mākou "mau hoa": US- $ 800.67 biliona; UK- $68.37 biliona; Palani- $56.65 biliona; Kelemānia- $56.02 biliona; Saudi Arabia- $55.56 biliona; Iapana- $54.12 biliona; South Korea- $50.23 biliona; Italia- $32.01 biliona; Australia- $31.75 biliona; Kanada- $26.45 biliona; a me Israel- $24.34 biliona. (Macrotrends, 2023). I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, i ka makahiki 2021, ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika i $800.67 biliona, kahi o kā mākou mau hoa pili 10. hui pūʻia lilo i $455.5 biliona.
He wahi koʻikoʻi kēia i hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe holomua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: he aupuni ko ʻAmelika, a ʻokoʻa kona ikaika ma mua o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ke ʻano he ʻāina, akā ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe elite a me ka politika iā mākou. e hoʻomaopopo i kēia ʻokoʻa: makemake lākou e noʻonoʻo mākou ʻo ka projection o ke aupuni, ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻomalu i ke koena o ka honua, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina. Pehea nā kaua ma Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, a me Afghanistan - me nā kauoha "global" US like ʻole ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ka Middle East, ʻApelika, a me ʻAsia Hikina, a me kā lākou mau hana e pili ana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua. hana me ka "pale" ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waho o ka ʻike kanaka; ʻO kāna poʻe moʻolelo moʻolelo e hoʻohālike i ka poʻe e hoʻokau nei i nā ʻōlelo hoʻomana e like me nā pikers.
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ke aupuni a me ka ʻāina he mea nui loa ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka "nationalism" ʻAmelika. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kālā i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ke aupuni he kālā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻonaʻauao, mālama ola kino, hoʻopau i nā kaulike ʻole i loko o ko mākou kaiāulu, hoʻoikaika i kā mākou ʻoihana, a / a i ʻole e kamaʻilio ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni. ka honua.
[xl] ʻO kekahi o nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi o ke ola ʻAmelika — i hoʻolaha nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana, ke aupuni, a me ka pāpaho koʻikoʻi—ʻo ia ke piʻi ʻana o ka huahana, piʻi koke ko mākou kūlana o ke ola. "Manaʻo" kēia e "mālama" ka ʻoihana i kāna poʻe limahana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uku o nā limahana.
ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā uniona kālepa, ma o ke kūkākūkā ʻana a me ka hahau ʻana, i koi aku i ka ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka uku a hoʻonui i nā pono pilikanaka. A ʻo nā keʻena hana ʻole i hui pū ʻia ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka uku / mau pōmaikaʻi i nā pae hoʻohālikelike, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana e mālama i kā lākou poʻe limahana mai ka hui ʻana. I ka pōkole, a me ka hahai ʻana iā Jack Metzgar (2000), ka "papa waena hana" -ʻo ia hoʻi nā lālā o ka ʻoihana akamai, nā limahana hana unionized, a ma hope aku, nā limahana o ka lehulehu - ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻoihana hana, a ua hui pū lākou i ka hana kuʻuna. ʻO nā hana "papa waena" e like me nā loio, nā kauka, nā ʻinikua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana i ka "papa waena waena o ʻAmelika." ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka "papa waena hana" e nā hana "benign" moʻokalaleo o ka ʻoihana, akā ma ka hoʻoikaika paʻa ʻana o nā miliona o nā limahana i hui pū ʻia i ka ʻoihana hana US.
ʻO nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā uniona mai ka makahiki 1981, e like me kaʻu e hōʻike ai ma lalo nei, ua hoʻopau i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻumi miliona o ʻAmelika, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ka nui o ka haunaele i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
[xli] Eia hou, e ʻike iā Cox (2012: 16-30) kahi i wehewehe ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o US mai kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike kuʻuna i nā kaulahao lako honua. "He mea koʻikoʻi ka mokuʻāina ʻo US i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā manawa politika, kānāwai, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana no nā ʻoihana transnational i hoʻokumu ʻia e US e hoʻoponopono hou i kā lākou hana i ka makahiki 1980" (Cox, 2012: 25).
No ka hoʻokolokolo hohonu ʻana o ka Apple Corporation, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana transnational i hoʻokumu ʻia ma US, a pehea ka hopena o kēia i nā limahana ma Kina, e ʻike iā Chan, Selden, a me Ngai (2020).
[xlii] ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo Reagan ʻekolu ka ʻaiʻē Lahui, akā pono ʻoe e unuhi i ka nui āna i hoʻoili ai, no laila ua pālua ka piʻi maoli.
[xliii] I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻokumu ke aupuni Pekelala i kahi kālā, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻolālā ana ia no kekahi mau papahana a me nā koina e hoʻolilo iā lākou, a laila e uku ʻia no lākou mai nā ʻauhau ʻauhau. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki kālā—e pau ana i kēia manawa i ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa—e hōʻike ana ke aupuni "ua hoʻohana nui mākou i kā mākou kālā" (hōʻike i kahi hemahema) a i ʻole "ua lawe mākou i kā mākou kālā ma lalo o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia" (hōʻike i kahi koena). A laila hoʻohui ʻia nā hopena o kēlā makahiki (koe a hapa paha) i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻē aʻe, e hoʻi ana i ka makahiki 1789, i ka wā i lilo ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ʻāina kūʻokoʻa, a ua ʻike ʻia kēlā huina huina o ke koena/deficits ma ke ʻano he "ʻaiʻē aupuni."
E hoʻomaopopo ma waena o 1789, i ka wā i lilo ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ʻāina kūʻokoʻa a me 1981, i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokele ʻana o Jimmy Carter, ʻo ka ʻaiʻē aupuni o ʻAmelika he $ 909 biliona, a i ʻole $ .9 trillion. ʻO kēia ka uku no ke Kaua o 1812; ke Kaua Kivila; ke kaua me na kanaka maoli ma ka papu; ke Kaua Sepania-ʻAmelika (me ka US-Philippine War); Kaua Honua I; Kaua Honua II; kaua ma Korea a me Vietnam; e like me ka Tennessee Valley Authority (nāna i lawe mai i ka uila i ka US Hema), ka Interstate Highway System, a me ka papahana ākea a hiki i kēlā lā, me nā hoʻolimalima Federal ʻē aʻe; ua uhi keia i 192 makahiki. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma luna o 40 mau makahiki, mai ka wā i komo ai ʻo Reagan i ka Hale Paʻa, ua ulu ka National Debt i $30 trillion ma lalo o nā Repubalika a me nā Democrats. I kēia lā, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka aie aupuni ma mua o $ 31 trillion (Rappeport and Tankersley, 2022).
Ma Pepeluali 15, 2023, ka New York Times paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻike hou a ka US Congressional Budget Office i manaʻo ʻia e piʻi ka ʻaiʻē o ka US National e $19 trillion e 2033 (Tankersley and Rappeport, 2023).
ʻO ia ka mea e hana ai i ka wā e komo ai ʻoe i ka hoʻolimalima pūʻali koa nui no ka US Empire, a hoʻemi ʻoe i ka ʻauhau ma luna o nā hui a me nā mea waiwai.
[xliv] I ka pau ʻana o ka hapaha ʻekolu o 2022 (Sepatemaba 30, 2022), ua helu ʻia ka US Gross National Product (GNP) ma $25.89 trillion (Y Charts.com); akā ua helu ʻia ka National Debt i loko o kekahi mau lā ma mua o $31 trillion (Rappeport and Tankersley, 2022). ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka National Debt ma kahi o 119.7 pakeneka o GNP. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā makemake nā kānaka a pau o kēia ʻāina e hana manuahi no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ka ʻAi Lahui.
I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1980—ua koho ʻia ʻo Reagan i Nowemapa a ua noho ʻo ia i ke keʻena ma kahi o 20 mau lā-ʻo ka National Debt he $ .909 trillion, a ʻo ka GNP (ma Dekemaba 31, 1980) he $2.768 trillion (Y Charts, 2023), no laila. ʻO ka ʻAi Lahui i kēlā manawa ma kahi o 32.5 pakeneka o GNP.
[xlv] ʻO kahi ala nui i hana ʻia ma o ka moʻolelo moʻolelo moʻolelo: ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono e ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, "Sir, No Sir!" (Zieger, 2005). ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana e "kau i ke kaua [Vietnam] ma hope o mākou" e ke aupuni US, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻo David Zieger i ke ʻano o kahi neʻe kaua kaua. iloko o ka pūʻali koa US, a me kona hopena i ka hiki i ka pūʻali koa US ke kaua i ke kaua. (ʻO kēia neʻe kaua kū'ē i loko o ka pūʻali koa US, kahi aʻu i komo ai, ua "nalo" i ka mōʻaukala US; no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hōʻoia ʻole e nalowale, e ʻike iā Cortwright, 1975; Moser, 1996; Short and Seidenberg, 1992 ; a me Stacewicz, 1997; no ka nānā 'ana i ke kaua ma luna o ka poʻe hana, e nānā iā Lewis, 2012.) Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a Zieger i ka "moʻolelo" o ke kaua, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka "moʻolelo maoli" i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. . ʻO ka puke a Nick Turse (2013) ma Vietnam, E pepehi i nā mea a pau e neʻe nei: ʻO ke kaua ʻAmelika maoli ma Vietnam, hōʻike pū i ka moʻolelo moʻolelo o ke kaua i hoʻolaha ʻia e ke aupuni US, a laila hoʻopau iā ia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā moʻolelo oihana US Army.
[xlvi] ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo Michael Moore i ka makahiki 1989, ʻO wau a me Roger, a me kāna kiʻiʻoniʻoni 2009, Ka nuiism: He Moolelo Aloha, ʻO ia wale nō nā hiʻohiʻona aʻu i ʻike ai i kēlā nīnau neo-liberal economics a hiki i ka lehulehu ākea i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻo Moore i kēia huaʻōlelo. No ka loiloi ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a Moore, e ʻike iā Bridie, 2022.
[xlvii] ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hōʻike i ka ʻehaʻeha o ke kākau ʻana i kēia mau ʻōlelo; ʻO Nixon, i nā mea he nui o koʻu hanauna, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hewa. Hōʻike ia i ka mamao i hope o kēia ʻāina i hele ai, ma lalo o nā Democrats a me Republicans.
ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻo Nixon i kēia mau kānāwai holomua, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i ke kaiapuni a me nā kānāwai olakino a palekana no nā limahana no ka mea ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia iā lākou, akā no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe holomua (me ka neʻe anti-Vietnam War) i koi iā ia e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia ma keia ano.
No ka loiloi maikaʻi ʻana i ka politika o Obama Administration, e ʻike iā Daniel Skidmore-Hess (2012).
[xlviii] ʻAʻole makemake ke aupuni US iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ana e ka hapalima kiʻekiʻe (5%) o ka heluna kanaka, no laila ke kū nei kā lākou ʻikepili no ka quintile ʻelima (a kiʻekiʻe loa) ma 95 pakeneka; akā naʻe, no ka mea e hana mau lākou i kēia, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki ʻē aʻe ʻoiai ka palena palena.
[xlix] Ua hōʻike ʻo Robert E. Scott ma kahi o 3.2 miliona mau hana i nalowale "ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai o ka ulu ʻana i nā deficits kālepa US me Kina ma waena o 2001 a me 2013" (Scott, 2014: 2).
No ka ʻike kikoʻī pehea i hiki ai i ke kapikala transnational ke hoʻokomo iā Kina i kā lākou mau laina lako honua, a me ka hopena i ka hoʻokele waiwai honua, a me nā hopena i nā limahana Kina, e ʻike iā Cox lāua ʻo Lee, 2012. No ka nānā ʻana iā Apple (a Foxconn's) ma Kina, e nānā iā Chan, Selden, a me Ngai, 2020. A no ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ke alakaʻi AFL-CIO i ke aupuni Kina no nā hoʻoholo i hana ʻia e nā alakaʻi ʻoihana transnational a me ke aupuni US, e ʻike iā Scipes, 2006.
[l] Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea mai ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2009.
Wahi a ka Bureau of Labor Statistics, i ka makahiki 2022, he 10.1 pakeneka wale nō o ka nui o nā limahana i hui pū ʻia, a he 6.0 pakeneka o ka ʻoihana pilikino. (Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hana ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 2023.)
[li] Ke kākau nui nei au ma ke kulekele haole AFL-CIO i nā makahiki; ʻO ka mea nui loa ʻo Scipes (2010a), me kahi hōʻano hou, a me ka loiloi nui o ka palapala ma Scipes (2022b). No kekahi ʻatikala maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe AFL-CIO, e ʻike iā Cox and Bass (2012).
Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hemahema o ke alakaʻi ʻana o AFL-CIO ma Scipes, 2017b, a ukali ʻia e Scipes, 2020a. Aia kekahi palapala nui e pili ana i kēia e nā mea kākau like ʻole, a ʻo ke kumu hoʻokahi maikaʻi loa i kēia lā (pono e hoʻonui ʻia!) ʻo kaʻu Bibliography "Current Labor Issues", loaʻa ma ka laina ma https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/.
[lii] ʻO nā waiwai kālā, i hāʻawi ʻia no ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia kuintil (ma ke kolamu mua) mai ka makahiki 2005, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5, ma lalo.
[liii] Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f04.html: ʻaʻole loaʻa hou.
[liv] Hoʻopuka ka US CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) i ka ʻikepili waiwai ma kahi nui o nā ʻāina, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nā mea āpau, a hoʻopuka ma ka pūnaewele ma ka "CIA Factbook." Ma Pepeluali 12, 2023, ua hele au i laila e kiʻi i kā lākou mau helu GINI hoʻohālikelike hou loa. Me he mea lā ua palaualelo ka CIA, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea a pau a lākou i hāʻawi ai i kēia manawa he mau manaʻo ma mua o nā helu o kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, helu lākou i nā ʻāina mai ka like ʻole nui a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi, a helu iā lākou mai ka 1 (nui loa) a hiki i ka 176 (liʻiliʻi), me ka ʻole o ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka Mokupuni o Jersey. (ʻOkoʻa ka hōʻike ʻana o ka CIA i kēia mau waiwai ma mua o ka mea maʻamau, e like me nā helu piha.
Ua helu lākou i ka US he 50th ʻO ka ʻāina hoʻokele waiwai (ʻaʻole like) ma .414 i ka makahiki 2016. (ʻAʻohe manaʻo iaʻu, no ka mea, ua helu lākou i ka US ma .450 i 2004, a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea i ka wā o ka Great Recession, akā ʻo ia ka helu a lākou e hōʻike nei. )
ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau i hana i nā ʻāpana e like me kaʻu i hana ai i ka makahiki 2009, ʻike wau i ka helu kūlana a me ka helu i manaʻo ʻia o kekahi mau ʻāina ʻilihune; E hoʻomanaʻo, inā aia lākou ma waena o nā helu 1-49, ʻo ka like ʻole o kā lākou loaʻa kālā inoino ma mua o ka US, ʻoiai ʻo 51-176 emi ma mua o ka US: ʻO Mozambique ka #7 ma 2014 ma .540; ʻO Uganda ka #38 ma 2016 ma .428; no laila ua like ʻole lāua ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻo Laos ʻo #65 ma 2018 ma .388; He #73 ʻo Cambodia i ka makahiki 2008 me .379; ʻO Vietnam ka #96 ma 2018 ma .357; a ʻo Bangladesh ka #134 i ka makahiki 2016 me .324, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i like ka like ʻole o kēia mau ʻāina ʻilihune ʻehā ma mua o ka US.
[lv] Eia hou, e ʻike iā Cox, 2012: 16-30: ʻaʻole "hiki wale kēia," akā ʻo ia ka huahana o kahi hoʻolaha ākea a kūleʻa e hoʻololi i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika e kuhikuhi pono ana i nā ʻoihana pelekikena like ʻole a loaʻa iā lākou e hiki ai. keia hoololi ana.
[lvi] Ua lawe pololei ʻia kēia ʻāpana mai Scipes, 2021: 9-11.
[lvii] Wahi a ka National Center on Poverty, "ʻO ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana, ma ka awelika, pono nā ʻohana i ka loaʻa kālā e like me ʻelua manawa o ka pae ʻilihune Federal e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau pono kumu. ʻO nā ʻohana me nā pae loaʻa ma lalo o kēia pae loaʻa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka loaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa: $44,000 no ka ʻohana ʻehā (hoʻohui ʻia ka manaʻo nui) (Chau, Thampi, and Wight, 2010: 21). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka paepae ʻilihune kūhelu e ke aupuni Federal, a no ka makahiki 2013, he $23,550 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2013).
ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā mākou i hoʻohana i kahi ʻoia iʻo ka paepae no ka helu ʻilihune—a ʻaʻole ka nui o ka lawa ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia e ke aupuni US—a laila ma 2012, 34.3 pakeneka o a pau ʻO nā ʻAmelika (ma luna o ka hapakolu) aia ma lalo o ka ʻoia iʻo laina ʻilihune ʻo ia ka 200 pakeneka o ka laina ʻilihune kūlana (e nānā iā DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17).
[lviii] ʻO ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o ka media i ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu o ka poʻe ʻilihune ma ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia manawa he keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe keʻokeʻo he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
[lix] I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020, ua haʻaheo ʻo Pelekikena Trump i ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, "He kanalima miliona mau kānaka ma ʻAmelika e noho i ka ʻilihune, me ka manaʻolana liʻiliʻi no lākou iho a me kā lākou mau keiki," e like me ka International NGO, Oxfam (2020). Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka Bureau of Labor Statistics, "I ka makahiki 2018, ʻo ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana (ka helu hana ʻole) no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 3.9 pakeneka; akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka helu ma waena o nā lāhui a me nā lāhui. Ma waena o nā hui lāhui, ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu hana ʻole ma mua o ka helu aupuni no nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Alaska Natives (6.6 pakeneka), ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (6.5 pākēneka), ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻElua a ʻoi aku ka lāhui (5.5 pakeneka), a me nā Native Hawaiians. Nā kānaka ʻē aʻe o ka Pākīpika (5.3 pakeneka). ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka uku hana ʻole ma mua o ka helu aupuni no nā poʻe ʻAsia (3.0 pakeneka), a me nā keʻokeʻo (3.5 pakeneka). Ua kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka pākēneka no ka poʻe Hepanika a Latino, ma ka 4.7 pakeneka, ma mua o ka 3.7 pakeneka no ka poʻe ʻaʻole Hepanika" (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hana ʻole ma Ianuali 2020 ma 3.6 pakeneka. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka U-6 o ka nele i ka hana—i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ka moʻolelo pololei loa, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka "limahana hoʻonāwaliwali" - he 7.7 pakeneka (McMahon, 2020).
I kekahi hihia, ʻo kēia mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka hopena o ke aupuni Pekelala e ulu ana i ka hapa nui, i manaʻo ʻia e hele i $ 1 trillion i ka makahiki fiscal 2020 ma lalo o Pelekikena Trump, me ka ʻaiʻē aupuni i kēia manawa ma mua o $22 trillion (e nānā iā Emma, 2020). No laila, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei au, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hana ʻoi aku ka huahana o ka hoʻolimalima deficit (ke kākau ʻana i nā māka "wela") ma mua o ka huahana o ka ulu waiwai paʻa.
[lx] Ua ʻike mua wau i kēia ʻoiai e hana ana i nā paʻi paʻi ma kahi hale paʻi non-union ma ke kuaʻāina ʻo Kentucky aʻu e hoʻāʻo nei e hui i ka makahiki 1982. Ua kūʻai aku ka hui i kahi paʻi pūnaewele hou e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā limahana i loko o kahi hui mai ʻelima a ʻekolu. , ʻoiai e hoʻoemi ana i ka ʻōpala i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai a hāʻawi i ka paʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, i makemake ʻia no ka mea no ka ʻoihana daimana kekahi o kā mākou paʻi kiʻekiʻe. I kēlā manawa, loaʻa iaʻu he $4.85 i hoʻokahi hola me nā pōmaikaʻi liʻiliʻi - ke hoʻopiʻi nei ka mea nona ka uku nui iaʻu - a hana wau i 40 mau hola o ka pule; ʻO kahi hana uniona like i kēlā manawa ma Kapalakiko Bay Area (mai kahi aʻu i neʻe ai) ua uku ʻia ma luna o $20 i ka hola, me kahi pule hana he 35-hola (a ʻo ka manawa a me ka hapa ma luna o ʻehiku hola i ka lā, a me nā lā Sābati. me ka manawa kaulua ma na la Sabati.).
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa e like me ke kuaʻāina ʻo Kentucky; ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i nā wahi uku kiʻekiʻe wale nō.
[lxi] ʻO Glenn Perusek (2017), i kāna hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka mea i hana ʻia i ka wā koho pelekikena 2016-me kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka ʻoihana Midwest-a me nā manaʻo no nā ala i mua, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻikepili mai ka US Bureau of Labor, me ka ʻike ʻana "e like me 2000, aia ma mua o 17 miliona mau hana hana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma mua a ma hope o ka Great Recession (2007-2009), ua nalowale kēia mau hana i kahi helu kupaianaha: 30 pakeneka o nā hana hana i nalowale mai ka makahiki 2000.
[lxii] A i kēia manawa, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Ka New York Times, ʻo nā hana kūʻai kūʻai i hāʻawi i kekahi ana o ka hana no ka poʻe i nalowale i nā hana hale hana—ʻoiai naʻe, ma nā uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka uku—ke hoʻopau ʻia nei e ka e-commerce; ʻike iā Abrams lāua ʻo Gebeloff, 2017.
[lxiii] Pono e maopopo ʻaʻole wau i kālele i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni ma kēia ʻatikala. Paipai au i ka poʻe hoihoi e nānā i kaʻu mau ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia (Scipes, 2017a, 2022, 2023); ʻike pū i kaʻu pūnaewele hou ma https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, kahi aʻu e hui nei i nā ʻatikala, nā puke, a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia. E hoʻokomo wau i kēia mau pilikia ma ka palapala aʻu e hoʻomākaukau nei i kēia manawa.
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