Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
E Makana mai[Military-Industrial Complex and Impacts on the Third World – Asia-Pacific Research Network workshop on women and war, 17 June 2008.]
ʻO ka pūʻali koa a me ke kālā,
hui pū lākou i nā manawa a lākou e manaʻo ai he pono,
ua hoʻolilo lākou i ko mākou mau kaikunāne a me nā kaikuahine i mea hoʻolimalima,
ke hoʻohuli nei lākou i ka honua, i hale kupapaʻu
(Gil Scott-Heron)[I]
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990, ma mua o ka 'kaua ma luna o ka weliweli' a Bush, ua hōʻike ʻo New Zealand TV i kahi keaka hana weliweli loa US i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Soldier of Fortune Inc.', e pili ana i kahi hui elite (i haku ʻia e nā US Marines, Delta Force, CIA, British. ʻO nā limahana SAS) nāna i hana i nā mikiona huna 'ole' no ke Aupuni US. E loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻeke piha i ke kālā mai kahi hui pūʻali koa liʻiliʻi a hele i ka Middle East, Latin America, Haiti, a i ʻole nā Balkans, a i ʻole e puhi i nā ʻelele haole a me nā ʻenemi like ʻole i loko o ka USA, nā misionari i hiki ai iā Wakinekona ke koi aku i ka hōʻole ʻia no ka mea. ʻaʻohe poʻe koa hana hana. He hana haumia ia, akā pono e hana kekahi e mālama i ka 'US democracy' palekana, no ke kumu kūʻai. Kamaʻāina ke kani? ʻOi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kekahi manawa ʻē ma mua o ka moʻolelo moʻokalaleo, a ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi nā hana ma ka ʻaoʻao o kēia pūʻulu o nā hana kūikawā a me nā loea naʻauao ke kū ʻole i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Ke ola nei mākou a paio i kahi au o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa militari a me ka hana ʻino o ke kapikala. ʻO ke kaua, ka hana, nā manaʻo palekana aupuni a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka kūʻē - ma ka home a ma waho - e hoʻonui i nā manawa ʻoihana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. E like me kā ka mea kākau moʻolelo kūʻai kūʻokoʻa US ʻo Thomas Friedman i ʻōlelo pōkole: "ʻAʻole e hana ka lima huna o ka mākeke me ka ʻole o ka lima huna - ʻaʻole hiki i McDonald ke ulu me ka ʻole ʻo McDonnell Douglas, ka mea nāna i kūkulu i ka F-15. A ʻo ka lima huna e mālama pono ai i ka honua no nā ʻenehana o Silicon Valley i kapa ʻia ʻo United States Army, Air Force a me Marine Corps.[Ii]
Kapitalism Militarized: ʻO ka pūʻali koa-industrial complex ma 2008
He aha ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana i 2008? Ma hea ia? He aha kona ʻano? ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu inā ʻo ka huaʻōlelo, i hoʻohana kaulana ʻia e ka pelekikena mua o ʻAmelika ʻo Dwight Eisenhower[Iii] ma 1961 ka mea wehewehe maikaʻi loa e hoʻopuni i nā ʻano he nui o ke kaua a me ka ʻoihana palekana a me nā loulou a me nā pilina ma waena o ke kapikala a me kāna mau hoa pili politika. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e like me ka 'ʻoihana pale' a me ka 'kālepa lima' e hoʻopili pono i ka maka o ka poʻe waiwai kaua o kēia lā, nona nā hopena pōʻino e hiki ke ʻike like ʻia ma ka pā apartheid kiʻekiʻe i kūkulu ʻia e ʻIseraʻela e sila ai i ke Komohana Komohana a me Gaza.[Iv], a me kona hoa Hemispheric Komohana ma ka palena US-Mexico[V], i nā polokalamu hoʻohālikelike lele kamepiula i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pūʻali koa US a me Pelekane e ka CAE o Canada[VI], ma nā pūʻali koa mercenary hui pilikino e like me Blackwater, DynCorp a me Aegis[VII] ma Iraq, Afghanistan, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe[viii], i loko o nā lawelawe naʻauao waho, IT, nīnau a me nā lawelawe unuhi o L-3/Titan[IX], i loko o ka waihona kālā kōkua pūʻali koa nui a ka US i hāʻawi ai i nā aupuni o Israel, Pakistan, Egypt a me Colombia[x], i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ma nā hana 'naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo' o ʻO ka US Special Operations Forces i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Philippines e hana ana i ka 'hana kanaka' - nā lawelawe lapaʻau, niho a me nā lawelawe kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, e komo pū ana me nā papahana ʻoihana ma nā kaiāulu mamao ma Mindanao.[xi]- nā lawelawe e pono ai ka hana a ke aupuni, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua a me ka lawe ʻana aku i nā mea kaua.
E like me nā hui transnational āpau, hauʻoli kēia mau hui i ka pilina patronage a me ka revolving door me nā echelons kiʻekiʻe o nā aupuni a me kā lākou mau pūʻali koa, nā ʻauhau ʻauhau, kākoʻo no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku, a me nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe e kōkua iā lākou e kālele paʻa i ko lākou laina lalo - loaʻa kālā. . ʻO nā alakaʻi o US, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, piha i nā poʻe kālai'āina me nā hoʻopukapuka kālā a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana pale a me nā mea hoʻolimalima kaua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻailona ʻia e ka pilina o Dick Cheney iā Halliburton a me kāna. nā ʻaelike multi-billion-dollar e hoʻolako i ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻokipa, a me nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe i ka pūʻali koa US ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana iā Iraq ma 2003[xii]. Akā he ʻoihana e like me ka mea maʻamau no ka US militarized capitalism. He hōʻike ʻo ʻApelila 2008 Center for Responsive Politics hōʻike ʻo US Ua hoʻolilo nā lālā o ka ʻaha kūkā i ka US $196 miliona o kā lākou kālā ponoʻī i nā hui e loaʻa ana he mau haneli miliona kālā i kēlā me kēia lā mai nā ʻaelike Pentagon e hāʻawi i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe i nā pūʻali koa US, mai nā mokulele a me nā mea hana mea kaua i nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea inu ʻoluʻolu.[xiii] No ka haʻi ʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka puka, ʻo ka papa alakaʻi o General Dynamics kahi ex-Vice Chief of US Army staff, he US Air Force General, he Luna Nui o Naval Operations i ka US Navy, a he Luna Nui o ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana ma ke Kuhina Kūʻai ʻo Pelekane[xiv], ʻoiai ʻo ka CAE o Canada i kēia manawa a me nā luna hoʻokō mua i loaʻa he hope kuhina Kanada mua no ke kālepa o ka honua a me nā hana o nā ʻāina ʻē, a me ke poʻo o nā limahana mua o PM Brian Mulroney.[xv].
Nā pū hoʻolimalima, nā kālā nui, ʻaʻohe kānāwai
ʻAʻole hou nā pūʻali koa pilikino i hoʻolimalima ʻia e nā aupuni a me nā hui. Ua hoʻolimalima ka hui Pelekane Hikina Hikina i nā mercenary pilikino e hakakā i nā kaua proxy a loaʻa ka mana ma luna o India[xvi]. Akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka exponential, sophistication a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana palekana pilikino e like me Blackwater a me DynCorp, nā mea ʻelua i loaʻa maikaʻi ma luna o 90% o kā lākou ʻoihana mai nā ʻaelike aupuni o US. Inā hele maoli nā koa maʻamau me ka pepehi kanaka, pehea lā no ka poʻe mercenary pilikino i ka nele o ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou mau hana, ma lalo o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono kūpono ʻole, ʻoiai ua ʻaelike ʻia lākou e nā aupuni a uku ʻia mai nā kālā aupuni? Hana lākou me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole a me ka pale ʻole. Hoʻopili lākou a hoʻonohonoho i ka pūʻali koa a me nā mākaʻi mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua, ʻo kekahi o lākou he poʻe koa kahiko o nā pūʻali koa hoʻokaumaha loa o ka honua[xvii]. Ma kā lākou pūnaewele, ʻo Blackwater, nona ka ʻaelike me ka US State Department i hoʻololi hou ʻia[xviii] ʻoiai ka huhū i kekahi o nā hanana he nui i pana ʻia e ko lākou poʻe kiaʻi a pepehi i 17 mau kānaka kīwila Iraqi ma Nisour Square, Baghdad, i ka mahina o Kepakemapa i hala.[xix], koi: “Hana mākou i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hanohano, ka manawa like a me ka hilinaʻi. Mahalo mākou i nā moʻomeheu a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo o nā poʻe a puni ka honua "[xx]. Ma ka honua, "ʻAʻohe mahalo o Blackwater i ka poʻe Iraqi," i haʻi aku kahi luna o ke Kuhina Kalaiaina o Iraqi i kahi mea hoʻolaha Washington Post ma 2007[xxi]. "Ke manaʻo nei lākou e like me Iraqis e like me nā holoholona, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei au e mahalo nui lākou i nā holoholona. Ua ʻike mākou i kā lākou hana ma nā alanui. Ke kī ʻole lākou, hoʻolei lākou i nā ʻōmole wai i nā kānaka a kāhea lākou i nā inoa. Inā ʻoe e hoʻoweliweli i kahi keiki a i ʻole he wahine ʻelemakule, a i ʻole ʻoe e pepehi nei i kahi kanaka kīwila hala ʻole e holo ana i kāna kaʻa, ʻaʻole anei ia he mea hoʻoweliweli?"
ʻO nā kālā a pau, ʻaʻohe manaʻo
A Fepeluali 2008 Center for Arms Control and Non-proliferation report, i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana, ʻo ka waihona kālā Pentagon no ka makahiki fiscal (FY) 2009 ka mea nui loa mai ke Kaua Honua II - US $ 515.4 biliona.[xxii]: ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wā o nā kaua Vietnam a me Korea, a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolilo ʻana o Reagan Cold War. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka US ma mua o ka ʻO 45 mau ʻāina hoʻolimalima kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua i hui pū ʻia, account noʻO 48% o ka nui o nā hoʻolimalima koa o ka honua, 5.8 manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o Kina, 10.2 manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o Rūsia, a 98.6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o Iran. ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana i ka US Office of Management and Budget manaʻo e piʻi ka huina kālā makahiki no ka Oihana Defence wale nō i $ 546 biliona e FY 2013 - he manaʻo conservative. ʻO ka huina kālā o ka Pentagon, ʻaʻole me ke kālā no ka 'Oihana o Energy a i ʻole no nā hana kaua maoli no ka manawa FY'09 a hiki i ka FY'13 e hiki i $ 2.6 trillion. I ka makahiki i hala, ʻo ka Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)[xxiii] manaʻo ʻia kēlā ʻO ka lilo o ka pūʻali koa honua i ka makahiki 2006 i hōʻea i ka US $ 1204 biliona - he 3.5% ka piʻi ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo maoli mai ka makahiki 2005, a he 37% ka piʻi ʻana ma luna o ka manawa 10-makahiki mai 1997. Ma 2006, ʻo nā ʻāina 15 me ka hoʻolimalima kiʻekiʻe loa he 83% o ka huina honua.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pūʻali koa US a me ka hoʻolimalima pūʻali koa i ke koena o ka honua, ua loaʻa iā ia ka hopena multiplier ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, i hui pū ʻia me kāna pūʻulu kōkua pūʻali koa a me ka hysteria 'security' honua. Ua hoʻolaha aku nei ke aupuni o Iapana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pūʻali koa nui ʻoiai ʻo South Korea, Kina, a me Rūsia ua hoʻonui i nā hoʻolimalima koa[xxiv]. ʻO 2008 kahi makahiki hoʻopaʻa no ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ʻIseraʻela[xxv].I ka makahiki 2006, ʻehā o ka 100 mau mea hana lima kiʻekiʻe o ka honua he Israeli: Israel Aircraft Industries, Israel Military Industries, Elbit Systems a me Rafael.[xxvi]. ʻO kahi hōʻike CBC o ʻOkakopa 2007, e pili ana i ka ʻikepili kuʻuna wale nō ma nā hoʻokuʻu wale ʻana no ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa, ʻike ʻia ma waena o 2000 a me 2006, piʻi 3.5 mau manawa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku i nā mea kaua o Canada, a ma ia manawa ʻo Canada, ka mea kūʻai nui ʻeono o ka honua, i lawe aku i ka CDN $3.6 biliona i ka pūʻali koa. waiwai. Akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kaua, a paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Kanada no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ke aupuni federal i nā hōʻike makahiki e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā makahiki mai 2002 i ka Parliament. A ʻO ka lālā mua o SNC Lavalin, SNC Tec, no ka laʻana, hana i nā mea kaua liʻiliʻi no ka pūʻali koa US (Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo SNC Tec ma 2006 i General Dynamics, ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea hoʻoikaika antiwar i ka hui ʻoihana Kanada i nā pōkā i puhi ʻia mai nā pū US ma Iraq)[xxvii].
He laikini e pepehi: ʻO ke alo o ka mana lima
He mea paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻupena he nui o nā mea kaua a me nā mea hana o ka luku nui. No nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa a pau o nā aupuni o ka Honua ʻEkolu a me ka ʻole o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka pale kaua a me nā hana pūʻali koa, nui nā loopholes e noho nei ma nā ʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo First World e pili ana i ka mālama lima. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā moku kaua mai Kanada a hiki i ʻAmelika, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e koi i nā ʻae aupuni ma muli o kahi kuʻikahi pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o Ottawa a me Wakinekona i nā makahiki 1940. Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe hoʻohewa he liʻiliʻi loa nā koi laikini hoʻokuʻu aku i hiki ke neʻe kekahi o ia mau mea hana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.[xxviii].
Ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kekahi mau aupuni EU, kāpae a nānā ʻole paha i nā koina hoʻokuʻu aupuni a me ke code o ka EU no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua ʻae ʻo Sepania a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Beretania, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ʻo ʻAmelika) ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā kōkua ʻē aʻe i Kolombia i loko o nā lima o nā pūʻali palekana mokuʻāina a me nā paramilitaries i hana hewa nui i nā pono kanaka. Ua hoʻouna pū ʻia aku nā lima liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia e Italia i nā ʻāina i hakakā a i ʻole kahi i hana ʻia ai ka uhaki ʻana i nā pono kanaka, me Algeria, Colombia, Eritrea, Indonesia, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan a me Sierra Leone.[xxix] ʻO ka mea hana a me ka mea kākau Pelekane ʻo Mark Thomas[xxx] e hōʻike ana i ke koi ʻole ʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o Pelekane ʻo Radstone i kahi laikini e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā lako kamepiula me nā "lolo" o ka drone Predator, kahi kaʻa Aerial unmanned i hana ʻia e General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, i hoʻohana ʻia e CIA e puhi i nā pahi kaua. ma Yemen e kūʻē i nā mea hoʻopiʻi Al-Qaeda i ka makahiki 2002, ma ka Federally Administered Tribal Areas o Pakistan ma 2006, ma kahi hoʻouka kaua pepehi ʻana paha a hiki i ka 25 poʻe me 5 wahine a me 5 mau keiki, a i kēia manawa ma ka ʻāina like o Pakistan. mea noiʻi Pelekane Anna Stavrianakis[xxxi] ʻōlelo ʻo ia "[r] ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku i nā mea kaua, ʻo nā alakaʻi e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻia ʻana o nā palapala laikini hoʻokuʻu aku i nā mea kaua, ʻaʻole maopopo a wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i ka lawe ʻana aku". Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia, "ʻo ke kūlana pro-export o nā aupuni UK kūleʻa, ka pilina pili i loaʻa iā lākou me ka ʻoihana mea kaua, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka mana koa ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hanohano ma ke kahua honua, pono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻoiai lākou e hana i nā ʻāpana. i loko o kahi e loaʻa ai ka laikini".
Wahi a ka Amnesty International i ka makahiki 2006[xxxii] ʻO ka hōʻike, ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau kaʻa koa Kina - e holo mau ana ma nā ʻenekini diesel Cummins - ua hoʻouna ʻia i Sudan i ʻAukake 2005, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kaua o US ma nā ʻāina ʻelua a me ke komo ʻana o nā kaʻa like i ka pepehi ʻana a me ka ʻaihue ʻana i nā makaʻāinana ma Darfur. Hoʻouna mau ʻia nā lako pūʻali koa Kina i Burma, me ka hoʻolako ʻana o 2005 o nā kaʻa koa 400 i ka pūʻali koa Myanmar. Ua hele aku nā pūʻali koa Kina i Nepal i ka makahiki 2005 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2006, me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā pu raifela a me nā grenades i hana ʻia e Kina i nā pūʻali palekana Nepalese, ka poʻe e hoʻopaʻa ʻino nei i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ʻo Kina i ka ulu ʻana o ke kālepa kolohe i nā pū Norinco i hana ʻia e Kina ma Australia, Malaysia, Thailand a me ʻApelika Hema, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā hewa e like me ka powa a me ka hoʻokamakama.
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa pūʻali koa i ka kū'ē a me ka honua imperialist
He nui nā aupuni, mai Philippines a India a hiki i Kolombia, ke hoʻouka nei i nā kaua ākea a hūnā paha i nā neʻe kūʻē kūʻē a me nā hoa kūʻē aupuni, e hoʻoulu ana i ke ʻano o ka makaʻu i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea kaua a me nā mea hana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kūʻē kūloko a me nā hana palekana e kūʻē i nā ʻenemi i loko. ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ʻilihune, ka neʻe ʻana o nā wahine, nā ʻōiwi, ka poʻe ʻāina ʻole, nā mahiʻai, a me nā limahana, nā neʻe kūʻē i nā ʻaelike kalepa kūʻokoʻa a me nā hoʻoponopono neoliberal. ʻO nā paio ma luna o ka ʻāina a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai e hoʻoulu ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia e ka militarization o nā hana ʻoihana e like me ka mining, oil, gas, ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana ulu lāʻau. Eia kekahi laʻana, ua ʻae kekahi luna kānāwai o ka ʻAha Apana o ʻAmelika aia nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana ua uku ʻo Chevron a lako ʻO ka pūʻali koa Nigerian a me nā mākaʻi e pana a hoʻomāinoino i ka poʻe kūʻē kūʻē i nā hana a ka hui ʻaila ma ka ʻāina ʻo Niger Delta[xxxiii]. Ua uku ʻo Freeport McMoran i ka pūʻali koa Indonesia, nā mākaʻi a me nā pūʻali palekana pilikino i hoʻouka i nā kaiāulu kūloko a puni kāna ʻoihana gula a me ke keleawe ʻo Grasberg ma West Papua[xxxiv]. A mai poina kākou pehea ka mea hoʻokumu a me ka luna nui o Aegis, ka pualikoa Beritania mamuaLt. Col. Tim Spicer[xxxv] ʻO ia hoʻi ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i Sandline, kahi hui mercenary ʻē aʻe i ʻaelike ʻia e ke aupuni Papua New Guinea i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala aku nei no ka US $36 miliona no ka hoʻāʻo ʻino e hoʻopau i kahi neʻe kūʻokoʻa ʻōiwi ma Bougainville, nāna i pani i ka lua keleawe nui ma Panguna. , nona ka hui o Rio Tinto[xxxvi]. ʻO ka pūʻali koa a me ke kālā, ʻoiaʻiʻo.
E like me kā Uruguayan analyst/journalist Raul Zibechi i ʻōlelo ai, ua lilo nā ʻaoʻao o ke kūlanakauhale ma nā ʻāina ʻekolu i nā wahi kaua kahi e hoʻāʻo ai nā mokuʻāina e mālama i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano 'sanitary cordon' e hoʻokaʻawale i ka poʻe ʻilihune mai ke kaiāulu maʻamau.[xxxvii]ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia ʻana o ka poʻe ʻilihune e hōʻike ana i ka makaʻu o ka poʻe kālai'āina a me ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā pilikia i ka mana aupuni mai nā neʻe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale. . ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mana o nā mokuʻāina e hoʻolako i ka pono o ko lākou heluna kanaka, i hui pū ʻia me ka hapa like ʻole o nā kālā kālā aupuni i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka militarization pūʻali koa i hoʻoulu i ka ʻilihune a me ka hakakā.
ʻO Kollsman, Inc. he hui ʻo Elbit ma New Hampshire, he hui ʻIseraʻela i pili i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pā apartheid ma Palesetina i noho ʻia, ua ʻaelike ʻia e ka Keʻena o ka Puʻukena Homeland[xxxviii]ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka consortium e komo pū ana me ka hui Boeing ʻo Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Unit e hoʻomohala SBInet, he ʻōnaehana palekana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe no nā palena ʻo US-Mexico (a me US-Canada), ʻāpana o ka Secure Border Initiative[xxxix]. E like me ka New York-based activist groups Ad Hoc Coalition for Justice in the Middle East and Desis Rising Up & Moving (DRUM) i kau ai, "E lawe mai ʻo Elbit i ka ʻenehana koa Israeli, i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma Palestinians, no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā malihini ʻilihune ma aneʻi."[xl]
ʻO ka Militarization a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻi kūʻai kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa he mau mea hana e hoʻolilo ai i nā ʻāina 'palekana' no nā mea hoʻopukapuka o nā ʻāina ʻē, ma ka lilo o nā kuleana o nā kaiāulu kūloko e hoʻoholo i kā lākou mau hope.[xli]. Hoʻopilikia ka World Trade Organization (WTO) i nā kulekele pilikanaka a me ke kaiapuni, akā pale i ka ʻoihana kaua ma o ka 'security exception' ma ka General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Article XXI)[xlii]. Ua ʻōlelo ka ʻokoʻa palekana ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpae ʻia kahi ʻāina mai ka hana ʻana i kekahi hana i manaʻo ʻia he pono e pale i kāna mau pono palekana koʻikoʻi; nā hana 'e pili ana i ke kaʻa ʻana i nā mea kaua, nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua a me kēlā ʻano kaʻa i nā waiwai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e lawe pololei ʻia no ke kumu o ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi pūʻali koa (a) i lawe ʻia i ka manawa o ke kaua a i ʻole nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i nā pilina honua' . ʻOiai ke kau ʻia nei ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ke kālepa a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia-Pākīpika a ma waho aʻe, ua hōʻemi ʻia ke olakino, hoʻonaʻauao, a me ke kākoʻo ʻana no ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana kūloko a i ʻole ka mahiʻai, ka pono o ka hui a me nā kōkua i ka ʻoihana pale, a kiʻekiʻe. ke ola nei nā pae o ka hoʻolilo kaua.
Loaʻa i nā mīkini pepehi kanaka kapikala ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kāne: kūʻē nā wahine
ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kaua, ka hakakā, ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka capitalism militarized e hāʻule nui ʻole i nā wahine. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hopena o nā wahine ma nā wahi hakakā wale nō akā ma o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea kaua liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o ka militarization o nā kaiāulu a me nā hui nui, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻomāinoino hou ʻana i nā wahine i loko o ka home a me ke kaiāulu, nā hoʻokamakama, ka hoʻomāinoino, ka neʻe ʻana a me ka ka hookiekie ana i na kanaka koa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine e lilo i poʻe mahuka kaua. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻo nā wahine kekahi i alakaʻi i ke kūʻē kūʻē i ka militarization, ke kaua a me ka hana ʻino, nā pūʻali koa US a me ka male ʻana o ka lehulehu ākea a me nā ʻano pilikanaka. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka wahine e ʻohi i nā ʻāpana i nā kaiāulu i haehae ʻia e ke kaua, ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻokau aupuni. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cynthia Enloe, ʻo ka poʻe hana kaiaulu e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka hana ʻino i loko o ka home "ʻae ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana koa i ka hana ʻino ma ka home ma mua o nā hana ʻē aʻe".[xliii] I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopiʻi mau ʻia mākou ʻo ka pahuhopu mua o ka hoʻouka kaua a alakaʻi ʻia e US a me ka noho ʻana ma Afghanistan ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā wahine Afghani. Ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i kēia, ʻōlelo ʻo Sunera Thobani, "hoʻokahi kaua i ke kaua ideological e hoʻouka ʻia ma ka ʻāina o ka pilina kāne, ... ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka lehulehu o ke komohana a puni nā manaʻo no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā wahine Muslim ma mua o ka hui ʻana iā lākou a puni nā kulekele imperialist o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ka mana o US ma luna o ka aila a me ka lako kinoea maoli.[xliv]
E like me ʻO nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā manaʻo kōkua kanaka e hoʻopau ʻia e like me nā kumu kūpono no nā kaua imperialist huna ʻia ma luna o nā kumuwaiwai.[xlv], hōʻike ka poʻe aelike pūʻali koa a me nā hui hoʻopaʻapaʻa kaua iā lākou iho e like me ke komo ʻana, ka holomua o ka nohona a me ka pili kāne. Ma kā lākou pūnaewele pūnaewele, ua pena ʻia kēia ʻoihana koʻikoʻi me kahi veneer cosmetic e hiki ai iā mākou ke poina no ke kaua a me ka pepehi kanaka. No ka laʻana, hoʻokiʻekiʻe nā mea hana Pentagon e like me Northrop Grumman i kā lākou "ʻokoʻa hana"[xlvi] a hōʻike i kā lākou mau luna wahine. Ua hoʻonohonoho nā ʻoihana pale Kanada a me US i nā hui e like me Women in Defense and Security (WiDS)[xlvii], pūlima memo memo o ka hoomaopopo ana me Canada o ka National Defence, a pili pū me ka Canadian Association of Defense and Security Industries (CADSI)[xlviii], he hui alakaʻi ʻoihana ʻoi aku ma mua o 550 mau lālā lālā i ka ʻoihana pale a palekana ma Kanada e "hoʻolaha i ka holomua o nā alakaʻi wahine i nā ʻoihana pale a me ka palekana ma waena o Kanada". Raytheon, tʻO ia ka mea nāna i hana i nā pōkā "Bunker Buster", nā missiles Tomahawk a me Patriot, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Afghanistan a me Iraq.[xlix], he nui ka make, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma Raytheon e pili ana i ka inclusiveness - hāʻawi i kahi lewa kahi e manaʻo ai ka poʻe āpau i ka waiwai a me ka mana e hana ma kahi pae kiʻekiʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kānaka.[l]. ʻO Booz Allen Hamilton ma Virginia[li], kekahi o nā mea hoʻolako nui loa o ka ʻenehana a me nā limahana i nā keʻena kiu aupuni o US e like me CIA, NSA, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), a me ka US Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security (ka luna CIA ma mua ʻo R. James Woolsey ʻo ia. i kēia manawa he hope pelekikena kiʻekiʻe o Booz Allen), ke haʻaheo nei ʻo ia i kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka poʻe hana "no ka mea ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano kumu e kōkua i nā manaʻo like ʻole, a laila e alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe no nā mea kūʻai aku. No mākou, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole o kēlā me kēia kanaka - ka lāhui, ke kāne, ka lāhui, ka hiki ke kino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka ʻāina hānau, ka makahiki, ke ʻano moe, nā mākau, loaʻa kālā, kūlana male, kūlana makua, hoʻomana, ʻike hana, a me ka oihana koa”. A laila aia Aegis Defense Services[lii] nona na limahana hopu ʻia ma ke wikiō e pana wale ana i nā mea kaua ma nā kaʻa kīwila ma ke alanui mokulele ʻo Baghdad[liii], e koi ana "ʻO kā mākou kulekele like-manawa e hoʻokūpaʻa i kā mākou pahuhopu e hoʻokumu i kahi kaiapuni hana i loko a me ka hoʻokaeʻole, kahi e hoʻoikaikaʻia ai nā limahana a pau e ko lākouʻano pilikino a paipaiʻia e hoʻohana ia mea i mea e holomua ai ". He mea hoowahawaha loa ka hui ana i ke kaiapuni. Akā naʻe teia kekahi mea ʻino loa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hūnā ʻana o kēia mau ʻoihana ma hope o nā ʻōlelo a me nā ʻōlelo waiwai a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i ka "ʻokoʻa", e hoʻokō ana i nā koi o nā pūʻali koa ma Afghanistan e hoʻokuʻu i nā wahine Afghani.
Panina
Nui nā NGO e hoʻolaha i nā mea hana e like me Global Arms Trade Treaty. Akā ke ʻike mākou i ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana a me nā mea hana kālai'āina e pōmaikaʻi ana i ka kapitalisme militarized, a me ke ʻano o ka Ua hōʻole ʻo US, Israel, a me nā mea hana alakaʻi a me nā mea hoʻohana o nā pūʻali koa i ka hele ʻana i ka mahina i hala ʻO Dublin Diplomatic Conference e pili ana i nā Cluster Munitions nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi kuʻikahi honua e pāpā ana i nā pūhui puʻupuʻu e hoʻopilikia ʻole ʻia i nā makaʻāinana.[liv], pono e akaka ia kakou e hele aku ma o aku o keia mau kumumanao e ku e aku i ka nenoaiu e hookumu ana i na waiwai haumia no kekahi poe, ma ka lilo o ka lehulehu, ma o ka aelike kaua a me ka imi waiwai kaua. ʻO kēlā ʻōnaehana ʻo ka kapitalisme. ʻO ka poʻe o mākou e noiʻi nei, pono e hoʻomau i ka hōʻike a kūʻē i ka militarization a me ka hana ʻino o ka capitalism ma nā ʻano āpau, i ko mākou kaiāulu, ma ka ʻāina a me ka honua. I ka hana ʻana pēlā, pono mākou e kākoʻo, kūkulu a hoʻomau i nā neʻe nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka pili ʻana o ke kaua, neoliberal globalization, ʻoihana waiwai, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka kūʻē, "peacekeeping", "reconstruction", ka hewa a me ka militarization o ka neʻe ʻana, ka hana ʻino i nā wahine, a me ka colonialism.
[I]Gil Scott-Heron. Hana no ka Maluhia. Lawe ʻia mai ka album uhane, TVT Records, 1994.
[Ii]ʻO Thomas Friedman, 28 Malaki 1999, New York Times Magazine, Manifesto no ka honua wikiwiki
[Iii] http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/12/documents/eisenhower.speech/
[Iv]E ʻike i ka http://stopthewall.org
[V]Nūhou BBC. Ua mākaukau ʻo US-Mexico 'virtual fence'. 23 Pepeluali 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7260179.stm
[VI] www.cae.com
[VII]Jackie Northam. Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo UK Firm i ka ʻaelike palekana Iraqi nui loa. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14586525
[viii]ʻo kahi laʻana,ʻO nā limahana o DynCorp ma Kolombia e ʻaelike ana i ka US State Department i kāna mea i kapa ʻia ʻo War on Drugs, ua komo ma ke ʻano he poʻe hakakā i nā hana kūʻē i ka poʻe kipi (e ʻike i http://www.colombiajournal.org/colombia19.htm). Ua komo kekahi mau limahana a me nā luna hoʻomalu o DynCorp i nā hana mālama maluhia UN ma nā Balkans me nā apo hoʻokamakama i koi ʻia, me nā keiki. (e nānā iā Kelly Patricia O'Meara. US: DynCorp Disgrace. Insight Magazine. 14 Ianuali 2002, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11119)
[IX]ʻO Pratap Chatterjee. ʻO ka naʻauao waho ma Iraq: He hōʻike ma L-3 / Titan. CorpWatch. 29 ʻApelila 2008. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15017; ʻO Titan, kekahi o nā mea hana kīwila i hoʻohana ʻia e ka Pentagon a me kāna mau limahana i komo i ka hana hoʻomāinoino i nā pio Iraqi ma Abu Ghraib. E nānā, no ka laʻana, ʻo Peter Beaumont, ʻo Abu Ghraib nā ʻoihana hōʻino i uku ʻia. The Observer, 16 Ianuali 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/16/usa.iraq
[x] Ke kikowaena no ka pono o ka lehulehu. http://www.publicintegrity.org/militaryaid/
[xi]Roland Simbulan. Nā Pūʻali Koa ʻAmelika: Kūkākūkā ʻia e ke Aupuni Kuleana. Bulatlat. Vol. VIII, Helu 5, Malaki 2-8, 2008. http://www.bulatlat.com/2008/03/u-s-military-forces-negotiated-subservience-illegitimate-government
[xii] http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?list=type&type=15
[xiii] http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2008/04/strategic-assets.html
[xiv] http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/board.asp?symbol=GD
[xv] Richard Sanders. ʻAʻole mākou i ʻōlelo "ʻAʻole" i ka pale kaua Missile.
http://www.policyalternatives.ca/MonitorIssues/2006/10/MonitorIssue1457/
[xvi]Tim Spicer,ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu a me Luna Nui o Aegis, (ʻo ia ka mea e paʻa i ka ʻaelike palekana hoʻokahi ma Iraq), ʻO ka mea makemake i ka huaʻōlelo 'hui pūʻali koa pilikino' i ka 'mercenary', ʻae ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he precedent no nā koa o ka waiwai i kēia lā. E nana Tim Spicer. (1999). He Koa Unorthodox: Maluhia a me ke Kaua a me ka Sandline Affair. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing.
[xvii]ʻO kēia nā koa Chilean, South Africa, Bosnia, Filipino, Salvadoran a me Colombian koa a me nā mākaʻi. Bill Berkowitz. Nā Kamaliʻi 'R' Us. AlterNet. 24 Malaki 2004.http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/18193/; Dana Harman. Hoʻopili nā ʻoihana i nā ʻAmelika Latin no Iraq. Christian Science Monitor, 3 Malaki 2005.http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0303/p06s02-woam.html
[xviii] Ua ala hou o James. Ua hoʻi hou mai ka mea hana ʻoihana ʻo Iraq i ka hihia pana. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/world/middleeast/10blackwater.html?ref=middleeast
[xix]CNN. ʻO ka mea hōʻike i ka hanana Blackwater: "ʻO Gehena." http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/02/blackwater.witness/index.html
[xx] Blackwater Ka Honua. Kumu Waiwai o ka Hui. http://www.blackwaterusa.com/company_profile/core_values.html
[xxi]Steve Fainaru. Kahi e pili ʻole ai nā lula koa. Washington Post. 20 Kepakemapa 2007. http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2008/international-reporting/works/fainaru05.html
[xxii] ʻO Christopher Hellman lāua ʻo Travis Sharp.Center no ka hoomalu ana i na mea kaua a me ka hoonui ole. ʻO ka makahiki kālā 2009 Pentagon Spending Request Buke
http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/securityspending/articles/fy09_dod_request/
[xxiii] http://yearbook2007.sipri.org/chap8
[xxiv]John Feffer. Hui Pū ʻIa Huna o Asia. 16 Pepeluali 2008. http://www.alternet.org/story/77225/
[xxv]ʻO kekahi makahiki hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo no ka hoʻolimalima pale ma 2008. Haaretz, 28 December 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/939217.html
[xxvi] http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/POL34/006/2006/en/dom-POL340062006en.html
[xxvii] Hoʻokuʻu ʻo SNC i kāna ʻāpana pu. Montreal Gazette. 24 February 2006. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/business/story.html?id=b1770c43-b9f8-4c6e-bef4-386f75347dd0
[xxviii]ʻO ka Hui Hoʻolaha Hoʻolaha Kanada (CBC). Nū Hou: Hoʻopaʻa i ka Honua. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/arming-the-world/
[xxix] Helen Hughes. ʻO ka ʻoihana make o ʻEulopa. Le Monde Diplomatique, 11 Iune 2006. http://mondediplo.com/2006/06/11armscontrol
[xxx] Mark Thomas (2006). E like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Nelson Mandela kaulana. Heluhelu: Ebury Press.
[xxxi] Anna Stavrianakis (2008). The façade of arms control http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/government/facade-2008-02.php
[xxxii] Amnesty International. Kina: Ke hoʻomau nei i ka hakakā a me ka hōʻino pono kanaka. Iune 2006.
[xxxiii] Constance Ikokwu. E alo ʻo Chevron i ka hoʻokolokolo ma US no ka pepehi kanaka ʻana ma Nigeria. ʻO kēia lā (Lagos). 16 ʻAukake 2007. http://allafrica.com/stories/200708160007.html
[xxxiv] Iho i ka Honua. (Mei 2003). Hōʻike ʻia nā kālā pale kaua. http://dte.gn.apc.org/57Frp.htm
[xxxv]http://www.aegisworld.com/index.php/tim-spicer
[xxxvi]ʻO Roger Moody. Ka Miner Kalepa. Mākaʻikaʻi lehulehu. Iune 1997 http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/mm0697.09.html
[xxxvii] The Militarization of the World's Urban Peripheries, Americas Policy Program Special Report (Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4954
[xxxviii] Kollsman, Inc. Kollsman e komo i ka Homeland Security's SBInet Programme Boeing Team Member e hōʻike i nā ʻenehana ma Border Management Summit, ʻOkakopa 23-25. Hoʻopuka paʻi, 31 ʻOkakopa 2006
http://www.kollsman.com/company/news/pr_10312006.asp
[xxxix] http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/sbinet/index.html
[xl] http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/11/78913.shtml
[xli] ʻO Aziz Choudry. (2003). Kaua, Globalization a me ka WTO: Forever New Frontiers. Pūnaehana honua ʻekolu. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr151n.htm
[xlii] Kuʻikahi Nui no nā Tariffs and Trade, art. XXI, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-ll, 55 U.N.T.S. 194
[xliii] Cynthia Enloe. (1983). Lilo anei ʻo Khaki iā ʻoe? Lākana: Pluto, p.87.
[xliv] Sunera Thobani. (2007). Nā kumuhana kiʻekiʻe: Nā haʻawina i ka hana ʻana i ka lāhui a me ka lāhui ma Kanada. Toronto: Ke Kulanui o Toronto Press, p.218.
[xlv]E nānā, no ka laʻana, ʻo Jean Bricmont. (2006). Humanitarian Imperialism: Ke hoʻohana nei i nā pono kanaka e kūʻai aku i ke kaua. New York: Monthly Review Press, and Sherene Razack (2004). ʻO nā pōʻeleʻele a me nā Naita Keʻokeʻo: ʻO ka Somalia Affair, mālama maluhia a me ka imperialism hou. Toronto: Ke Kulanui o Toronto Press.
[xlvi] http://www.northropgrumman.com/diversity/workforce.html
[xlvii] www.wids.ca/
[xlviii]www.defenceandsecurity.ca/
[xlix] http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?list=type&type=13
[l] http://www.raytheon.com/diversity/
[li] http://www.boozallen.com/careers/a_great_place_to_work/diversity
[lii] http://www.aegisworld.com
[liii]Kaua ma ka makemake. ʻOihana mercenary. http://www.waronwant.org/Corporate+Mercenaries+13275.twl
[liv] Christian Science Monitor, 30 Mei 2008. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pōʻaiapili hui honua i ka laina pono i ke one. http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0530/p04s06-woeu.html