Ua hoʻomaka ia i ka makahiki 1835 i ka wā i hoʻouna aku ai ke aupuni Pelekāne i kahi kanaka maoli a me ka mea mākaʻikaʻi i hānau ʻia ma Kelemania e hana i ka noiʻi ʻāina ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hema i noho ai a kapa ʻia ʻo Guiana Pelekane. I ka wā o kāna ʻimi ʻimi ʻana, ua kaha ʻia kahi palapala ʻāina i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka palena komohana mua i noho mua ʻia e ka Dutch a ma hope aku ua lilo i ka mana o Pelekane. Ma muli o ka makemake o ka Emepaea e hoʻonui i kona mau palena i ka ʻāpana komohana o ka muliwai ʻo Essequibo i waiwai nui i ke gula, ua kauoha ke aupuni Pelekane i ka mea mākaʻikaʻi e nānā i ko lākou mau palena ʻāina. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Schomburgk Line", i kapa ʻia ma muli o ka mea mākaʻikaʻi, ʻo Robert Hermann Schomburgk, i kāʻili i kahi hapa nui o ka ʻāina Venezuelan, a ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa territorial i hoʻomau ʻole ʻia a hiki i kēia lā.
I ka makahiki 1850, ma hope o nā makahiki he nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana no ka palena ʻāina e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā Venezuela mai kona hoa noho kolonā, ua ʻae nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻaʻole e noho i ka ʻāina i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia a hiki ke hoʻoholo hou ʻia. Akā, i ka ulu ʻana o ke koi gula a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe ma ia wahi, ua hoʻāʻo hou ka poʻe Pelekania e koi i ka ʻāina e hōʻike ana i ka Laina Schomburgk i ka palena o Guiana Pelekane, me ka haki ʻana i ka ʻaelike mua me Venezuela.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Venezuela i ke aupuni o ʻAmelika no ke kōkua i kēlā manawa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Monroe Doctrine ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia e pale aku ai i ka noho aupuni hou ʻana e ke aupuni Pelekania ma ka hemisphere. Ua haʻi hope aku ʻo Pelekikena Grover Cleveland i ka mea e pili ana i ka hoihoi o ʻAmelika a ua koi ʻo ia iā Great Britain e pūlima i kahi Kuikahi o ka Arbitration me Venezuela ma Wakinekona i ka makahiki 1897. ʻElua makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo ka Arbitration Tribunal, ʻaʻohe ona ʻelele mai Venezuela akā ʻelua mau mea hoʻoponopono mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. i oleloia e hana ana no ka pono o Venesuela, ua hooponopono ia no Beritania. Ua hōʻole ʻo Venezuela i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua hui pū ʻia ka politika a me nā koi ʻole ʻole i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia mau koi e kahi leka i kākau ʻia e Severo Mallet-Prevost, ke Kakauolelo Kūikawā o ka ʻelele US/Venezuela ma ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā nāna i hōʻike aku i ka Pelekikena o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo, ua koi ʻo Friedrich Martens i nā mea hoʻoponopono e hoʻoholo ma ke ʻano o Great Britain.
ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua haneli a hiki i ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana o ka paio ma ke kahua honua, i kēia manawa ma United Nations. Ua hōʻole ʻo Venezuela i ka palaho i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā arbitrators i ka makahiki 1899 a ua ʻōlelo hou i kāna kuleana ma luna o ka ʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo "Essequibo". I Feberuari 1966, ma kahi halawai ma Geneva, ua kakau inoa na aoao a pau i ka paio - Venezuela, Guiana Beritania, a me Beritania Nui - i ka aelike no ka hooponopono i ka hoopaapaa ma ka palena ma waena o Venezuela a me British Guiana, i kapaia ke Kuikahi o Geneva. Ua ʻae lākou ʻaʻole e hana kekahi ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻāina i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia a hiki i ka wā e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻoholo i kahi palena paʻa, e ʻae ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao a pau. Ma hope o nā mahina, i Mei 1966, ua loaʻa ʻo Guyana i kona kūʻokoʻa mai ke Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia, e hoʻopiʻi hou ana i nā mea. Ma nā palapala 'āina o Venezuela a me Guyana, ua koi nā ʻāina ʻelua i ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ko lākou ʻāina mōʻī.
ʻOiai ʻo nā kūʻē liʻiliʻi mai ka makahiki 1966, ʻaʻole i lilo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kumu o ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻāʻī kūloko a hiki i ka makahiki 2015, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai kahi ʻaila nui e Exxon ma ka waena o ka Essequibo, a koi ʻia e Guyana.
aila
ʻO ka Lepupalika Hui Pū ʻIa o Guiana ka lua o ka ʻāina ʻilihune loa ma ka Caribbean, ʻoi aku ka nui o Haiti i ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻO ka hana hoʻokele waiwai nui o ka ʻāina ʻo ka mahiʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka laiki a me ke kō, ʻoi aku ka nui o 30% o ka loaʻa kālā. ʻOiai ua hoʻopuni ʻia ʻo ia e ka nui o ka aila a me ke kinoea hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Venezuela e pili ana, nona ka ʻaila nui loa ma ka honua ma kona kahawai ʻo Orinoco River Basin, a kokoke i Trinidad a me Tobago, a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo Guyana i nā ʻaila aila i loko o kona mau palena ʻāina.
E komo i Exxon Mobil, kekahi o na hui aila a me kinoea nui loa o ka honua, a he enemi i oleloia no Venezuela. A hiki i 2007, ua loaʻa i Exxon kahi waiwai nui ma o kāna Cerro Negro Project ma Venezuela's Orinoco River Basin. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻaila a me nā loea o ka ʻAmelika i ka ʻaila i loaʻa i ka nui ma ia wahi he bitumen, he asphalt ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele mānoanoa, no laila ʻaʻole ia i lalo i ka 1976 Hydrocarbons Law ma Venezuela nāna i hoʻonui i ka aila a me ke kinoea. mālama ʻia. Ma hope o ka manaʻo ʻana o Pelekikena Hugo Chavez i ka ʻāina i loaʻa i nā mālama aila nui, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna noiʻi ponoʻī a ua hōʻoia ʻia he pololei: ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kahawai ʻo Orinoco me ka ʻoi aku o 300 biliona barela o ka ʻaila nui.
Ma ka lā 1 o Mei, 2007, ua hoʻolaha kūkala ʻo Chavez i nā hydrocarbons a pau ma ia ʻāina ma lalo o nā kānāwai hoʻonaʻauao mua, e hoʻopaʻa pono ana i nā hui ʻē aʻe e hana ana ma laila e komo i nā ʻoihana hui me ka hui ʻaila lehulehu o Venezuelan, PDVSA. Ua koi ʻia ke kānāwai i ka liʻiliʻi o 51% ka ʻona e ka mokuʻāina Venezuelan, me ka nui o 49% no nā hui haole. ʻElua wale nō hui i hōʻole e hana pū me nā kānāwai hou. No ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: ConocoPhillips a me ExxonMobil. Ua hoʻopiʻi lāua ʻelua iā Venezuela ma luna o ka lāhui.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōlelo a ConocoPhillips ma mua o Exxon, i koi ʻia ma luna o $ 18 biliona no ka lawe ʻana. Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Venezuela i ka waiwai o ka mākeke a ua hele ka hihia i kahi ʻaha hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo honua i kauoha i ke aupuni Venezuelan e uku iā Exxon $1.6 biliona, he hapa wale nō o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka hui ʻaila ʻAmelika.
Ma kahi hana hoʻopaʻi, ua loaʻa ʻo Exxon i kahi ala e kiʻi ai i ka aila o Venezuela me ka ʻole o ka hahai ʻana i nā lula o Venezuela, ʻoiai ma o nā ala kūpono ʻole a hiki ke pilikia.
EXXON-US AGENDA
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Obama i ka ʻenemi kūʻē iā Venezuela, me ka haʻi ʻana ma o ka Executive Decree he "hoʻoweliweli ʻokoʻa a kupaianaha hoʻi i ka palekana aupuni o US" a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻi nui loa i nā luna aupuni, ua hana ʻo Exxon me Guyana e ʻimi i nā waihona aila ma ka ʻāina ʻo Essequibo i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia.
I ka Mei 2015, e like me ka hoʻohiki ʻana o Guyana i kahi pelekikena hou, ʻo ka luna koa conservative ʻo David Granger, kahi hoa pili pili US, ua hana ʻo Exxon i kahi ʻike nui ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika kokoke i ke kahakai ʻo Venezuelan. Wahi a nā hōʻike, ʻo nā waihona i loaʻa e Exxon ma ka 'Liza-1 well' e paʻa ana ma luna o 700 miliona mau pahu aila, ʻoi aku ka nui o $40 biliona i kēia lā. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia he mea hoʻololi pāʻani nui no Guyana, e hōʻike ana ma mua o 12 mau manawa o kona hoʻokomo waiwai o kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā no Guyana ka aila ma mua o Venezuela.
Ma Ianuali 26, 2015, ua hoʻokipa ka Hope Pelekikena ʻo Joe Biden i ka Caribbean Energy Security Initiative, e lawe ana i nā poʻo o ka mokuʻāina a me nā luna kūlana kiʻekiʻe mai nā aupuni Karipiano me nā luna hoʻokele multinational ma Wakinekona. ʻO ka pahuhopu i ʻōlelo ʻia o ka hana hou ʻo ia ke kōkua ʻana i nā lāhui Karipiano e "hana i nā kūlana e huki ai i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻoihana pilikino", akā ua wehewehe ʻo Biden i ka pahuhopu maoli i kāna haʻi ʻana, "… e hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika i kekahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Me ka ʻole o ka haʻi ʻana iā ia ma ka inoa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Biden iā Venezuela a me kāna papahana PetroCaribe e hāʻawi ana i ka aila a me ke kinoea i kākoʻo ʻia i nā lāhui Karipiano me ka ʻole o ke kumu kūʻai. He mea koʻikoʻi ʻo PetroCaribe i ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala mai kona hana ʻana. A maopopo, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he mea hoʻoweliweli i ka mana o US ma ka Caribbean, a he mea hōʻino i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana kuʻuna o nā lāhui liʻiliʻi.
Ma waho aʻe o nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻomalu o Obama e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā Venezuela ma ka ʻāina a me ka hōʻike ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he 'mokuʻāina i hāʻule ʻole', lawe ka Caribbean Energy Security Initiative i kahi kī pololei i ke ola o Venezuela: ʻaila. Ma ka US Senate Report on the Department of State's Foreign Operations Budget for 2016, $5,000,000.00 i paipai ʻia no ka "hoʻoikaika ʻana e kōkua i nā ʻāina ʻo Latin America a me nā ʻāina Caribbean e hoʻokō i ke kūʻokoʻa ikaika mai Venezuela". ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila ua hana ʻino i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Venezuela, akā ʻoi aku ka ʻeha o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ke kālepa aila kūloko.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana pehea e hoʻololi ai i ka aila Venezuelan ma PetroCaribe ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hahau ʻana o kahi peni e ka pelekikena hou o Guyana, he kumu aʻoaʻo mua ma ke Koleke Kaua Kaua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa nāna i hele malū i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻekolu mau lā ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ke keʻena. i Mei. He mau hola ma hope mai, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻimi ʻaila a Exxon, ʻo Deepwater Champion i loaʻa i kāna ʻike waiwai nui ma ka Stabroek Block ma ka ʻāina kahakai i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia.
Ua aʻo aku ke aupuni Venezuelan iā Exxon e haʻalele i ia wahi, me ka haʻi ʻana i kāna kuleana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Essequibo a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻana me Guyana ma lalo o ka UN mediation. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻolohe ʻo Exxon iā Venezuela, ma muli o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Pelekikena Granger i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka Geneva Agreement a me nā kāhea ʻana o Venezuela e hoʻoponopono i ka hakakā ma o ka diplomacy, e pili ana i nā UN Good Office i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau kenekulia.
Ua hoʻohiki ʻo UN Secretary General Ban ki-moon e hoʻouna i komisina iā Venezuela a me Guyana e ʻimi i ka hoʻonā no kahi pilikia i kēia manawa, e like me ka manaʻo o Wakinekona, e māhele ana i ka ʻāina. Ua hana ʻo Pelekikena Maduro a me kāna Kuhina ʻē aʻe ʻo Delcy Rodriguez i kā lākou hihia i mua o nā alakaʻi kūloko, e paipai ana i nā lāhui Caribbean ʻē aʻe e kākoʻo i kā lākou kuleana ma luna o Essequibo, a i ʻole e ʻae i ke komo ʻana o ka UN e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Guyana i ka neʻe ʻana i mua me Exxon e alualu i ka mea hiki ke lilo i ʻaihue aila nui loa ma ʻAmelika.
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