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Make no ka iPhone: ʻO Apple, Foxconn, a me ke ola o nā limahana o Kina
Na Jenny Chan, Mark Selden, a me Pun Ngai
Chicago: Nā Buke Haymarket, 2020
E like me ka nui o ʻoukou, hoʻohana wau i kahi iPhone. He mea kupanaha ʻenehana a hiki iaʻu ke hana i nā mea hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala; ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana kamepiula ma mua o ka NASA i hoʻokomo i nā kāne ma ka mahina i ka hopena o 1960s-early 1970s. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kelepona e Apple, Inc.
Eia naʻe, ʻehia o mākou mea hoʻohana i nīnau i ke ʻano o nā kūlana i hana ʻia ai kēia mau iPhones? He aha kēia mau kūlana i ka poʻe paʻahana o Kina, nāna e hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea hana kupanaha?
He mau nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻole ʻia ma kahi honua kahi e noho aliʻi ai ka "mākeke manuahi". ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mākeke manuahi kahi kūkulu ideological, kahi i kāpae ʻia ai nā nīnau maʻamau e pili ana i ka hopena i nā limahana a i ʻole ke kaiapuni e ka wehewehe ʻana: ʻo ka pāʻani holoʻokoʻa e kālele i ka manaʻo ma ka ʻai. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kālā (a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ka hōʻaiʻē), hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā mea a kou puʻuwai e makemake ai, a lanakila nā pilikia o ka nui, ke ʻano, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ke ʻano, a pēlā aku. Akā, mai nīnau wale e pili ana i nā limahana, a i ʻole ke kaiapuni.
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua mālama ʻole ʻia ka hopena o nā limahana (a me ke kaiapuni) i ka hana ʻana o ka iPhone. Eia naʻe, me kēia puke, ua pau ia mau lā: Nānā nui ʻo Chan, Selden a me Ngai i ke ola o nā limahana o kahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo Foxconn, ka hui e hoʻopuka nei i ka nui o nā huahana Apple. (Hoʻopuka pū ʻo Foxconn no nā hui ʻAmelika ʻē aʻe, e like me Amazon, Microsoft, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo ka manaʻo nui o kēia puke e pili ana i ka hana ʻana no Apple.)
No ka mea, aia ʻo Foxconn ma Taiwan, me ka nui o ka hana ʻana ma Kina i hana ʻia no nā mea kūʻai aku ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, he haʻawina honua kēia o ka hoʻopaʻi hana, a pono mākou e mālama i kēlā manaʻo. Akā ʻo ka ikaika ka nānā kikoʻī o ka hana ʻana ma Kina.
ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kēia noiʻi ʻana he nui o nā pepehi kanaka e nā limahana Foxconn i ka wā mua o 2010: ke pepehi nei nā limahana iā lākou iho i mea e pale aku ai iā lākou iho i ka pōʻino o ka hana ʻana ma kēia mau hale hana. Hoʻomaka nā mea kākau i ka puke me kahi ʻōlelo mai ka blog a ka limahana Kina:
ʻO ka make wale nō ke ala e hōʻike ai ua ola mākou. No ka poʻe limahana a me nā limahana o Foxconn e like me mākou, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka make i mea e hōʻike ai i ko mākou ola mau ʻana, a ʻoiai mākou e ola nei, ʻo ko mākou manaʻo wale nō.
ʻO kēia mau limahana he poʻe malihini mai nā wahi kuaʻāina o Kina, e ʻimi ana i kahi ola maikaʻi no lākou iho a me kā lākou poʻe aloha. Ua lawe ko lakou mau ala i na hale hana o Foxconn. ʻAʻole i ola nā mea a pau, akā ua hoʻopau ke ola o ka hale hana iā lākou a pau.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hui makua o Foxconn i ka makahiki 1974 a ua lilo ia i behemoth hui.
I loko o ʻehā mau makahiki, e neʻe ʻo Foxconn mai kahi hale hana liʻiliʻi e lilo i alakaʻi honua i ka hana uila kiʻekiʻe me nā mea kanu e hoʻolaha ana ma Kina a, ma hope, a puni ka honua. He ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli mau lālā a me nā keʻena lālā ʻo Foxconn ma Asia, ʻAmelika, a me ʻEulopa.
ʻO Foxconn ka ʻoihana ʻoihana nui loa o ka honua, me ka ʻoi aku o 1 miliona mau limahana, ka hapa nui ma Kina. Ke nānā nei kēia puke i nā kūlana hana ma Kina: "ʻO Apple ka mea kūʻai nui loa o Foxconn," a "Ua pili pono ka holomua o Apple me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana maikaʻi i ka wikiwiki."
Me kēia ʻike a hoʻomaka ʻana i ke kauwela o 20l10, ua hoʻomaka nā mea noiʻi mai Kina, Taiwan a me Hong Kong i ka noiʻi huna ʻana i nā mea kanu hana nui o Foxconn ma ʻeiwa mau kūlanakauhale Kina.
He haʻawina koʻikoʻi kā lākou, ʻaʻole wale i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu like ʻole ma Kina akā i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa—a me nā uku haʻahaʻa—no nā limahana o loko mai ka poʻe e hana ana ma nā kahakai. No laila, nānā kēia i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomohala a ke aupuni Kina e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola o ka poʻe Kina a puni ka ʻāina.
No laila, ke nānā nei kēia puke i ka hui ʻana o nā huahana a Apple, nā hale hana ʻo Foxconn, a me nā kulekele hoʻomohala Kina - a pehea, e hui pū ai, pili lākou i nā limahana Kina, ʻoi aku ma nā hale hana ʻo Foxconn.
ʻAʻole ʻike nā mea kākau i ka poʻe hana ma ke ʻano he poʻe pōʻino; ʻIke ʻia lākou he mau kumuhana ikaika e hoʻāʻo nei e mālama i ko lākou hanohano pilikino, ko lākou lokahi, a me ko lākou noʻonoʻo ʻoiai e hana ana ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole ola nā mea a pau. ʻImi pinepine naʻe kēia poʻe limahana i nā manawa e komo ai i nā hana hui, a ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia ka hahau ʻana. ʻO kekahi laʻana i hāʻawi ʻia he hahau i ka makahiki 2011: Ua paʻi nā limahana i hoʻokahi mea kanu i ka wā i koi ʻia ai ʻo Foxconn e hana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hou o ka iPad. I loko o 10 mau minuke ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā limahana i ka hana i hoʻokahi hana, ua iho ka luna kiʻekiʻe ma ka hale kūʻai e kamaʻilio me nā limahana e pili ana i kā lākou koi ma hope o ka hōʻole ʻana.
Akā, wikiwiki ka pane maʻamau:
Ma nā hahau nui, koi ka mea hana a i ʻole nā luna aupuni i nā limahana e koho i nā ʻelele, i kaupalena ʻia i ʻelima, e komo i nā kamaʻilio. Ke koho ʻia nā ʻelele limahana, neʻe ka hui e lawe i ka mana. ʻO kā lākou hana e hōʻailona maʻamau i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka fragmentation, co-optation, a me ka haki ʻana o ka mana limahana. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā ʻelele limahana he mea hoʻopilikia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
Aʻo nō naʻe ka poʻe hana. I ka wā i hana ʻia ai kēia hahau ʻana, ma kahi o ka hoʻouna ʻana i kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana, ua hoʻōho ka poʻe limahana, "He alakaʻi mākou a pau," a hōʻole lākou i hope. He mea hauʻoli ka ʻike ʻana i nā limahana Kina e hāʻawi i kahi pane i ka hoʻokele i hoʻohana ʻia e Wobblies ma US i nā makahiki 1900 mua!
Aia kekahi mau pilikia kaiapuni e pili ana i ke ola o nā limahana. No ka laʻana, pono e wili ʻia nā pahu MacBook alumini ʻālohilohi, e waiho i ka lepo alumini i ka lewa, e hōʻeha i nā ʻōnaehana hanu o nā limahana. Aia kekahi mau kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni, a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻawaʻawa ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.
I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole kēia e pili ana iā Kina, Taiwan, a i ʻole ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: he haʻawina paʻakikī loa ia e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka kapitalisme - nona ke kī i ka mana o ka hana - ma nā hale hana uila hou a puni ka honua. Nui nā mea e aʻo mai ai.
ʻO kēia ka mea hou loa i ka ulu ʻana o nā palapala e pili ana i nā limahana Kina a me nā limahana Kina ma lalo o ka Party Communist Party. Hōʻike ʻia aia nā hemahema nui i koe, a e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hana ʻana. He kōkua nui kēia puke i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kūlana o nā limahana Kina a ua hana maikaʻi loa ia. Hāʻawi wau i kaʻu mahalo kiʻekiʻe loa: Manaʻo wau ua hana wau i kēia haʻawina.
Eia naʻe, ma hope, ʻelua mau mea aʻu i manaʻo ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka honua mai lalo o nā palapala e hōʻike nei: Pono nā limahana Kina e hiki ke hoʻonui i kā lākou hui ʻaʻole wale i loko o nā wahi kikoʻī, akā ma nā wahi āpau o nā ʻāina; pono lākou e aʻo mai nā ʻike o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e like me ka hana ʻana i kēia. Ke kānalua nei naʻe au hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono wale i kā lākou mau pilikia. I ka manawa like, pono nā limahana ʻAmelika a me nā limahana ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ka poʻe i loko o nā uniona, e hoʻomohala i nā loulou i kēia mau hui limahana Kina i ko lākou ulu ʻana, a kūkulu i ka lokahi mau me kēia mau limahana: ʻO koʻu manaʻo, ʻo ka poʻe holo moana, ka lōʻihi, a me ka poʻe lawe kaʻa e pono e hoʻonohonoho hou i waena o lākou iho, a mākaukau e kākoʻo i nā hana a nā limahana Kina.
Kim Scipes, he kanaka hana hana lōʻihi a me ka mea noiʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu o Ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hui like ʻole o ka hana honua: Nā haʻawina mai ka Philippines, South Africa, Northwestern Europe, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Lexington Books, 2021).
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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