ʻO ka weliweli, ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ka noho ʻana a me ka militarization he mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokumu hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana alakaʻi US o Iraq. Akā, ua lilo lākou i mau hiʻohiʻona o ka colonialism a me ka imperialism ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka honua Neoliberal a me ke kaua he ʻelua ʻaoʻao o ke kālā like. Pela no hoi ka aila a me ka imperialism. Ua wehewehe ʻo Claude Ake, ka mea ʻepekema Shell ma mua, i nā hana a Shell ma Nigeria, ma ke ʻano he "militarization of commerce and privatization of the state". I ka makahiki 2003, ke holo nei kēia kaʻina hana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia paha ma Iraq.
I ka makahiki 1999, kākau ʻo Thomas Friedman ka mea kākau moʻolelo neoconservative ʻaʻole e hana ka lima huna o ka mākeke me ka ʻole o ka lima huna. ʻAʻole hiki i ka McDonald's ke ulu me ka ʻole ʻo McDonnell Douglas, ka mea hoʻolālā o ka F-15. A ʻo ka lima huna e mālama pono ai i ka honua no nā ʻenehana ʻo Silicon Valley i kapa ʻia ʻo United States's Army, Air Force, a me Marine Corps.â€
Ma waena o nā hui transnational o kēia mau lā, nā hoʻoilina o nā hui colonial chartered, nā ʻaila a me nā hui kinoea kekahi o nā mea pāʻani ikaika loa i ka politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua. ʻO ka kupuna o ka hui Royal-Dutch Shell ʻo ia ʻo 'Royal Dutch Company no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnāwai Petroleum ma Netherlands East Indies'. Me ka nui o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua e hilinaʻi nei i ka aila, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohana colonial a me ka luku ʻana, ma kahi ʻano like ʻole. Ua loli iki paha nā mele, akā mau ke mele.
Manaʻo ka poʻe U’wa ma Kolombia e mālama ka ʻaila i ke koena o ka honua a ʻo ia ke koko o Mother Earth - ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻaila ma mua o ka pepehi ʻana i kou makuahine. No ka US hui/politics/militaries elites, ʻo ka aila ke ola o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka kapitalista, ka hopohopo palekana aupuni, a he kumu waiwai nui e hoʻomalu ʻia e nā ʻoihana ʻoihana US no ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka geopolitical ʻAmelika. A ʻo ia hoʻi ke kikowaena o nā pono imperial US, ua pili pono nā pono o ka ʻaila a me nā ʻāpana pale.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā mea kaua a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pūʻali koa US a me ka mana hoʻokele waiwai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka aila a me ka ʻaila. Ma ka huli ʻana, hoʻonui ka hoʻolimalima palekana a me ka palekana i kahi ʻoihana maʻi US, a he pōmaikaʻi ia i ka loaʻa kālā o kāna mau ʻoihana pale a palekana. Lohe mākou i nā kamaʻilio nui e pili ana i nā mea kaua o ka luku nui. Akā ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "kaua ma luna o ka weliweli" he mea kaua ia o ka hoʻohaunaele nui ʻana mai ka ulu ʻana o ka US deficit, mai ka manaʻo ʻino a me ka noʻonoʻo colonial e hoʻokumu nei i ka US a me kahi kumu hoʻomohala e like me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia. e holo ana e like me ia mai kekahi pilikia o ka kapitalisme a i kekahi. A make keia kaua.
Ma mua o kēia 'kaua ma luna o ka weliweli', aia nā kumu ʻē aʻe e pepehi ai no ka aila. Ma hope o ka ʻaʻahu kūpono o "kaua ma nā lāʻau lapaʻau", ua hāʻawi ʻo Plan Colombia i ka US $98 miliona e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻolako i ka pūʻali koa Kolombia e pale i kahi pipeline Occidental Petroleum. Me ke koho balota pelekikena o ʻAmelika e hoʻomanaʻo kākou ʻo ia ka Clinton Administration ma waena o 1996 a me 1999 ua hoʻonui i ke kōkua koa kaua no ke aupuni Kolombia no ka "kaua i nā lāʻau lapaʻau", a e hoʻomanaʻo i ka pili kālā hohonu o ka ʻohana Gore i Occidental. Me ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ʻāina "palekana" no nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā o ʻAmelika a me nā pahuhopu geopolitical kūloko i mea nui maoli, ʻo Occidental, a me ka mea hana pale UTC - nona kāna hui ʻo Sikorsky's Black Hawk helicopters i hoʻohana ʻia ma laila - ua hoʻoikaika ikaika no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka US. €œkokua†i Kolombia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lako pūʻali koa US e kūʻē i ka U'wa nāna i kūʻē i ka ʻimi ʻaila a me ke kinoea e Occidental a me Shell ma ko lākou mau ʻāina, nā poʻe koa hema a me nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe.
I ka wā i lilo ai ke keʻena ʻo Conoco's Mogadishu i ʻelele ʻAmelika ma mua o ka pae ʻana o ka Marines i Somalia, ʻaʻole ia he kaua i ka weliweli, akā i manaʻo ʻia he "misiona kanaka". ʻO ka pale ʻana i nā ʻae aila iā Conoco a me nā hui ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika kahi kumu nui ma hope o kēia hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka aila nui ma Somalia. ʻO ka pelekikena o ka hui ʻoihana ma Somalia i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he "facilitator" o ke aupuni US ma mua a i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a me ka noho ʻana o ka US.
ʻO nā hana o nā hui aila a me nā kinoea ua lōʻihi loa i hōʻike ʻia e ka militarization, ka hoʻomāinoino i nā pono kanaka, ka pono ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā pōʻino kaiaola a me nā waiwai ʻino. I kekahi manawa, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i nā hana ʻeli a me nā paipu e nā pūʻali koa kūloko, nā mākaʻi a i ʻole nā ʻoihana palekana pilikino, i kākoʻo pinepine ʻia e ke kōkua koa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻouna pololei ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US, ma kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe, e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai ma Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Iraq a me Afghanistan.
ʻEwalu mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻana o Ken Saro-Wiwa a me ʻewalu mau alakaʻi ʻo Ogoni i kū i ka ʻoihana koa, a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka kaiaola i hana ʻia e Shell ma ko lākou ʻāina, pono mākou e hoʻomanaʻo pehea, ma ka Delta Niger, Shell a me Chevron i kākoʻo pono i ka pūʻali koa. nā hana kū'ē i nā kaiaulu'Ogoni a me Ijaw e kū'ē ana i kā lākou mau hana, ma ka hāʻawiʻana i nā helikopter a me nā waʻa i nā pūʻali koa. Ua ʻae ʻo Shell i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā mea kaua i Nigeria no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mākaʻi, e uku i nā haʻawina kula i ka pūʻali koa Nigeria, a me ke kīpē i nā mea hōʻike e hōʻike kūʻē iā Saro-Wiwa i kāna hoʻokolokolo kaua.
Ma ka ʻĀkau a me ka Hema, ʻo nā hui ʻaila, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā pūʻali palekana mokuʻāina e kūʻē i ka poʻe ʻōiwi e hakakā nei no ka hoʻoholo ʻana iā lākou iho, a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina a me nā waiwai. Aia i loko o kēia mau kahua kaua ka ʻāina ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka Lubicon Cree ma Northern Alberta, Kanada, kahi i lawe ʻia ai nā piliona kālā o ka aila a me ke kinoea me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻia, e nā hui e like me Shell, Norcen, Petrocanada, a me Unocal, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā mākaʻi kaua. ʻoiai e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hui ʻo Lubicon Cree a ʻona i ka ʻāina a me nā kānaka. Aia ka papahana Tangguh LNG a BP ma West Papua, kahi i hui ai kahi paio lōʻihi no ke kūʻokoʻa mai Indonesia me ka pūʻali koa nui a me ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka, ma ka inoa o ka pale ʻana i nā hoʻopukapuka haole e lawe ana i nā waiwai waiwai o ka ʻāina. Ma Aceh, ua hui pū ʻo Exxon Mobil me ka pūʻali koa Indonesia, ka poʻe i loaʻa i ke kōkua pūʻali koa ʻAmelika a me Pelekane, ka poʻe e alakaʻi nei i kahi kaua weliweli e kūʻē i ka neʻe kūʻokoʻa o Acehnese e kūʻē nei i ka ʻaila a me ka hao o ko lākou ʻāina.
He oiligarchy ke aupuni Bush. ʻO George Bush ka Luna Nui o Harken Energy. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Harken i ke aupuni ʻo Costa Rican no US $57 miliona ma luna o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi ʻaelike ʻimi ʻaila ma muli o nā hopohopo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kona hopena i kahi wahi koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka uku i koi ʻia ua like ia me ka ʻoi aku o ʻekolu manawa o ka GDP Costa Rican, a he 11 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka waihona kālā aupuni makahiki. Ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he Kakauolelo ʻo Bush senior's Defense Secretary, ʻo Hope Pelekikena Dick Cheney ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka hui lawelawe ʻaila ʻo Halliburton mai 1995-2000 - i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻaelike no-bid nui ma Iraq a ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomalu i ka hana aila Iraqi no nā pono US. Ua lawelawe ʻo Cheney ma ka papa o ka pilikua pale ʻo TRW, ʻoiai ʻo kāna wahine ʻo Lynne e noho ana ma ka papa o Lockheed Martin.
ʻO Donald Evans, ke Kakauolelo Kālepa o Bush, ʻo ia me Colorado Oil's Tom Brown Inc.
ʻO National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice he luna hoʻokele papa mua o Chevron, a ʻo kāna loea nui ma Kazakhstan, kahi i makemake nui ai ʻo Chevron a hiki i kēia manawa, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi pahu aila i kapa ʻia ma kona hanohano.
Hāʻawi manawaleʻa nā hui ʻaila a me nā hui pale i ka waihona kālā o ka ʻaoʻao Repubalika a me Demokarata. Inā ʻo ʻAmelika i ka honua Hema, e ʻāhewa ʻia kona mau aupuni no ka palaho, crony capitalism, a me nepotism. Akā, ua haʻi ʻia iā mākou ʻo ia ka poʻokela o ka honua no ke kūʻokoʻa, kūpaʻa a me ka demokala. I kēia manawa, kōkua kēia mau ʻoihana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻoihana aupuni a me nā kānāwai kālepa a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka World Bank, ka International Monetary Fund (IMF), nā pēpē pēpē e like me ka Asian Development Bank, ka World Trade Organization (WTO), kōkua hoʻomohala kūhelu, a nā ʻaelike hoʻokele waiwai ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he mau mea kaua o ka ʻohi nui ʻana i mea e alualu ai i ke kaua hoʻokele waiwai.
Ua paipai ka World Bank a me nā hui e like me ka US Agency for International Development (USAID) i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka aila a me ke kinoea no ka lawe ʻana aku, deregulation, corporatization, privatization and liberalization. Ma ka inoa o ka hoʻomohala waiwai a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻilihune ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea, ua hoʻolako kālā ka World Bank i kekahi mau hana hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka hana ʻaila a me nā pipeline ma nā wahi i kū nui ʻia i kēia mau hana, a ʻoiai nā hoʻoweliweli i ka kaiapuni. Hoʻokomo ikaika ʻo USAID i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pono o nā hui aila US - mai kāna hana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kūkulu hou ʻana o Iraq, i kāna hui aupuni pilikino no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana me ChevronTexaco ma Angola, i kona komo ʻana i ke kākau hou ʻana i nā kānāwai hydrocarbon a me nā lula. e kūpono i nā hui US ma nā repubalika ʻAsia Waena.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene ke hōʻike nei ka World Bank i ka Bolivia's Hydrocarbon Sector Reform and Capitalization ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo kūleʻa. ʻO ka 1995 World Bank-i hoʻokau ʻia i kahi pilikino o ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea he ʻāpana o ke kua o ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka mahina i hala, i hoʻomaka nui ʻia e nā hoʻolālā e US-backed neoliberal Pelekikena Gonzales Sanchez De Lozada e hoʻokuʻu aku i ke kinoea i ka US a. Mekiko. ʻO kēia kekahi kulekele neoliberal pono ʻole e hāʻawi i nā pōmaikaʻi nui i nā conquistador hui hou loa, Spanish-British consortium, Pacific LNG, ma ka lilo o nā kānaka o Bolivia. I ka hoʻokau ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i ke kipi kaulana, ua make ka nui o nā kānaka.
ʻOiai e hauʻoli ana i ka pōmaikaʻi ʻoihana ma o nā haʻawina manawaleʻa a me nā ʻano ʻano kākoʻo aupuni ʻē aʻe ma ka home (ʻaʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka puka huli ʻana i loko o ka politika no ka nui o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana nui), ʻo ka ʻaila hinu a me nā ʻoihana pale ʻAmelika he mau lobbyists ikaika no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kālepa a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma o WTO a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻaelike kālepa a me ka hoʻokomo kālā. Ke ʻimi nei lākou e wehe i ka hiki o ke aupuni e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou ʻoihana. Ke ʻimi nei nā hui aila a me ke kinoea US me ka palena ʻole i ke komo ʻana i nā mākeke ma ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o nā lawelawe ikehu, ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā lawelawe a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, a me nā lula e pili ana i nā kulekele hoʻokūkū. Hiki i kēia ke kaohi nui i nā aupuni e hoʻonohonoho i ke kulekele ikehu, e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea a hoʻopaʻa i kāna lako ikehu. Ma o nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi neoliberal a i ʻole ka hana pūʻali koa, a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua, ua hiki i nā hui transnational ke loaʻa ka mana ma luna o kēia mau kumuwaiwai. A ʻoiai ua wehe ʻia nā mākeke, ʻoiai ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka nohona, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻopukapuka maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe hapa o nā kālā i hāʻawi ʻia i nā mākaʻi a me ka pūʻali koa, ka ʻiʻo o ka neoliberal globalization.
ʻOiai ʻo ka aila maoli a hoʻohālikelike i kēia kaua - a i ʻole kēia mau kaua - ʻo ka weliweli - ʻoi aku ka nui o ia mea ma mua o kēlā. Makemake ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻomalu i ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai aila o ka honua no kāna hoʻohana ponoʻī ʻana a no ka mana a me ka leverage e hāʻawi ʻia ia mana ma luna o nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokele waiwai a politika e like me Kina, Russia a me ʻEulopa a me kā lākou hui aila. Ke manaʻo nei kēia hoʻolālā e mālama, hoʻonui a pale i kahi aupuni colonial 21st century no ka pūʻali koa US a me nā elites waiwai. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia kumuhana ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻāina a me nā neʻe kaiāulu e kū nei i ka imperialism US a me ka neoliberal agenda, ma nā wahi a pau. I mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka honua i nā hana o nā hui aila a me nā kinoea, ke kaua a me ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana i kēia manawa ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau ʻoihana i nā ʻoihana pili lehulehu e hana i nā kuhi hewa o ke kuleana kaiapuni a me ka pilikanaka. E nānā i nā pūnaewele o ka 10 ʻoihana pale kaua kiʻekiʻe ma US, a e ʻike ʻoe i nā moʻolelo hoʻoluʻolu e pili ana i ke kōkua ʻana o kēia poʻe pepehi kanaka i ka poʻe ʻilihune a nele, mālama i ke kaiapuni ma o ka hana manawaleʻa a nā limahana, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana hui i nā NGO like ʻole a kahua. Hoʻāʻo ʻo Lockheed Martin lāua ʻo Raytheon propaganda e kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua ma ke ʻano he kōkua i ka maluhia, ʻoiai ʻo Shell, BP, ChevronTexaco a me Statoil e hui pū me nā NGO hui e like me Conservation International a me ka Nature Conservancy i ka Energy and Biodiversity Initiative e manaʻo nei e hoʻohui i ka mālama olaola i loko o ka aila upstream. hoʻomohala kinoea. I ʻOkakopa, ua hōʻike ka Guardian ua mālama ʻo ExxonMobil i kahi hui o nā hālāwai huna me nā NGO i koho ʻia a me nā pono kanaka e hoʻāʻo e hoʻololi i kona kiʻi lehulehu. Hoʻokumu hou ia ʻano wili iā Shell a me ExxonMobil ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o nā pono kanaka a me nā mea pale o ke kaiapuni, a me nā ʻoihana pale nui o ka honua ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika maluhia. Pono e hōʻike ʻia a hoʻohewa ʻia nā NGO e hui pū ana me ia mau hui.
I loko o kā mākou hakakā ʻana no ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiapuni pono mākou e maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kaua a me ka neoliberal globalization. Pono mākou e ho'ōki i ke kaua hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e nā ʻoihana, kā lākou proxies i ke aupuni a me nā hui ʻo Bretton Woods. Pono mākou e kū'ē i ka militarization o ka honua i kona mau ʻano a pau, a hōʻike i nā pilina ma waena o ka lima huna o ka mākeke a me ka lima huna ʻole. No ka hana ʻana i ia mea, pono mākou e kākoʻo i nā neʻe kūʻē kūʻē o ka ʻāina e hakakā nei i kēia mau hana pono ʻole, a e kū i ka hui ʻaila a me nā hui kaua ma ko mākou kua.
(Hoʻololi ʻia mai kahi haʻiʻōlelo ma Asia-Pacific Research Network 5th Annual Conference, Beirut, 4 November 2003. E nānā www.aprnet.org no nā kikoʻī hou aku)