"Muna da makami mai kisa: kafofin watsa labarai. Kuma yanzu da na samu dama, bari in taya ku murna.' A Caracas, a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2002, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin hambarar da shugaban Venezuela na wucin gadi, Hugo Chavez, mataimakin Admiral Victor RamÃrez Perez ya taya dan jarida Ibeyiste Pacheco kai tsaye ta gidan talabijin na Venevision. Minti XNUMX da suka shige, lokacin da Pacheco ta fara yin hira da gungun jami’an ‘yan tawaye, ba za ta iya jure yarda ba, a cikin makirci, cewa ta daɗe tana da dangantaka ta musamman da su.
A lokaci guda, a cikin wata hira ta kai tsaye daga Madrid, wata 'yar jarida, Patricia Poleo, ita ma da alama tana da masaniya game da yuwuwar ci gaban 'abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba' nan gaba. Ta sanar a tashar TVE ta Spain: 'Na yi imani cewa shugaban kasa na gaba zai zama Pedro Carmona.' Chavez, wanda ya makale a fadar shugaban kasa, har yanzu ya ki sauka daga mulki.
Bayan Chavez ya hau kan karagar mulki a 1998, manyan tashoshi biyar masu zaman kansu - Venevisión, Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), Globovisión da CMT - da tara daga cikin manyan jaridun kasa 10, ciki har da El Universal, El Nacional, Tal Cual, El Impulso, El Nuevo PaÃs, da El Mundo, sun karbi ragamar jam'iyyun siyasa na gargajiya, wadanda suka lalace sakamakon nasarar zaben shugaban kasa. Dogaran da suke da shi akan bayanai ya sanya su cikin matsayi mai karfi. Suna baiwa 'yan adawa goyon baya, sai dai ba kasafai suke ba da rahoton bayanan gwamnati ba kuma ba su taba ambaton yawan rinjayen da suke da shi ba, duk da cewa mafi rinjayen sun tabbatar a akwatin zabe. A kodayaushe sun bayyana gundumomin masu aiki a matsayin jajayen jahilai da jahilai masu fasikanci suke zaune. Babu shakka la'akari da su marasa hoto, sun yi watsi da shugabanni da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki.
Binciken da suka yi da hirarrakinsu da sharhin da suke yi duk suna da manufa iri daya ne: su lalata halaccin gwamnati da kuma lalata goyon bayan da shugaban kasa ke ba shi. 'A cikin kyawawan halaye, wannan gwamnatin juyin juya hali ba ta da tushe,' ita ce takalmi mai laushi da takarda ta yamma Tal Cual ta yi amfani da ita. Editan sa, Teodoro Petkoff, babban abokin adawar Chavez ne. Petkoff tsohon dan gwagwarmaya ne na Marxist wanda ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma minista mai goyon bayan kamfanoni a gwamnatin shugaba Rafael Caldera mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama. Tabbas gwamnatin Chavez ba ta wuce zargi ba. Yana tafka kurakurai, kuma jami’an farar hula da na soja da ke kewaye da shi sun gurbace da cin hanci da rashawa. Amma gwamnati ta kasance ta hanyar dimokuradiyya kuma har yanzu tana da goyon bayan mafi rinjaye. Hakanan za'a iya lasafta shi tare da nasarori, a cikin ƙasa da na duniya.
Idan ya zo ga bata sunan Chavez, komai yana tafiya. An yi wani abin kunya a Caracas a cikin Maris lokacin da aka yada wata hira ta karya da Ignacio Ramonet, darektan diflomasiyyar Le Monde. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka yi zargin cewa an yi wa Emiliano Payares Gúzman, wani mai bincike na Mexico a Jami'ar Princeton, Ramonet ya kamata ya ce: 'Chavez ba shi da kwarjinin hankali mai mutuntawa, kuma shine dalilin da ya sa kullun jirginsa ba ya kan hanya. Lokacin da ya ci zabe, sai na ga kamar yana da wani abu a kansa. Amma populism ya ci nasara, kamar yadda sau da yawa yakan faru a irin waɗannan lokuta. Na ga bidiyon da yake rera boleros a cikinsa yayin da yake tsara shirin tattalin arzikinsa, idan da gaske yana da daya. Ina tsammanin waɗannan gaskiyar da ake iya tabbatarwa suna magana da kansu, ba na buƙatar faɗi ra'ayi na game da wani irin wannan.'
Venezuela AnalÃtica (1) nan da nan ta buga 'bayanin' a kan gidan yanar gizon, ba tare da bincika sahihancinsa ba, sannan ya zama babban kanun labarai a El Nacional. Jaridar ta yi farin cikin ba da tabbaci ga ra'ayin Chavez da ke zama saniyar ware a duniya, kuma ba ta yi wani yunƙuri na bincikar wanda ake zargin ba. Lokacin da Ramonet ya musanta yin bayanin, El Nacional ya zagaya kan mai yin hoaxer (2) kuma, a bayyane, ba tare da neman gafara ba, akan Ramonet.
'Bayanan' da aka buga sun tabbata akan sallama. Misali, 'majiyoyin leken asiri sun bankado yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla da wasu abubuwa masu alaka da kungiyar Hizbullah a tsibirin Margarita na Venezuela, wadanda ofishin jakadancin Iran ke iko da su. Za ku tuna cewa lokacin da Chavez ke yakin neman zabe, wani Moukhdad ya kasance mai karimci sosai. Dole ne a biya wannan bashin, kuma a yanzu Iran za ta mayar da kasar Venezuela sansanin aiki, a maimakon horar da 'yan Venezuelan a kungiyoyin Iran don kare juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ta'addanci yana cikinmu' (3).
A ranar 21 ga Maris El Nacional ya gudanar da kanun labarai: 'Hugo Chavez ya yarda cewa shi ne shugaban cibiyar sadarwar masu laifi.' A rana mai zuwa Tal Cual ya yi ishara da 'jin tashin hankali da kalaman da yake amfani da su na kokarin tsoratar da 'yan kasar Venezuela. An zagi shugaban, idan aka kwatanta da Idi Amin, Mussolini ko Hitler, wanda ake kira da 'yan fasikanci, kama-karya ko azzalumi, kuma ana kai hare-hare. A kowace ƙasa da an kawo ayyukan don cin zarafi. 'Harin da ake ci gaba da yi da rashin mutuntawa' kamar yadda ministar kasuwanci Adina Bastidas ta ce. 'Suna zargina da bayar da kudade wajen dasa bama-bamai a kan tituna. Kuma ba zan iya kare kaina ba. Idan ka kai musu hari, sai su kai karar Amurka!'
Chavez ya mayar da martani ga wannan bama-bamai a kafafen yada labarai, wani lokaci yana amfani da yare mai karfi, musamman a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryensa na mako-mako Aló presidente! a tashar talabijin daya tilo da gwamnati ke kula da ita. To amma gwamnatinsa ba ta yadda da mulkin kama-karya ba, kuma ba a bi matakan da za a dauka na shawo kan matsalar ciwon suga ba. Tun lokacin da Chavez ya hau kan karagar mulki, babu ko daya dan jarida da aka daure, kuma gwamnati ba ta rufe wata kafar yada labarai ba. Amma duk da haka ana zarginsa da 'cin mutuncin 'yancin samun bayanai' da kuma 'kai hari ga masu sadarwa'.
'Fadi gaskiya'
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu wasu gungun magoya bayan shugaban sun yiwa ofisoshin El Nacional kawanya suna rera kalamai masu tsauri. Suna ihu 'ku faɗi gaskiya!', suka jefa abubuwa a ginin. Yawan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida na karuwa, a cewar Carlos Correa, babban kodinetan kungiyar Provea (4), wata kungiya mai kare hakkin dan adam, kuma ana zarginsu da aikata laifuka. 'Ko da yake ba a samu mace-mace ba, lamarin ya yi tsanani. Tun da shugabannin kafafen yada labarai suka yanke shawarar adawa da Chavez a siyasance, ba zai yiwu a yi tattaunawa mai ma'ana ba game da matsalolin kasar. Amma da'awar babu 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki abu ne da ya wuce gona da iri.'
“Kuna karanta jaridu, kuna kallon labaran talabijin kuma kuna ganin cewa rikici ya mamaye ƙasar,” in ji Uban Jesuit Francisco Jose Virtuoso cikin baƙin ciki. 'A zahiri duk abin yana ƙara tashin hankali.' Mafi yawan jama'a na fuskantar koma baya a wannan yakin da aka yi niyya a ciki, ba a shirye suke su kyale 'yan jaridun da suke ganin sun fi karfin doka ko kuma cin zarafin dimokradiyya ba.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna karuwa. Kamfanin dillancin labaran iqna ya habarta cewa, ya nakalto daga shafin sadarwa na yanar gizo na Venpres cewa, wasu jami’an yada labarai guda uku ‘yan jarida ne; 'yan jaridar da ake tambaya - Ibeyise Pacheco (edita na Asà es la noticia, memba na El Nacional kungiyar), Patricia Poleo da mai gabatar da talabijin Jose Domingo Blanco (Globovisión) - yanke shawarar yin babban birnin daga zargin. Bayan sun yi Allah-wadai da ‘cin zarafin’ da aka yi musu a gaban kyamarori a ofishin jakadancin Amurka, sun tashi zuwa birnin Washington, inda suka samu gagarumar tarba. Labarin Venpres, wanda J Valeverde (5) ya sanya wa hannu, Shugaba Chavez ya yi watsi da shi kuma ministan tsaro, Jose Vicente Rangel ya yi Allah wadai da shi; hakan ya kai ga zargi da murabus din darektan Venpres, Oscar Navas. Amma hakan bai hana wani kamfen ba, a Venezuela da kuma ketare, kan gwamnatin da ake zargi da ‘murkushe kafafen yada labarai’.
Kafafen yada labarai sun kware wajen amfani da annabcin cika kai - duka dangane da magoya bayan gwamnati da kuma gwamnati. Ta hanyar nuna rashin amincewa game da cin zarafi na 'yanci, lokacin da ba a fuskantar barazana, da yin amfani da ƙarya da magudi, kafofin watsa labaru sun tsokane martani, wani lokaci suna tunzura waɗanda abin ya shafa su yi kuskure. Sannan an bayyana wadancan munanan ayyuka a matsayin musabbabin (ba sakamakon) dangantakar da kafafen yada labarai ke yi da gwamnati da yawancin al'umma ba.
Dole ne mu yi Allah wadai da hare-haren da magoya bayan shugaban kasa ke kaiwa a sassan talabijin ko kuma 'yan jarida. Amma ta yaya waɗannan magoya bayan za su jure a koyaushe ana bayyana su a matsayin 'Taliban' ko kuma 'mugaye'? Ya kamata mu yi zanga-zanga lokacin da aka kwatanta 'yan jarida, ko da sun kasance masu tayar da hankali kuma suna da alaka da oligarchy, a matsayin 'yan jarida'. Amma su da kansu ‘yan jaridar sun yi wa shugaban kasar tuhume-tuhume na karya tare da bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke da hannu a harin ‘yan bindiga na Colombia.
Jagorancin maza masu tasiri da manyan 'yan jarida, kafofin watsa labaru suna karɓar nauyin daga sauran 'yan wasa a cikin tsarin rashin zaman lafiya: Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Pedro Carmona (Fedecamaras), Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Venezuelan Carlos Ortega, membobin soja na soja, masu fasaha na kasa. Kamfanin mai (PDVSA) da wasu jami'an Amurka masu hankali (6). United in the Venezuelan Press Bloc (BPV), kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarshe sun nuna hannunta lokacin da suka shiga yajin aikin gama gari na farko a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2001.
Masu tsoratarwa
Ra'ayoyin 'Yanci' da aka buga a bugawa -'Lokacin sauya gwamnati' ko 'Lokacin kifar da wannan gwamnati' (7) - an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar magudin da aka yi na kafofin watsa labarai. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu sun ba da nasu sharhi kan yajin aikin gidajen mai da ke da nasaba da rikicin PDVSA: 'Shin kun tuna kun cika? Ku yi sauri, domin gobe ba za a yi digo a ƙasar ba.' Ta hanyar zaburar da masu ababen hawa da su garzaya don siyan man fetur, sun haifar da hargitsin da bai kamata ba, duk da cewa yajin aikin na wani vangare ne, kuma har yanzu gidajen na ci gaba da karvar kayayyaki.
A ranar 7 ga Afrilu Ortega da Carmona sun ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi yajin aikin gama-gari. Editan El Nacional, Miguel Enrique Otero, ya tsaya kafada da kafada tare da su kuma ya yi magana a madadin 'yan jarida: 'Dukkanmu mun shiga cikin wannan gwagwarmaya don kare 'yancin samun bayanai.' Bayan kwanaki biyu kungiyar BPV, wacce sabon jakadan Amurka Charles Shapiro ya ziyarce ta, ta yanke shawarar marawa yajin aikin. Daga nan ne kamfanonin talabijin ke watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye daga hedkwatar PDVSA-Chuao, wurin taro da aka kebe don zanga-zangar adawa.
'Tafi kan tituna' El Nacional ya yi tsawa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu (a cikin editan da ba a bayyana ba). 'Ni ban taɓa jin daɗi ba! (ba mataki daya a baya ba)' ya mayar da martani kan abubuwan da suka faru a Globovisión. Wani kamfanin TV ya watsa labarai: 'Venezuelans, ku fito kan titi ranar Alhamis 11 ga Afrilu da karfe 10 na safe. Ku kawo tutocinku. Domin 'yanci da dimokuradiyya. Venezuela ba za ta mika wuya ba. Ba wanda zai rinjaye mu.' Kiraye-kirayen a hambarar da shugaban kasa ya fito fili har gwamnati ta yi amfani da sashe na 192 na dokar sadarwa. Fiye da sau 30 - ga duk tashoshin talabijin da rediyo - yana buƙatar lokacin iska na mintuna 15-20 don watsa ra'ayoyinsa. Amma masu watsa shirye-shiryen sun raba allon gida biyu kuma sun ci gaba da neman tawaye.
A ranar 11 ga Afrilu taron sojoji da na farar hula ne suka yi kira ga shugaban ya yi murabus ya zama mataki na gaba. A tashar RCTV, Ortega ya yi kira ga 'yan adawa da su yi maci a Miraflores (fadar shugaban kasa). Da misalin karfe 4 na yamma, lokacin da aka bayyana girman makircin, hukumomi sun ba da umarnin toshe mitocin da tashoshin masu zaman kansu ke amfani da su. Globovisión, CMT da Televen sun fita daga iska na ƴan wasu lokuta kafin su ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryensu ta amfani da tauraron dan adam ko na USB. Dukkanin allo suna watsa hoton da aka gyara don nuna masu zanga-zangar dauke da makamai suna harbin 'taron masu zanga-zangar lumana'. A sakamakon haka, Bolivarian Circles, ƙungiyar zamantakewar magoya bayan Chavez, an zargi su da mutuwa da raunuka (8).
Maharan, ciki har da Carmona, sun hadu a ofisoshin Venevisión. Sun zauna har zuwa karfe 2 na safe don shirya 'mataki na gaba', tare da Rafael Poleo (mai El Nuevo Pais) da Gustavo Cisneros, babban jigo a juyin mulkin. Cisneros, hamshakin attajiri dan asalin Kuba kuma mai Venevisión, yana gudanar da daular watsa labarai - Organización Diego Cisneros. Yana da kantuna 70 a cikin ƙasashe 39 (9). Cisneros abokin babban George Bush ne: suna wasan golf tare kuma a shekara ta 2001 tsohon shugaban Amurka ya yi hutu a cikin kadarorin Cisneros na Venezuelan. Dukansu suna sha'awar mayar da PDVSA (10). Otto Reich, mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka kan harkokin Interamerican, ya yarda cewa yayi magana da Cisneros a daren (11).
Da karfe 4 na safe ranar 12 ga Afrilu, don gujewa zubar da jini, Chavez ya ba da damar kama kansa da kuma kai shi tsibirin Orchila mai nisa. Ba tare da gabatar da wata takarda da Chavez ya sanya wa hannu don tabbatar da labarin ba, kafafen yada labarai sun yi wa'azin murabus dinsa. Shugaban shugabannin, Carmona, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya rusa dukkan hukumomi, halal da dimokuradiyya. Venezolana de Televisión, hanya ɗaya tilo ta hanyar sadarwa ga gwamnati, ita ce mai watsa shirye-shiryen farko da aka tilasta rufewa lokacin da Carmona ya karɓi mulki (12).
A shirye don juyin mulkin
'Yan jarida sun yi wa juyin juya hali (duk da cewa sun yi la'akari da duk wani amfani da wannan kalmar) da sha'awar da ba a ɓoye ba. Kuma saboda kyawawan dalilai. Da yake hira da Admiral Carlos Molina Tamayo da Victor Manuel GarcÃa, darektan cibiyar kididdiga ta Ceca, da karfe 6.45:XNUMX na safe, mai gabatarwa Napoleón Bravo ya yi alfahari da cewa ya yarda a yi amfani da gidansa don yin rikodin kiran tawaye na Janar Gonzalez Gonzalez. GarcÃa ya bayyana irin rawar da ya taka a cibiyar ayyukan soji da ke Fort Tiuna: “Ba mu da karancin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma dole ne in gode wa manema labarai saboda hadin kai da hadin kai da suka ba mu wajen samar da hanyoyin sadarwa da kasashen waje da kuma ba da umarnin. da Janar Gonzalez Gonzalez ya ba ni.'
'Mataki ɗaya na gaba' shine taken nasara a cikin El Universal. Dan jarida Rafael Poleo, wanda ya shigar da asusun taron farko na shugabannin 'yan tawayen, ya dauki nauyin (tare da wasu) na daftarin kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Da rana 'Shugaba' Carmona ya ba 'yar Poleo, Patricia, mukamin shugabar ofishin yada labarai na tsakiya. Ma'aikata, Ikilisiya da wakilan wata kungiya ta 'farar hula', da kuma Miguel Angel MartÃnez, a madadin kafofin yada labarai ne suka sanya hannu kan dokar da ta kafa mulkin kama-karya. Daniel Romero, sakataren sirri na tsohon shugaban dimokiradiyyar zamantakewa Carlos Andres Perez, kuma ma'aikacin kungiyar Cisneros, ya karanta shi.
Sha'awar daukar fansa ya jawo danniya. An kama ministan harkokin cikin gida, Ramón RodrÃguez ChacÃn, da dan majalisar dokoki, Tarek William Saab, da jama'a suka kama su. RCTV ta haifar da farauta ta hanyar buga jerin sunayen mutanen da aka fi nema da kuma watsa bincike na tashin hankali kai tsaye, wanda ke kara saurin yada labaran Amurka. An tashi kai tsaye ta watsa shirye-shiryen da babban lauyan janar Isias RodrÃguez ya yi da manema labarai ba zato ba tsammani bayan mintuna biyar kacal lokacin da ya yi magana game da wuce gona da iri na 'gwamnatin wucin gadi' tare da yin Allah wadai da juyin mulkin.
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu an saki magoya bayan Chavez, kuma jami'an da ke masa biyayya sun sake kwace iko. Amma hanyar da kawai 'yan Venezuela za su iya samun bayanai ita ce ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen CNN a cikin Mutanen Espanya - ana samun su ta hanyar igiyoyi kawai, ko kuma a shafukan intanet na Madrid kullum El PaÃs da BBC a London. Kamfanin dillancin labaran iqna ya nakalto daga shafin sadarwa na yanar gizo na CNN cewa, yayin da yake sanar da tayar da kayar baya ta bangaren parachute na 42 a birnin Maracay, ya bayyana mamakinsa da yadda manema labarai ke cewa komai. An maye gurbin 'yancin bayanan da aka yi kira da shi da shiru. An cika fuska da fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen dafa abinci, zane-zane da wasannin ƙwallon baseball daga manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, waɗanda suka shiga tsakani kawai tare da maimaita sanarwar Janar Lucas Rincón na ' murabus' na Chavez.
Dubban mutane ne suka shiga intanet kuma suka hau wayoyinsu na hannu, sai dai sauran ‘yan jaridun ne kawai suka samu nasarar shawo kan matsalar. Shahararrun jaridu, talabijin da rediyo sun fara rayuwa a cikin gundumomi matalauta, kuma sun kasance muhimmiyar hanyar sadarwa da bayanai. Ga ɗan gajeren gwaninta, su ne farkon hari na 'mulkin demokraɗiyya'. A cewar Thierry Deronne, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Teletambores, Chavez bai taba tambayarsu su watsa jawabansa ba.
Sai dai masu adawa da gwamnatin Chavez ba su yi jinkiri ba bayan juyin mulkin da suka yi, kafin su kame ma’aikatan edita tare da kwace kayan aiki, tare da tabbatar da cewa hanya daya tilo da jama’a za su iya gano hakikanin abin da ke faruwa ita ce ta ‘yan jaridun ‘yan adawa. A Caracas, an bincika Radio Perola, TV Caricuao, Rediyo Catia Libre da Catia TV kuma an fuskanci tashin hankali da tsare ma'aikata.
A yammacin ranar 13 ga Afrilu, jama'a sun taru a gaban RCTV (sannan Venevisión, Globovisión, Televen da CMT, da kuma ofisoshin El Universal da El Nacional), suna jifa da tursasa 'yan jarida don watsa wani sako na kira ga 'su. ' shugaban da za a mayar. Wani harin da ba za a iya jurewa ba a kan manema labarai; 'yan jaridun da suka firgita sun watsa wani roko na neman taimako ta iska - a daidai lokacin da suka manta cewa ya kamata su kasance a bangaren 'yan tawaye. 'Mu ma muna daga cikin mutane; mu ma 'yan Venezuela ne kuma muna yin aikinmu. Ba zai yiwu magoya bayan Laftanar Kanar Hugo Chavez (ba a ambaci cewa shi shugaban kasa ba ne) su dauke mu makiyan su.'
Sa'o'i 20 kenan kafin tashar gwamnati ta Venezolana de Televisión ta dawo sama tare da taimakon 'yan bindiga daga kafafen yada labarai na al'umma da kuma sojoji daga masu gadin shugaban kasar. Shiru ya karye kuma 'yan Venezuelan sun gano cewa lamarin yana canzawa. Sai dai Ultimas Noticias, babu wata jarida da aka buga washegari don sanar da dawowar shugaban. Tashoshin talabijin masu zaman kansu ba sa watsa labarai. Globovisión ita kaɗai ta sake watsa bayanan da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa suka watsa (13).
Ko da yake maido da tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya bai haifar da dannewar kafofin watsa labarai ba, kafofin watsa labaru na ci gaba da wasan wanda aka azabtar. Yana ba da fifiko ga 'jaruman juyin mulkin', yana magana game da 'rashin iko' da kuma kira ga murabus na Chavez - wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 'mai kisan kai'. A bayyane ake kira 'kafofin yada kiyayya', suna ikirarin su ne 'kafofin yada labaran juyin mulki'.
(1) Shiga www.analitica.com. (2) Gúzman ya yi iƙirarin yin hakan ne don nuna yadda jaridun Venezuelan ba su da aminci. (3) 'EntrelÃneas', El Nacional, 15 Maris 2002. (4) Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en derechos humanos. (5) Daga baya an gano cewa wannan shine sunan wani hali mara dadi mai suna Rafael Kries. (6) Dubi 'Venezuela: a juyin mulki', Le Monde diflomasiyyar Turanci edition, Mayu 2002. (7) 'Kifar da gwamnati', El Universal, 20 Maris 2002. (8) Dubi Le Monde diplomatique, Turanci edition, Mayu 2002 , da kuma hotunan da aka buga a gidan yanar gizon mu. (9) Ciki har da: Univisión (80% na watsa shirye-shirye a cikin Mutanen Espanya a Amurka), Canal 13, Chilevisión, DirectTV Latin America, Galavisión, Playboy TV Latin America, Playboy TV International, Uniseries, Vale TV, Via Digital, AOL Latin America . (10) Tsohon zai so ya gan shi a hannun wani kamfani na Amurka da ke kusa da bukatunsa, kuma na karshen yana kallon Citgo, reshen Amurka na PDVSA. (11) Newsweek, Paris, 22 Afrilu 2002. (12) Hakanan ya shafi Rediyo Nacional de Venezuela da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Venpres. (13) Wasu 'yan jarida sun yi murabus saboda kyama, kamar Andre Izarra, na RCTV inda hukumar gudanarwa ta sanya dokar hana bayar da rahoto ga Chavez.
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