A duk faɗin duniya, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai suna da alaƙa da cin zarafi, cin hanci da rashawa, tashin hankali, lalata muhalli, take haƙƙin ɗan adam, da rashin hukunta su. Koyaya, duk da barazanar da hare-haren tashin hankali, ƙungiyoyin cikin gida suna tsayayya da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da alaƙa masu muni. Mazauna arewacin kasar Argentina sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da bude wani budadden wurin hakar ma'adinai a garin Andalgala da ke lardin Catamarka. Wani farmakin da 'yan sanda suka yi a baya-bayan nan kan zanga-zangar ya haifar da boren jama'a na cewa, 'a'a ga ma'adanan. Bayan gagarumar zanga-zangar da aka yi don mayar da martani ga danniya da 'yan sanda a wannan watan, wani alkali ya dakatar da wasu ayyukan ma'adinai na wani dan lokaci da ake shirin budewa a shekarar 2012.
Andalgala, mutumin manyan tsaunuka
Kalmar Andalgala, a cikin tsohon harshen ƴan asalin yankin Andean, tana nufin 'mutumin manyan duwatsu'. Kogin Andalgala da ke ratsa tsakanin tsaunukan Andes masu tsayi na Catamarka ya haifar da wani yanki mai nisa. Ruwan tsaunuka na tsattsauran ra'ayi da kwari mai wadata ya ba da rai ga ƙasar itatuwan zaitun, gonakin peach, garken tumaki da ma'adinan ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na kasashen waje yanzu suna barazana ga wannan Oasis na Andean, hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa a Andalgala da kuma dukkanin ruwan ruwa. Idan kamfanin ya sami zinari daga balaguron hakowa kuma ya yanke shawarar gina buɗaɗɗiyar wurin haƙar ma'adinai, za a iya raba dukkan mazaunan 20,000 da matsugunansu, wanda zai bar buƙatun hakar ma'adinai daga ƙasashen waje a matsayin mutum ɗaya tilo na tsaunuka.
Ma'adinan mallakar Agua Rica, wani reshen Yamana Gold Inc., wani mai sana'ar zinare na Kanada wanda ke shirin fara aikin hakar ma'adinai a garin Andalgalá a shekarar 2012. Yamana Gold yana da wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico da Honduras. Yamana ya gaza bin doka wajen gudanar da bincike kan illar muhalli da sakataren ma'adinai na lardin ya bukata, wanda hakan ya sabawa doka. Gidan Agua Rica a Andalgala zai ninka sau uku girman wani aikin hakar ma'adinai a Catamarca, La Alumbrera wanda ya haifar da haɗari ga muhalli da lafiya ga mazauna tun lokacin da aka bude shi a cikin 1998. La Alumbrera a halin yanzu shine wurin hakar ma'adinai mafi girma a Argentina.
Danniya 'yan sanda
Masu fafutuka daga Majalisar Jama'a ta Andalgalá sun shafe watanni biyu suna killace wurin hakar ma'adinan. Majalisar, wadda ta ƙunshi ɗimbin mazauna yankin, ta yi kira da a yi taron jama'a a kan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bukatar tasu ta samu ganawa da jami’an ‘yan sanda.
Fiye da mutane 60 ne suka jikkata a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka raka kayan aikin tono albarkatu ta hanyar katange wata zanga-zangar da aka yi a wurin da ake hakar ramin da ake takaddama a kai. 'Yan sanda sun harba hayaki mai sa hawaye da harsashin roba kan masu zanga-zangar - mata da yara na cikin wadanda suka jikkata. Kusan masu zanga-zangar 50 ne aka kama, inda 12 daga cikinsu ke ci gaba da tsare. Hare-haren da ‘yan sanda masu kishin addini suka kai kan masu fafutukar hana hako ma’adinai ya haifar da tarzoma, inda masu zanga-zangar suka farfasa tagogi, suka kai hari kan ofisoshin ma’adinai da manyan motoci mallakar Agua Rica a matsayin martani ga kamawa da murkushe su. Kasa da sa'o'i 20 bayan harin da 'yan sanda suka kai, sama da mutane 4,000 ne suka hallara a cibiyar Andalgala domin nuna adawa da mahakar ma'adinan.
Yayin da yake jagorantar danniya a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, magajin garin Andalgala, Jose Perea, wanda ke da sha'awar yiwuwar mamaye ma'adinan ma'adinai ya ce a cikin wata hira da wani gidan rediyo na gida, FM Z "idan ya zama dole za mu kashe mutanen da ke kula da su. toshewar kan Agua Rica." Magajin garin ya kuma jagoranci wani tattaki na samar da ma'adinai tare da kusan ma'aikatan gwamnati 100 suka halarta, wanda ya haifar da yin tattakin sama da mazauna 4,000 da ke adawa da ma'adinan Agua Rica.
Alkawura marasa amfani
Andalgala ya yi tsayayya da wurin hakar ma'adinan bayan ya ga mummunan tasirin La Alumbrera wanda ya gurɓata ruwan sha a fadin lardin. "Bayan shekaru 12 tun daga La Alumbrera, babban aikin hakar ma'adinai mafi girma, alkawuran jin dadi da rarraba dukiya daga ma'adinai ba su cika ba a lardin Catamarca," in ji kungiyar ta Catamarca. Gidan Alumbrera yana amfani da ruwa tsakanin lita miliyan 600 zuwa biliyan 1 na rana daga gurɓatattun teburan ruwa don sarrafa ma'adinan a cikin wani tsari wanda ya haɗa da fashewar tsaunuka, cire takin, murkushe takin da kuma haɗa shi da sinadarai irin su cyanide don yin arzikin karfe. slurry. Ana aiwatar da slurry kuma an cire ruwa. An mayar da gurɓataccen ruwan cikin rafukan ruwa da koguna. Wurin da ke Andalgala zai ninka girman Alumbrera sau uku kuma an kiyasta yana amfani da lita biliyan 3 na ruwa a rana. Ruwan da ba a taɓa gani ba daga maɓuɓɓugan dutse zai zama tushen da za a gauraya cikin tafkunan da ke ɗauke da siyanide da ƙarfe masu nauyi.
“Ba wai kawai hakar ma’adinai ta haifar da gurbatar yanayi da matsalolin kiwon lafiya ba, bugu da kari kuma bai samar da ayyukan yi ko albarkatu ba. Catamarca ya ci gaba da zama ko kuma ya fi talauci fiye da baya, Andalgala yana da mafi yawan rashin aikin yi a lardin, "in ji Urbano Cardozo a wata hira da Lavaca, madadin kafofin watsa labaru a Argentina. Ba fiye da mazauna yankin 40 daga Andalgala, daga cikin mutane 20,000 suna aiki a ma'adinan, wanda magajin garin Parea ya yarda.
"Muna raba iska da ƙasa, muna aiki tare da masu samar da kayayyaki na gida, hayar ma'aikata na gida da kuma gina dangantaka a yankunan da muke aiki a ciki," in ji Yamana Gold Inc a shafin yanar gizonsa. Hulda da jama'a na kamfanin na Kanada ya kara da cewa, "Muna saurare da kuma darajar bayanai daga al'ummomi, muna kuma rungumi damar al'adu da tattalin arziki masu wadata a cikin gida kuma saboda haka dangantakar mu tana da karfi sosai." Bukatun ‘yan kasar na adawa da ayyukan hakar ma’adanai da kuma barazanar kaura sun shiga kunnen uwar shegu.
Barazana da cin zarafi
A cikin wani rahoto da hukumar kula da manyan makarantu ta UNESCO ta gudanar, daga jami'ar fasaha ta Catalonia a kasar Spain, ta bayar da rahoton munanan laifukan take hakki da gurbatar muhalli sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a kasar Argentina. Rahoton mai taken, "Hakkin Dan Adam a Arewa maso Gabashin Argentina 2008-2009," ya bayyana "matsi da barazana ga al'ummar da ke adawa da barnar da aka yi" daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. A Andalgala, Raul Martinez, Diola de Martinez, Ruth Vega, Carmen Chaile da Teresita Nieto, duk masu halartar Majalisar Jama'ar Andalgala da ke adawa da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun sami barazana a lokuta daban-daban. An shigar da masu fafutuka zuwa ofishin ‘yan sanda, kuma shugaban ‘yan sandan ya gargade su da cewa “idan ba su canja halinsu ba game da shingen da aka yi musu, a mako mai zuwa jami’an tsaron kan iyaka da ‘yan sanda za su kore su da karfi, kuma za mu yi muku duka. Majalisar ‘yan sandan ta ce wani dan gwagwarmayar da ya dade yana fafutuka, Aldo Flores, ya sha fuskantar barazanar kisa da kuma cin zarafin ‘yan sanda a kwanakin da suka kai harin.
Rahoton na UNESCO ya bayyana alhakin zamantakewa na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai a matsayin "misalin taimako na zaman kansa, wanda ke neman yin amfani da shi da kuma yanayin 'yancin tunani da sanin jama'a a cikin wadanda abin ya shafa da ke samun fa'ida na minti daya daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai tare da kawai manufar samun riba mai yawa. 'lasisin zamantakewa' don fitar da albarkatun kasa." Daga cikin kamfanonin da aka ambata a cikin rahoton sun hada da Barrick Gold, Meridian Gold, Xstrata, Wheaton River Minerals da Northern Orion Resources. A halin yanzu a Argentina, akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinai sama da 200 da ke aiki. A yawancin al'ummomi, kamfanoni suna gina ɗakunan karatu, makarantu, asibitocin kiwon lafiyar jama'a waɗanda ke kama da ɗakunan ajiya masu arha, waɗanda wataƙila za su ruguje jim kaɗan bayan da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suka bushe.
Kamfanonin hakar ma’adinai sai dai su biya kashi 3 cikin 80 na kudaden sarauta kan ma’adinan da ake hakowa daga yankin Argentina kuma an ba su damar gurbata muhalli da sinadarai kamar cyanide, da ake amfani da su wajen hako ma’adinan ma’adinai daga budadden wuraren hakar ma’adinai. Kashi uku kadan ne don biyan biliyoyin daloli da ake hakowa a cikin ma'adanai daga kasar Argentina. Ma'adinai ya zama mafi girma da Argentina ke fitarwa, wanda aka kiyasta kusan dala biliyan 80 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A wurare kamar Catamarca, kuɗin sarauta yana wakiltar kusan kashi XNUMX na kuɗin shiga na kasafin kuɗi. "Abin da ya sa gwamnati ba ta yin bincike ko sarrafa binciken da kamfanonin ke gudanarwa," a cewar binciken UNESCO.
Al'ummomin da batattu
Kungiyoyin al'umma a duk fadin kasar Argentina sun yi kokarin rufe wuraren hakar ma'adinan ramuka, wadanda dokar kasa ta ba da izini. Fafatawar da ake yi da hakar ma'adinai a Andalgala ya kai ga wata kotu ta dakatar da Agua Mina na wani dan lokaci daga gudanar da bincike. Yanzu mazauna yankin suna son a sanya takunkumi na dindindin a kan wurin hakar ma'adinan wanda a zahiri ka iya raba jama'a gaba daya, tunda wuri daya da aka tsara yana karkashin gidajen mazauna. Kusan mutane 600,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da kuma fadada masana'antun noma irin su waken soya tun shekara ta 2000 bisa wani bincike da kungiyar kare muhalli Redaf, Red Agroforestal Chaco Argentina ta gudanar. A duk fadin Argentina, ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna adawa da hakar ma'adinai, wanda suka ce yana mayar da albarkatun ƙasa zuwa kayayyaki mai arha ga kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje don cin gajiyar su.
Marie Trigona marubuciya ce da ke zaune a Argentina. Ana iya samun ta ta hanyar shafin ta www.mujereslibres.blogspot.com
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