Sanannen abu ne a yanzu cewa rashin daidaiton kudin shiga da wadata a mafi yawan kasashe masu arziki, musamman Amurka, sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma, abin takaici, ya kara tabarbarewa tun bayan Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki. Amma sauran duniya fa? Tazarar da ke tsakanin kasashe tana raguwa, yayin da masu karfin tattalin arziki irin su China da Indiya suka fitar da daruruwan miliyoyin mutane daga kangin talauci? Kuma a cikin kasashe matalauta da masu matsakaicin kudin shiga, rashin daidaito yana kara tabarbarewa ne ko kuma ya fi kyau? Shin muna tafiya zuwa ga duniya mafi adalci, ko mafi rashin adalci?
Wadannan tambayoyi ne masu sarkakiya, kuma sabon bincike da wani masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin Duniya mai suna Branko Milanovic, tare da wasu masana suka yi, ya nuna hanyar da za a bi wajen samun wasu amsoshi.
Tun daga karni na 18, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya samar da babban arziki ga Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Tabbas, rashin daidaito a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya kasance abin ban tsoro - tunanin masana'antar Liverpool da Manchester, Ingila, a cikin 1820s, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi Lower East Side na Manhattan da Kudancin Chicago a cikin 1890s - amma rata tsakanin masu hannu da shuni da sauran su, a matsayin al’amarin duniya, sun kara fadada, har zuwa kusan yakin duniya na biyu. Har wala yau, rashin daidaito tsakanin kasashe ya fi rashin daidaito a cikin kasashen.
Amma tun daga faduwar gurguzu a ƙarshen 1980s, haɓakar tattalin arzikin duniya ya ƙaru kuma gibin da ke tsakanin ƙasashe ya fara raguwa. Lokacin daga 1988 zuwa 2008 "zai iya ganin raguwa ta farko a cikin rashin daidaito na duniya tsakanin 'yan duniya tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu," Mista Milanovic, wanda aka haifa a tsohuwar Yugoslavia kuma shine marubucin "The Haves and the Have-Nots: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Rashin daidaituwa na Duniya, "ya rubuta a cikin wata takarda da aka buga a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata. Yayin da gibin dake tsakanin wasu yankuna ya ragu sosai - wato, tsakanin Asiya da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasashen yamma - akwai gibi mai yawa. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na duniya, ta ƙasa, ya kusanta tare cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, musamman kan ƙarfin ci gaban China da Indiya. Amma gaba ɗaya daidaito tsakanin bil'adama, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin daidaikun mutane, ya ɗan inganta sosai. (Ma'aunin Gini, ma'aunin rashin daidaituwa, ya inganta da maki 1.4 kawai daga 2002 zuwa 2008.)
Don haka yayin da al'ummomi a Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Latin Amurka, gaba ɗaya, na iya fuskantar yammacin duniya, an bar matalauta a ko'ina a baya, har ma a wurare kamar China inda suka ɗan amfana daga haɓakar rayuwa.
Daga 1988 zuwa 2008, Mista Milanovic ya gano, mutanen da ke cikin kashi 1 cikin dari na duniya sun ga kudaden shiga ya karu da kashi 60 cikin dari, yayin da wadanda ke cikin kashi 5 na kasa ba su da wani canji a cikin kudaden shiga. Kuma yayin da kudaden shiga na tsakiya ya inganta sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, har yanzu akwai rashin daidaituwa mai yawa: 8 bisa dari na bil'adama yana daukar gida kashi 50 na kudin shiga na duniya; kashi 1 na sama kawai yana ɗaukar kashi 15 cikin ɗari. Ribar kudin shiga ya kasance mafi girma a tsakanin manyan duniya - masu gudanar da harkokin kudi da na kamfanoni a kasashe masu arziki - da kuma manyan "tsakanin aji masu tasowa" na Sin, Indiya, Indonesia da Brazil. Wanene ya rasa? 'Yan Afirka, wasu 'yan Latin Amurka, da mutanen Gabashin Turai bayan kwaminisanci da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, Mista Milanovic ya gano.
Amurka ta ba da misali mai banƙyama ga duniya. Kuma saboda, ta hanyoyi da yawa, Amurka sau da yawa "ta jagoranci duniya," idan wasu suka bi misalin Amurka, ba ta da kyau a nan gaba.
A gefe guda, faɗaɗa kuɗin shiga da rashin daidaiton arziki a Amurka wani ɓangare ne na yanayin da ake gani a yammacin duniya. Wani bincike na 2011 da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba ya gano cewa rashin daidaituwar kudin shiga ya fara karuwa a ƙarshen ’70s da farkon 80s a Amurka da Biritaniya (da kuma a Isra’ila). Halin ya zama mafi yaduwa tun daga ƙarshen 80s. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga ya karu har ma a cikin ƙasashen da aka saba da daidaito kamar Jamus, Sweden da Denmark. Tare da wasu kaɗan - Faransa, Japan, Spain - manyan kashi 10 cikin 10 na masu samun kuɗi a mafi yawan ci gaban tattalin arziki sun yi gaba, yayin da kashi XNUMX na ƙasa ya faɗo a baya.
Amma yanayin bai kasance na duniya ba, ko kuma babu makawa. A cikin wadannan shekaru guda, kasashe kamar Chile, Mexico, Girka, Turkiyya da Hungary sun sami nasarar rage (a wasu lokuta masu girma) rashin daidaiton kudaden shiga sosai, wanda ke nuna cewa rashin daidaituwa ya samo asali ne na siyasa ba wai kawai sojojin tattalin arziki ba. Ba gaskiya ba ne cewa rashin daidaito wani abu ne da ba makawa ya haifar na dunkulewar duniya, da zirga-zirgar ’yan kwadago, jari, kayayyaki da ayyuka, da canjin fasaha da ke baiwa ma’aikata ƙwararru da ƙwararrun ilimi.
Daga cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki, Amurka tana da wasu mafi munin bambance-bambance a cikin kudaden shiga da dama, tare da mummunar illar tattalin arziki. Jimillar kayayyakin cikin gida na Amurka ya ninka fiye da sau hudu a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata kuma ya kusan ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, amma kamar yadda aka sani a yanzu, fa'idar ta kai sama - kuma tana karuwa zuwa sama sosai.
A bara, kashi 1 cikin 22 na Amurkawa sun ɗauki kashi 0.1 cikin 11 na kuɗin shiga na ƙasar; saman kashi 2009, kashi 1. Kashi 45 cikin 40 na duk ribar da aka samu tun XNUMX sun kai kashi XNUMX na sama. Alkaluman kidayar da aka fitar kwanan nan sun nuna cewa matsakaicin kudin shiga a Amurka bai ragu ba cikin kusan karni kwata. Ba'amurke ɗan adam ya yi ƙasa da yadda ya yi shekaru XNUMX da suka gabata (bayan daidaitawa don hauhawar farashin kaya); mazan da suka kammala karatun sakandare amma ba su da digiri na kwaleji na shekaru hudu sun yi kusan kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX kasa da yadda suka yi shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.
Rashin daidaiton Amurka ya fara karuwa shekaru 30 da suka gabata, tare da rage haraji ga masu hannu da shuni da kuma sassauta dokoki kan fannin hada-hadar kudi. Wannan ba daidaituwa ba ne. Ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da muka kasa saka hannun jari a ababen more rayuwa, ilimi da tsarin kula da lafiya, da cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa. Haɓaka rashin daidaito yana ƙarfafa kanta ta hanyar lalata tsarin siyasarmu da mulkin dimokuradiyya.
Kuma da alama Turai tana son bin mugun misalin Amurka. Rungumar tsuke bakin aljihu, daga Biritaniya zuwa Jamus, na haifar da rashin aikin yi, da faɗuwar albashi da ƙara rashin daidaito. Jami'ai irin su Angela Merkel, sabuwar shugabar gwamnatin Jamus da aka sake zaba da kuma Mario Draghi, shugaban babban bankin Turai, suna jayayya cewa matsalolin Turai sun samo asali ne sakamakon kumburewar kashe kudade na jin dadin jama'a. Amma wannan layin tunani ya ɗauki Turai cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki (har ma da baƙin ciki). Wataƙila abubuwa sun ƙare - cewa koma bayan tattalin arziki na iya ƙarewa "a hukumance" - ƙaramin kwanciyar hankali ne ga miliyan 27 daga aiki a cikin EU A ɓangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun ce, su ci gaba: waɗannan kwayoyi ne masu ɗaci da ya kamata mu sha don samun wadata. Amma wadata ga wa?
Matsakaicin kudade - wanda ke taimakawa bayyana matsayin Birtaniyya a matsayin kasa ta biyu mafi rashin daidaito, bayan Amurka, a cikin manyan kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki a duniya - kuma yana taimakawa bayyana rashin daidaiton da ke tashe. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, raunin shugabancin kamfanoni da lalata haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa ya haifar da karuwar gibi tsakanin albashin manyan jami'an gudanarwa da na ma'aikata na yau da kullum - har yanzu ba a kai ga matakin 500-to-1 na manyan kamfanoni na Amurka ba (kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya ta kiyasta). ) amma har yanzu ya fi matakan koma bayan tattalin arziki. (Jafan, wanda ya hana biyan kuɗi na zartarwa, sanannen ban mamaki ne.) Sabbin sabbin abubuwa na Amurka a cikin neman hayar - wadatar da kansu ba ta hanyar sanya girman kek ɗin tattalin arziƙi ya fi girma ba amma ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin don ƙwace yanki mafi girma - sun tafi duniya.
Haɗin kai na asymmetric shima ya yi tasiri a duk faɗin duniya. Babban jarin wayar hannu ya bukaci ma’aikata su yi rangwamen albashi sannan gwamnatoci su yi sassaucin haraji. Sakamakon shine tsere zuwa kasa. Ana fuskantar barazana ga albashi da yanayin aiki. Kamfanonin majagaba kamar Apple, waɗanda aikinsu ya dogara da babban ci gaba a kimiyya da fasaha, yawancinsu da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗaɗen su, sun kuma nuna kwazo sosai wajen guje wa haraji. Suna shirye su ɗauka, amma ba don mayar da su ba.
Rashin daidaito da talauci a tsakanin yara abin kunya ne na musamman. Sun yi watsi da shawarwarin dama na cewa talauci ya samo asali ne daga kasala da rashin zabi; yara ba za su iya zaɓar iyayensu ba. A Amurka, kusan daya cikin hudu na rayuwa cikin talauci; a Spain da Girka, kusan daya cikin shida; a Ostiraliya, Biritaniya da Kanada, fiye da ɗaya cikin 10. Babu wani daga cikin wannan da ke da makawa. Wasu ƙasashe sun zaɓi samar da ƙarin daidaiton tattalin arziki: Koriya ta Kudu, inda a cikin rabin ƙarni da suka gabata ɗaya cikin mutane 10 kawai ya sami digiri na kwaleji, a yau yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar kammala jami'a a duniya.
Saboda wadannan dalilai, na ga mun shiga cikin duniyar da ta rabu ba kawai tsakanin masu hannu da shuni ba, har ma tsakanin kasashen da ba su yi komai ba, da kuma wadanda ba su yi ba. Wasu ƙasashe za su yi nasara wajen samar da wadata gama gari - kawai irin wadata da na yi imani da gaske mai dorewa. Wasu kuma za su bar rashin daidaito su yi tashe. A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin da suka rabu, masu arziki za su yi farauta a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da kyau, kusan an raba su da matalauta, wanda rayuwarsu ba za ta iya kwatanta su ba, kuma akasin haka. Na ziyarci al'ummomin da da alama sun zaɓi wannan hanyar. Ba wurare ba ne da yawancinmu za mu so mu zauna a ciki, ko a cikin ƙauyukansu da ba su da ƙarfi ko kuma ƙauyukansu masu matsananciyar wahala.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi