Source: Manufofin Harkokin Waje a Mai da hankali
Tun da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta Arewacin Amurka ta fara aiki, tattalin arziƙin Amurka da Mexico sun haɗu sosai. Mutane masu aiki a ɓangarorin biyu na Mexico/U.S. Ba wai kawai wannan haɗin kai ya shafi kan iyaka ba: su ne abinsa. Haɗin kai da kamfanoni ke sarrafawa yana neman haɓaka riba da tura albashi da fa'idodi zuwa ƙasa, sarrafa kwararar mutanen da aka raba da muhallansu sakamakon haka, dawo da haƙƙoƙi da fa'idodin zamantakewar da aka samu cikin shekaru da yawa, da raunana ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a cikin ƙasashen biyu.
Ma'aikatan Amurka da na Mexico wani bangare ne na tsarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da kuma amfani da duniya. Ba wai kawai dangantakar kasashen biyu ba ce. Ayyuka suna tafiya daga Amurka da Kanada zuwa Mexico don rage farashin ma'aikata. Amma daga Meziko, waɗannan ayyukan iri ɗaya suna zuwa China ko Bangladesh ko wasu ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda farashin ma'aikata ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa.
Wuraren samarwa da yawa suna lalata damar cinikin ƙungiyoyi. Grupo Mexico, wani katafaren kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Mexico, na iya amfani da ribar da aka samu a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Peru don ba da tallafin kuɗaɗen karya yajin aiki a Cananea sannan kuma ya sayi ma'adinan tagulla a Arizona tare da tilastawa ma'aikatan Amurka shiga yajin aikin.
Bayar da wutar lantarki a Meziko, wanda Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Mexico (SME) ta yi yaƙi shekaru ashirin, ba wai kawai ya shafi 'yan Mexico ba. Lokacin da dokokin Mexico da suka hana samar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnati sun raunana, wani shiri na kai hari ga ƙungiyar kai tsaye, kamfanoni kamar San Diego Gas da Electric sun kafa tsire-tsire a kan iyakar. Suna samar da wutar lantarki don grid na Amurka, a ƙananan albashi kuma tare da ƙarancin tsari.
Makamashi maquiladoras, a zahiri, yana ba ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a Amurka dalili don taimakawa ma'aikatan Mexico su ƙi mallakar kamfani. Haɗin kai, duk da haka, yana buƙatar fiye da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke fuskantar ma'aikaci ɗaya. Yana buƙatar haɗin kai wajen yin adawa da sauye-sauye na neoliberal kamar mai zaman kansa da tallafawa SME lokacin da ta buƙaci sake fasalin ƙasa, kamar yadda yake yi a yau.
Ba kawai samarwa ba. Ita ma Amurka tana fitar da akida zuwa kasashen waje. Gyaran ilimi a Mexico ya fito ne daga gidauniyar Gates da Broad. Su dai masu zaman kansu iri daya ne da ke kai hari ga malaman Amurka. A Mexico suna samun tallafi daga USAID, kuma abokin aikinsu shine Mexicanos Primero, wanda Claudio X. Gonzalez da Claudio Gonzalez Guajardo ke gudanarwa, ɗaya daga cikin iyalai mafi arziki a Mexico. Hare-haren da suka kai kan malamai ya sanya yanayin bacewar dalibai 43 da kuma kisan gilla a Ayotzinapa.
A cikin kasashen biyu, manyan fadace-fadacen kungiyoyin na neman adana abin da ma'aikata suka samu a baya, a cikin tsarin siyasa mai adawa wanda ba mu da iko a kai. Ƙungiyoyin Mexica sun makale a cikin tsarin ƙwadago na jihohi, wanda gwamnati ke ba da tabbacin kasancewar ƙungiyoyi, kuma a cikin babban mataki ke sarrafa cinikinsu. A cikin Amurka, ma'aikata na fuskantar barazanar tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, faɗuwar yawa, da tsarin doka da na siyasa masu goyon bayan kamfanoni. Tabbas Trump da COVID sun yi wannan muni, amma rikicin ya wanzu kafin su zo.
Lokacin da Vicente Fox da National Action Party suka kayar da jam'iyya mai mulki ta Mexico, Jam'iyyar juyin juya hali ta Institutionalized (PRI), a shekara ta 2000, ta haifar da wani sabon yanayi inda ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwar gwamnati suka fara rasa matsayinsu na gata. Masu daukan ma'aikata da gwamnati sun kasance masu son yin amfani da karfi da danniya. Aiki na wucin gadi ya zama doka kuma ya yadu, kamar yadda yake a Amurka. Kungiyoyin kwadago a kasar Mexico a yau suna muhawara kan ko yanayin kungiyoyin kwadago da ma’aikata ya canza sosai tare da sabuwar gwamnatin shugaba Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, wanda bangaren hagu ya goyi bayansa.
A cikin Amurka, sake fasalin dokar aiki, kiwon lafiyar ƙasa, da sauran sauye-sauye na ma'aikata sun zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba a siyasance, har ma a ƙarƙashin shugabannin Demokraɗiyya. Bangaren jama'a na Amurka, bangaren da ya fi karfin siyasa na kungiyar kwadagon Amurka, ya zama makasudin hakkin Amurka.
Yayin da hare-haren da ake kai wa kungiyoyin kwadago ke kara karfi, hadin kai ya zama wajibi don rayuwa. Ƙungiyoyin suna fuskantar wata muhimmiyar tambaya a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka - shin za su iya yin nasara a yakin da suke fuskanta a yau, musamman na siyasa, ba tare da haɗa kai tsaye ba?
Abin farin ciki, wannan ba tambaya ba ce, domin an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.
Samuwar Haɗin Kan Iyakoki
Shekaru bayan wucewar NAFTA ya ga babban haɓakar ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da ma'aikatan Amurka da na Mexico suka yi. Benestico Martinez, Sakatare Janar na ingantaccen aiki na gaba, aka bayyana shi wannan hanyar: "Nafta ya firgita da sauran kungiyoyin kasa, amma mutane a cikin kungiyoyin gida, don kafa sabuwar dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma neman hadin kai. Abin da ya sa shugabanninsu suka mai da hankali kan iyakar.”
Martinez da masu fafutuka daga kasashen biyu sun shirya yayin muhawarar NAFTA don nuna wa ma'aikatan Amurka cewa ma'aikatan Mexico ba abokan gaba ba ne. Dole ne su yi wannan kasa-kasa saboda har yanzu AFL-CIO tana goyan bayan ciniki cikin 'yanci kuma suna da alaƙa kawai tare da ƙungiyoyin cin hanci da rashawa a Mexico, saboda sun kasance masu adawa da kwaminisanci. Wadannan masu fafutuka na hagu sun tafi daga birni zuwa birni da zauren kungiyar zuwa zauren kungiyar don tsara Cibiyar Sadarwar Mexica ta Kare Kasuwancin Kyauta, wanda har yanzu akwai.
A cikin haɓakar haɗin kai na ƙarshen 1990s, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun sami takwarorinsu a kan iyaka. An kirkiro cibiyar sadarwar haɗin kai ta farko, Coalition for Justice a cikin Maquiladoras, yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawarar NAFTA. Yawancin kokarin da ya yi an yi shi ne don tallafawa ma'aikatan da ke ƙoƙarin tsara ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a kan iyaka, don fita daga cikin kwangilar kariya na ƙauna da ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan kamfanoni suka sanya hannu a bayansu.
A Tijuana, ma’aikata sun shirya wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Plasticos Bajacal a shekara ta 1992. Lokacin da kamfanin ya kori shugabannin, ’yan fafutuka na ƙungiyar a San Diego sun tara kuɗin don biyan su albashin da suka rasa don su ci gaba da yin shiri. Ma’aikata sun yi tawaye a katafaren kamfanin Sony da ke Nuevo Laredo kuma an yi musu duka tare da kai musu hari da tutocin wuta a lokacin da suke kokarin zaben shugabanninsu. A karshen shekarun 1990, ma'aikatan da ke neman kungiyarsu sun shiga yajin aikin har sau biyu a masana'antar Han Young ta Tijuana, daya daga cikin mafi girma, mafi tsawo, kuma mafi mahimmanci kokarin shirya wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a kan iyaka.
Sauran ma'aikata sun gwada irin wannan abu a Duro Bag, Custom Trim / Auto Trim, da Levis / Lajat, wadanda kamfanoni ne na Amurka. Comite Fronterizo de Obreras ya shirya ma'aikata a Alcoa / Fujikura, kuma har yanzu yana yin hakan a yau tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar ma'adinai na Mexico (Mineros) da United Steelworkers.
Shari'ar Naffa ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin ma'aikatan da ke tsakaninta (UE) da ingantaccen aiki na gaba (mai) ,, bisa kamfen na ainihi a ƙasa. Ma'aikatan Sadarwa na Amurka sun kafa dangantaka ta kud da kud da Ma'aikatan Wayar Mexico. Ƙungiyar Longshore ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Warehouse ta aika da tawagogi, da farko zuwa Veracruz lokacin da aka farfasa ƙungiyar ma'aikatanta, sa'an nan kuma zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Pacific yayin da ake mai da su.
Bayan da aka zabi John Sweeney a matsayin shugaban AFL-CIO, tsohuwar manufofin adawa da kwaminisanci sun fara canzawa, kuma an kafa Cibiyar Haɗin kai ta AFL-CIO don maye gurbin tsohon tsarin Cold-War. Cibiyar Haɗin kai ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Tallafawa Ma'aikata (CAT) a Puebla.
CAT ta yi amfani da damar tsallake-tsallake akan ma'aikatan Mexico da Amurka, suna samarwa ga kasuwar Amurka. United Students Against Sweatshops sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da rigunan da ake sayar da su a shagunan koleji da aka samar a shukar Kuk Dong a Puebla, inda aka yi wa ma’aikata duka saboda ƙoƙarin shirya wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Tallafin ɗalibai ya taimaka wajen samun kwangila. Ma'aikatan mota a masana'antar hada-hadar a Michigan sun gaya wa Ford da GM kada su shigo da sassa daga Johnson Controls sai dai idan sun sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Mineros a Mexico.
Ma'aikatan Mineros da Ma'aikatan Karfe na United suna kulle a cikin rikici gaba ɗaya tare da Grupo Mexico. A lokacin yajin shekaru 12 a Cananea ƙungiyoyin Amurka sun aika da kuɗi da abinci a kan iyakar, shirya ayyukan tallafi a cikin Amurka, kuma sun ba da mafaka ga shugaban Mineros a Kanada lokacin da gwamnatin Mexico za ta jefa shi a kurkuku.
Sun kulla kawance da masu kula da muhalli bayan da aka zubar da guba mai yawa daga mahakar Cananea da ta lalata garuruwan da ke gabar kogin Sonora. Bayan haka, ko da bayan shekaru na rashi, masu hakar ma’adinai a Cananea sun aika tallafi ga ’yan’uwansu mata da ’yan’uwansu a Arizona da New Mexico sa’ad da Grupo Mexico ta tilasta musu yin yajin aiki shekara guda da ta shige.
Ƙungiyoyin {ungiyoyin {asar Amirka, ba su kasance cikin faɗan farko game da mayar da wutar lantarki ba, a wani ɓangare saboda SME yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Duniya (WFTU), babban babu a lokacin yakin cacar. Wannan haramcin ya canza, kuma SME ta sami goyon baya ta Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai ta Trinational da kuma tarurruka tsakanin shugabannin AFL-CIO. A cikin 2013 sama da ma'aikata 50,000, ɗalibai, da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi zanga-zanga a ofishin jakadancin Mexico a duniya.
An shirya haɗin gwiwar Tri-National Coalition don Kare Ilimin Jama'a a cikin 1993, shekarar kafin NAFTA ta fara aiki. A lokacin yajin aikin 2006 da malaman Mexico suka yi kan sake fasalin ilimin kamfanoni, malamai daga Oaxaca sun yi tafiya zuwa California kuma sun yi magana a taron Ƙungiyar Malamai ta California. California tana da ɗimbin ɗaliban Mexico a makarantunta, kuma yawancin baƙi da kansu yanzu suna aiki a matsayin malamai, don haka haɗin kan malamai na kan iyaka yana haɓaka.
A hankali, ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi suna ganin mahimmancin ma'aikata waɗanda aka dasa ƙafafu a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka. UFW, alal misali, ta haɓaka dabarun haɗin gwiwa tare da Frente Indigena de Organizaciones Binacionales (FIOB). Ta dauki hayar masu shirya Oaxacan, ƙwararrun harsunan ƴan asalin, da nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da hare-haren shige da fice a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin a Greenfield a cikin kwarin Salinas na California.
Tsakanin 2013 da 2105, ma'aikatan gonaki na Triqui da Mixteco, 'yan cirani daga Oaxaca, sun shiga yajin aiki a duka Baja California da Burlington, Washington. Daga nan sai suka hau kauracewa duniya na Driscoll's, babban kamfanin berry a duniya. Sun sami kwangila a Washington, kuma a Baja California sun shirya wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce har yanzu tana gwagwarmayar kwangila a can. Bonifacio Martinez, wani ma'aikacin gona a Baja California, ya yi bayanin, "Idan kamfanonin na duniya ne a yanzu, mu ma'aikatan dole ne mu zama na duniya."
A cikin 2000s, kodayake, matakin ayyukan ƙetare ya ƙi. Yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci a Amurka da yakin muggan kwayoyi a Mexico ya yi tasiri sosai kan ma'aikata da kungiyoyin kwadago. A gefen iyakar, kisan da aka yi wa mata ma'aikatan maquila a Juarez, gano gawarwakin daruruwan bakin haure a cikin manyan kaburbura, da karuwar tashin hankali duk sun yi tasiri ga ma'aikata.
Duk da ta'addancin, ma'aikata sun tafi yajin aikin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Juarez a cikin 2017 a wasu manyan masana'antu a Arewacin Amurka. Sannan kuma, a garin Matamoros, ma’aikata sama da 40,000 ne suka afkawa ma’aikatun majalisar Amurka a lokacin da masu su suka ki biyan karin mafi karancin albashin da AMLO ya umarta a daidai lokacin da ya hau mulki a shekarar 2018. Kuma a baya-bayan nan, ma’aikata sun kai hari kan masana’antun mallakar Amurka wadanda suka ki yin biyayya ga dokar. umarnin gwamnati na dakatar da samarwa yayin rikicin COVID. A masana'antar Lear kadai, ma'aikata 13 sun mutu daga cutar.
A mayar da martani, kamfanonin sun yi kira ga shugaba Trump. Masana'antar tsaron Amurka tana ƙara dogaro da ci gaba da samarwa daga waɗannan tsire-tsire. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi wa gwamnatin Mexico barazana, kuma an bar kamfanonin su sake fara samar da kayayyaki. Amma duk da haka kusan babu kuka daga masu fafutuka da shugabanni a Amurka lokacin da gwamnati ta tilastawa ma'aikata komawa cikin waɗancan tsire-tsire, da sanin cewa da yawa daga cikinsu za su mutu sakamakon haka.
Makomar Hadin kai
A arewacin Mexico, masana'antar maquiladora har yanzu tana da girma. Tsirrai dubu uku suna daukar ma'aikata sama da miliyan 1.3. Ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a kan iyakar zai canza siyasar Mexico da siyasar Amurka kuma.
Miliyoyin mutanen da ke zuwa Amurka wata gada ce tsakanin kasashen biyu. Shirya ma'aikatan Mexico a wuraren wankin motoci a Los Angeles da Chicago, alal misali, zai taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin Amurka girma, ba tare da shakka ba. Amma kuma zai taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi a Mexico, ta hanyar ba da ƙarin iko ga ma'aikatan da suka san muhimmancin tallafawa masu hakar ma'adinai a Cananea ko ma'aikatan lantarki a Mexico City.
Taimakon ma'aikatan Amurka don amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniyar cinikayya, duk da haka, bai dace da ra'ayin fada tare ba, kuma ya yi watsi da abin da ƙungiyoyi suka sani na gaskiya daga shekaru talatin na kwarewa. Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Amurka sun san abin da manufar NAFTA ta kasance, a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka: don kawo tattalin arzikin Amurka da Mexico kusa da juna, rage farashin aiki a kasashen biyu, da raunana ƙungiyoyi da kariyar zamantakewa ga ma'aikata. Kuma sun san abin da NAFTA ta yi. Amurka ta yi asarar ayyuka miliyan guda. Miliyoyin 'yan Mexico ne aka jefar da ƙasarsu da kuma barin ayyukansu su ma. Adadin mutanen da suka tsallaka kan iyaka don tsira ya karu daga miliyan 4.5 zuwa miliyan 12 a cikin shekaru 15 kacal.
Manufar sabuwar yarjejeniyar kasuwanci, USMCA, ba ta bambanta ba, kuma babban tasiri zai kasance iri ɗaya. Ma'aikata bai kamata ya rikita kasusuwan da aka jefa don samun kuri'u a Majalisa tare da ainihin tasirin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa da suka san zai yi ba. Gyaran dokar ƙwadago na Mexico, wani abu da ƙungiyar Mexiko ta yi yaƙi shekaru da yawa don samun nasara, an ɗauke shi a matsayin wani tsarin ciniki don kare ayyuka a masana'antu a Amurka. Don kayar da tsarin ciniki cikin 'yanci yana buƙatar faɗa ɗaya.
Bayan haka, ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinai da aka yi baƙar fata a Cananea, ko ma’aikatan lantarki da aka kora a birnin Mexico, sun zama ma’aikata da masu shirya ƙungiyoyi a Phoenix, Los Angeles da New York. Ma'aikatan aikin gona na bakin tekun yamma, ko suna aiki a San Quintin, Watsonville, ko Burlington, Washington, sun fito daga al'ummomi iri ɗaya, suna magana da yaruka iri ɗaya, kuma suna fuskantar manyan ƴan kasuwa iri ɗaya.
Kamar yadda ya kasance mai zafi ga 'yan Mexico da kansu, ƙaura na Mexico zuwa Amurka ya kasance tushen ƙarfi ga ƙungiyoyin Amurka. Miliyoyin mutane wata gada ce tsakanin kasashen biyu da kungiyoyin kwadago. Yaƙin neman haƙƙin ma'aikatan Mexico da baƙi a Amurka wani bangare ne na haɗin kai.
Al'adar haɗin kai tana nufin cewa ma'aikata sun fahimci cewa jin daɗin kansu yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin sauran ma'aikata, kuma a shirye suke su yi aiki akan wannan fahimtar. Ma'aikata ba za su iya kawai gamsu da cewa suna da aiki da kwangila tare da albashin da zai iya tallafawa iyali, sannan kuma ya juya baya ga ma'aikacin da ke yajin aiki a San Quintin ko Cananea, ko ma'aikacin lantarki a yajin cin abinci a Mexico City. , ko ma'aikaci yana yaƙi da rufe masana'anta a California.
An daure mu duka.
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