Source: Capital & Main
Ba da daɗewa ba kafin zaben Donald Trump a 2016, da Pacific Legal Foundation ta shigar da kara a kan dokar samun damar ma'aikacin noma na California a kotun tarayya a madadin kamfanoni biyu - Cedar Point Nursery a gundumar Siskiyou da Kamfanin Packing na Fowler a Fresno. Gidauniyar ƙungiyar 'yanci ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wacce ke riƙe haƙƙin mallaka da tsarki da yaƙin neman zaɓe na adawa da daidaiton launin fata. Yakai ga nadin na Amy Coney Barrett zuwa babbar kotu.
Tsarin shiga, wanda ya fara aiki bayan wucewar Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta Noma a cikin 1975, ya ba da damar masu shirya ƙungiyoyi su zo kan kadarorin manoma da safe kafin aiki don yin magana da ma'aikata. A cewar hukumar kwadago littafin Jagora, "Ka'idojin samun damar Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Aikin Noma na nufin tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan gona, waɗanda galibi ana iya tuntuɓar su kawai a wurin aikinsu, suna da damar sanar da su tare da ɗan katsewar ayyukan aiki."
Hukumar tana buƙatar ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwa ga ma'aikacin kafin shiga, kuma masu shirya ba za su hana aiki ba. Za su iya yin magana kawai na sa'a guda kafin da bayan aiki da kuma lokacin abincin rana, kuma suna iya samun damar yin amfani da jimlar kwanaki 120 kawai a cikin shekara guda.
Masu haɓakawa koyaushe suna ƙin tsarin shiga, kuma da yawa da farko sun ƙi yin biyayya. Tsohon mai shirya ma'aikatan gona na United Farm Fred Ross Jr. ya tuna an kama shi sau da yawa a Santa Maria saboda samun damar shiga. "Wannan duk game da iko ne da wanda ke da shi," in ji shi. “Masu noma suna da shi duka, kuma ma’aikatansu babu. Sun so su mamaye. A wurinsu ma’aikata ba su da ‘yancin yin magana.”
Kara da PLF ta shigar, Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, ya ja hankalin fiye da tallafin da ake iya faɗi na California da Farm Bureaus. Amicus takaitaccen bayani sun fito ne daga rundunonin hukumomin shari'a na dama, ciki har da Jihohin Dutse da Gidauniyar Shari'a ta Kudu maso Gabas, Cibiyoyin Pelican da Cato, har ma da lauyoyin Republican na Oklahoma, Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, da Texas. Takaddun kamfanin ya bayyana sama da hangen nesa na "tambayoyin masu shirya wani ɓangare na uku" kuma ya yi gargaɗi, "Idan irin wannan mulkin ya yaɗu, masu mallakar dukiya a cikin yawancin al'ummar za su ga 'yancinsu ya ragu sosai yayin da gwamnatoci ke ƙara takunkumin mamaye dukiyarsu."
SIYASA ATMOSPHER
Da a ce yanayin siyasa a kasar bai canza ba a cikin shekaru 40 da aka fara aiwatar da dokar, da ba za a taba shigar da karar ba kwata-kwata. Agribusiness ya kalubalanci tsarin samun dama daga farkonsa kuma ya tafi har zuwa Kotun Koli ta California, inda masu noman sun yi hasarar a shekarar 1976. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, hangen nesa na Kotun Kolin Amurka mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya yi watsi da shi a cikin shekaru na karshe na gwamnatin Obama, kuma zaben Trump ya kai ga nada alkalai uku na hannun dama, wanda ya baiwa kotun rinjaye 6-3 na mazan jiya.
Lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba don sauraron karar da manoman suka yi daga asarar da suka yi a Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, yawancin masu lura da shari'a sun damu. Jerry Cohen, wanda ya taimaka rubuta dokar a matsayin darektan shari'a na UFW ya ce "Hukunce-hukuncen kotunan jihar kan batutuwan da suka shafi jihohi a da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta girmama su." “Hakkin jihohi ya kasance batun ‘yan Republican. Yanzu samfurin ƙarshe shine duk abin da ke da mahimmanci. "
Wannan ƙarshen samfurin shine ci gaba da lalata wutar lantarki ga ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan gona. "Idan ba tare da ka'ida ba, ƙungiyar kamar ma'aikata ba ta dace ba, kuma da gaske babu 'yancin yin magana," in ji Ross. “Rasa shi yana ƙarfafa ƙarfi da sarrafa masu noman. Wani karin rauni ne ga haƙƙin tsara tsari.”
Halin asali na kwat din yanzu ya kasance wani ɗan gajeren yajin aiki a Dorris, kusa da iyakar Oregon, inda ɗaruruwan ma'aikatan gona ke ƙaura daga Kudancin California a kowace shekara don datse tsire-tsire na strawberry. A cikin 2015, a cewar wani ma'aikaci. Jessica rodriguez, kamfanin ya biya karancin albashi, yana da gurbatacciyar banɗaki da cin zarafi da tsoratar da ma'aikata. Sun kira United Farm Workers, wadanda suka aika da masu shirya kuma suka shigar da karar a karkashin dokar shiga don yin magana da su a kan kadarorin. Yajin aikin dai ya dauki tsawon yini guda ne. A Fowler Packing ƙungiyar ta shigar da karar don samun damar yin magana da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da ba ta da alaƙa, kuma kamfanin kawai ya ƙi barin masu shirya su shiga cikin kadarorin.
MUHIMMAN KAYAN AIKI
A cikin shekaru da yawa dokar shiga ta zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara ma'aikata. Jerry Cohen ya tuna tattaunawarsa da wanda ya kafa UFW Cesar Chavez, yayin tattaunawa da Gwamna na lokacin. Jerry Brown, wanda ya sanya hannu kan dokar a wa’adinsa na farko a shekara ta 1975. “Cesar ya gaya mana cewa mu sami abubuwa masu amfani, da za su iya taimaka wa ma’aikata su tsara,” in ji shi. "Inda ma'aikata ke tare yana da sauƙi ga ƙungiyar ta tattauna da su."
Dokar shiga ta fara aiki a lokacin da UFW ke da ƙarfi. Ma'auni na iko tsakanin ma'aikata da masu shuka ya canza, kuma zuwa farkon 1980s fiye da Ma'aikatan gona 40,000 suna da kwangilolin kungiyar. Ga Eliseo Medina, wanda ya girma a cikin dangin ma'aikacin gona kuma ya zama jagorar mai tsarawa, "Dokar ta kasance misali mai kyau cewa masu noman ba su da iko duka. Canji ne babba. Mutane sun ga masu shirya suna zuwa kan kadarorin, kuma suna iya yin tattaunawa a wurin aiki game da makomarsu. Hakan ya baiwa mutane kwarin gwiwa cewa canjin zai yiwu. "
A 1996, a lokacin da babban yakin neman zabe sun fara shirya masana'antar strawberry a Watsonville, masu shirya taron sun ziyarci ma'aikatan da za su zaɓe a fagage da dama. Sun buga takardan yanka a bangon Porta Potties, kuma sun gudanar da tarurruka inda ma’aikatan strawberry suka rubuta bukatunsu na kara wasu mafi karancin albashi a harkar noma, don amfanin lafiya da kuma kawo karshen nuna wariya wajen daukar ma’aikata. Sannan kuma a cikin tarurrukan fili sun shirya tattaki zuwa ofisoshin kamfanin, inda aka sanar da bukatun.
A cikin 2015 an yi amfani da dokar shiga cikin McFarland a cikin San Joaquin Valley, inda ma'aikatan da suka fusata kan albashinsu sun shiga yajin aikin. Sun kira masu shirya UFW, wadanda suka yi amfani da tarurruka a cikin filayen lokacin cin abinci da kuma bayan aiki don tattara sa hannun kan takardar neman zabe. Bayan da ma'aikata suka kada kuri'a da yawa ga kungiyar, masu zabar blueberry sun zabi kwamitin ranch kuma daga karshe suka yi shawarwari da kwangila tare da Kasuwancin Gourmet.
Lokacin da Pacific Legal Foundation ya yi jayayya a cikin 2017 a gaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na zagaye na tara, inda a karshe ta yi rashin nasara, lauyanta Wen Fa ya bayyana, "Masu noman ba su da matsala a cikin kungiyar suna magana da ma'aikata. A nan ne suke tattaunawa da ma'aikatan. … [Akwai] hanyoyi da yawa don ƙungiyar don yin magana da ma'aikata… Duk ma'aikata [a Cedar Point Nursery da Fowler Packing Company] suna zaune a gidaje ko otal. Da yawa suna da wayoyin hannu.”
ALRA ta gane, duk da haka, yana da wahala ga ma'aikatan gona su tsara fiye da sauran ma'aikata, kuma saita tsari mai sauri don samun amincewar ƙungiyar fiye da yadda Dokar Harkokin Kwadago ta Ƙasa ta yi wa sauran ma'aikata a 1936. Domin ma'aikatan gona suna aiki ne kawai na tsawon lokaci, wanda zai iya ɗaukar makonni kawai, za a gudanar da zaɓen wakilcin ƙungiyar mako guda bayan da ma'aikata suka kai karar su, kuma a cikin sa'o'i 48 kawai idan. akwai yajin aiki.
Ana buƙatar masu shuka su samar da jerin sunayen ma'aikata masu adireshi. "Waɗannan jerin sunayen ba su da kyau, ko da yake," in ji Medina. Yawancin ma'aikatan Cedar Point suna rayuwa a haƙiƙanin ɗaruruwan mil daga ayyukansu na yanayi. Adireshi a Mexico yana da wuyar samunsa, kuma ma'aikata a wannan gefen iyakar galibi suna zama a keɓantaccen yanki da ke warwatse a wani yanki mai girman gaske. "Ta hanyar samun damar samun damar samun adiresoshinsu ya kasance da sauƙi don mu ziyarce su, musamman ma waɗanda ke tsoron yin magana a gaban mai gabatar da kara," in ji Ross.
Wahalhalun isar ma'aikata a wajen aiki ya ma fi girma ga ɓangarorin haɓaka ma'aikatan gona - waɗanda ma'aikatan da aka kawo zuwa Amurka ƙarƙashin takardar izinin H-2A na wucin gadi. A cikin 2019 Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta ƙyale masu noman California su cika Ayyukan 23,321 tare da wadannan ma'aikatan kwangila. "Ma'aikatan H-2A za su fi tasiri ta hanyar rasa dokar shiga," in ji Medina. "Ba su da 'yancin yin tsari na doka - ko da ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini suna da haƙƙi fiye da ma'aikatan H-2A. Suna zaune ne a bariki a karkashin kulawar masu noma na awa 24. A cikin Delano manoma suna ɗaukar dukkan gidajen otel suna maida su sansanonin aiki. "
Ƙungiyar, duk da haka, ta yi amfani da ƙa'idar shiga ƙasa da yawa fiye da shekaru. Da take kare hakan, shugabar kungiyar ALRB Victoria Hassid ta lura cewa ta shigar da karar ne kawai a cikin 62 daga cikin 16,000 masu aikin noma a California a cikin 2015. "Babu wata alama," in ji ta, "cewa ka'idojin shiga ya haifar da babbar matsala ga gonakin California… a kansu (ko wani) sakamakon ka'idar."
TARIHIN BANZA
Cibiyar Shari'a ta Pacific Fa ya sanya tushen gardama a mayar da martani: "Tsarin mulki ya hana gwamnati tilasta masu kadarorin su kyale baki da ba a so su shiga cikin kadarorin su, kuma babu kebancewa ga masu fafutuka na kungiyar."
A cikin wata hira da wannan marubucin, Fa ya yi iƙirarin cewa asarar tattalin arziƙin manoman da ke karuwa daga ka'idar samun damar na iya zama "mahimmanci," amma ba zai iya faɗi takamaiman menene ba. "Wannan shari'ar game da haƙƙin mallaka ne," in ji shi. A cikin nasarar da ya samu na kare dokar shiga gaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka, Matthew Weiss, mataimakin babban lauya na ALRB, ya lura that the effort to knock out the rule simply “privileges private property benefits over all other.”
Babban Lauyan UFW Mario Martinez ya ce kokarin da aka yi na kawar da dokar shiga wani karin shaida ne na tarihin wariyar launin fata ga masu aikin gona.
"Gwamnatin tarayya ta cire ma'aikatan gona daga duk wata kariyar dokar aiki karkashin dokar huldar kwadago ta kasa tsawon shekaru 85," in ji shi. "Saboda wannan wariyar wariyar launin fata, California ta ba wa ma'aikatan aikin gona muhimman kariyar ƙwadago don daidaita ma'auni na tarihi tsakanin ma'aikatan gona da manoma. Binciken da kotu ta yi na dokokin California da alama wani ƙoƙari ne na nuna wariya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba."
Kotun kolin Amurka na shirin sauraren mahawara kan karar a farkon shekara mai zuwa kuma mai yiwuwa za ta yanke hukunci a watan Yuli.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
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