Aka fara da kira daga 'yarsa a cikin damuwa, in ji farfesa Harvard Ricardo Hausmann. A gidan talabijin na kasar, Nicholas Maduro, shugaban kasar Venezuela, ya yi wa farfesa nagari barazana da gudanar da binciken shari'a. Ita kuwa ‘yar farfesa ta damu. Haka su ma Harvard Crimson, wanda Ma'aikatan edita sun kalubalanci na Shugaba Maduro zargin "zargi," da kuma Boston Globe, wanda nan take aka buga Hausmann missive. Kada mutum ya ji tsoron farfesa, ya tabbatar mana da cewa ba shi da ‘yanci, ba ya jin tsoro. ƙara cewa yana da "kariyar Amurka… kariyar Harvard." Yanzu duk muna iya jin dadi, ƙwararrun 'yan jaridu na Amurka, tare da cibiyoyin ilimi na watan Agusta, da kuma ita kanta jihar, da alama sun tsaya tsayin daka don 'yancin ilimi tare da ba wa wani ɗan ƙaramin farfesa ikon faɗin gaskiya ga ikon shugaban ƙasa. Binciken da aka yi a hankali yana nuna cewa akasin haka na iya zama gaskiya.
To yaya farfesa ya zo ya yi joropo da shugaban kasa? Na karshen ya fi fusata da yanki ra'ayi Farfesa Hausmann ya yi rubutu a kai Sanya aikin, "Ya kamata Venezuela Tsoho?" Shugaba Nicholas Maduro ya gane cewa Hausmann wani dan wasa ne mai tasiri a fagen banki na kasa da kasa kuma takardar sayan magani da ya saba ba zai haifar da tsoro kawai, rashin tabbas da shakku ba.
Kuma tsinkayen haɗari yana da farashi. Labarin Hausmann yana buɗewa da ainihin ma'aunin. "Kasuwanci suna tsoron" cewa Venezuela za ta iya kasa biyan bashin ta kuma farashin wannan tsoro shine cewa farashin ribar kan bankunan Venezuelan ya fi na Mexico ko Najeriya girma. Wannan, bi da bi, yana da mummunan tasiri ga rayuwar mutane na yau da kullum. Ko da yake Hausmann ya kasa lura da ingantattun matakan da gwamnati ta dauka don kare talakawa, abin da ya ce nasa gaskiya ne – yawan kudin ruwa yana cutar da talakawa…
A cikin karen cizon mutum kamar jujjuya mukamai, Hausmann, mai ba da shawara na JPMorgan Chase kuma tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki a Bankin Ci Gaban Inter-American, ya ƙarasa da cewa "lalata kan 'yan Venezuela miliyan 30, maimakon a Wall Street, alama ce ta… na fatara na ɗabi’a.” Labarin yana da duk abin da ake iya faɗi. Adadin riba ya karu har ma fiye da haka, yana komawa baya kadan bayan kwakkwaran tabbaci daga Shugaba Maduro.
Duk wannan ya kamata nan da nan ya watsar da duk wani hoton Hausmann a matsayin ruɓaɓɓen ilimi na nazarin ra'ayoyin bugu na kwamfuta a wasu ofisoshin ginshiƙai ko aka ɓace a cikin tarin Laburaren Widener. A haƙiƙa, Hausmann ɗan wasa ne mai ƙarfi a fagen duniya kuma rawarsa tare da jagorancin juyin juya hali na Venezuela ya fara tun da daɗewa.
Nan da nan ba a bayyana daga nasa ba Harvard CV shi ne girman shigar sa a shekarun 1980 a cikin gwamnatin Venezuela. Musamman, a ƙarshen 1980s, Hausmann yana cikin majalisar ministocin tattalin arziki na Shugaba Carlos Andres Perez. Sun aiwatar da tsarin tsuke bakin aljihu irin na IMF wanda aka kafa daga 1989Caracazo— wata zanga-zangar da ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane sama da dubu daya. Tabbas, idan aka ba da ƙudurin da yake nunawa, wannan hujja ce mai ban sha'awa wacce ta cancanci shigar ta CV!
Wannan nasarar ta biyo bayan daukakarsa zuwa Ministan Tsare-tsare a farkon shekarun 1990 sannan, bayan an tilastawa Carlos Andres Perez murabus daga mukaminsa saboda almubazzaranci, aikin Hausmann ya ci gaba tare da zama babban masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin Raya Amurka tsakanin Amurka. A yau, ban da wasan kwaikwayonsa na Harvard, Hausmann mai ba da shawara ne zuwa bankuna da yawa, gwamnatoci da hukumomin gwamnatoci.
Baya ga kisan gilla, babu ɗayan waɗannan da ke da ƙin yarda. Lallai waɗannan su ne alamomin samun nasarar aiki a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin duniya. Tabbas, wannan ya ƙaryata siffar farfesa mara lahani kuma mai rauni wanda ya buɗe Hausmann. Globe yanki. A can kuma ya ba da shawarar rashin yiwuwar wani American shugaban ya kai hari ga farfesa; idan hakan ta faru, ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya tsige shi. Amma akwai is abin da ya shafi shugaban kasa mai iko ya kai hari ga farfesa na gaske.
Ronald Reagan da Farfesa
Ka yi la'akari da batun Ronald Reagan da E. Bradford Burns. Masanin tarihin UCLA na Latin Amurka, Burns ya karyata ikirarin Ronald Reagan game da Sandinista Nicaragua a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin 1985. A wani lokaci mai haɗari a cikin Yaƙin Cold, wannan babban ƙarfin hali ne, wanda zai iya lalata sana'a da muni. A gaskiya ma, wani shahararren dan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, Edward Asner, yana da jerin sa na CBS, daLou Grant Show, soke a cikin 1982 bayan sukar manufofin Reagan na Amurka ta Tsakiya. Masu fafutuka na hadin kai a Burn's Los Angeles sun rayu a cikin wani yanayi mai kama da fuskantar barazanar danniya daga kowace tushe. A shekarar 1988, masu fafutuka sun bayar da rahoton barazanar kisa da kuma zargin satar mutane da fyade. A lokaci guda, kafa a Kudancin California ya bunƙasa kan zuba jari na tarayya a cikin tattalin arzikin yakin Reagan. Rashin amincewar Burns, wanda ya rushe dalilin shiga tsakani na Amurka ta tsakiya da kumatare da hakan wani ɓangare na hujjar samar da makamai masu fa'ida wanda ya sa Reagan ya shahara da manyan yanki, don haka ya zama ainihin misali na farfesa mai tawali'u yana faɗin gaskiya ga mulki.
Martanin Ronald Reagan shi ne harin da aka watsa ta telebijin wanda ya yiwa Burns lakabi mai karkatar da bayanai, kuma a cikin girkin Reagan, Shugaban ya yi alkawarin "yi addu'a ga daliban [Burn]." Har ila yau, ya haifar da sake fitowar McCarthyism na ilimi da kuma Oedipal na goyon baya irin su David Horowitz, wanda daga baya zai buga rashin lafiyarsa, Farfesoshi: Malamai 101 Mafi Haɗari a Amurka. Amma mutane sun yi yaƙi da; tare da ban dariya mai kyau, Burns ya tuna da dalibi amsa, “A matsayina na ɗan ƙasa, ina roƙon Allah ya taimaki Shugaba Reagan; Daliban Farfesa Burns suna yin kyau. "
Yayin da muke auna bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Burns da Hausmann, yana da kyau a lura da hanyar da kowanne ya yi amfani da iko. Shekaru biyu bayan harin Reagan, Burns ya samu lambar yabo ta koyarwa. Duk da binciken da ya samu da kyau, Burns' sha'awar koyarwa ne. Wani tsohon dalibi ya tuna Burns' ra'ayin cewa, "Dole ne mu koyi koyarwa mafi kyau… Dole ne mu ci gaba da canza ra'ayinmu game da mahimmanci da mahimmancin tarihi ga matasa. Tedium ba shi da gurbi a cikin dakunan karatunmu… Dole ne mu gabatar da wannan farin cikin. Kuma wannan wani bangare ne na hangen nesa mai zurfi game da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, "Ku ci gaba da yin bincike, buga littattafanku," ya shawarci ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru za su karanta kuma su ji dadin shi, amma idan kuna son canza duniya. … koyar da daliban digiri.” Ga mai son zuciya, wannan manufa na iya zama dogon wasan hagu na yanzu, amma hakika gaskiya ne ga hoton da mutum ya yi tunanin jin kalmar, "Farfesa."
Fiye da ƙwararren farfesa ko edita mai yaudara, Hausmann mutum ne mai aiki. Babu kyaututtukan koyarwa da ke ƙawata shi CV. Wataƙila ya karɓi wasu, amma waɗannan ba a ɗauka suna da mahimmanci don ƙarawa. Tun farkon shekarun 2000, yana da alaƙa da 'yan adawar Venezuelan mai wuyar haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. Yin aiki da María Corina Machado's Sumate don akai-akai hasashen rashin nasara naChavistas Ta hanyar nazarin kididdiga masu hasashen sakamakon za ~ e don kawai masu jefa ƙuri'a na duniya sun karyata iƙirarinsu, Hausmann ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Bayan ya gaza wajen tafiyar da tattalin arzikin Venezuelan a ƙarshen 80s zuwa cikin 90s, yanzu ya kai hari daga amintattun kayan aikin Harvard. Kamar yadda aka gani, rubutun nasa ya shafi kasuwanni ta hanyoyin da ake iya hasashen gaba ɗaya.
Harvard a matsayin Kamfanin Imperial
Zai dace masu sha'awar ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya su kusanci, da gaske, da gangan, su yi nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin Harvard, malamanta, da manufofin tattalin arziki na gwamnatoci da yawa. Bayan fagagen wannan makala da karfin wannan marubuci, irin wannan binciken ya kamata ya wuce tasirin hankali kawai don gano abubuwan da suka shafi cibiya, jarin ta, malamanta, shawarwarin da suke bayarwa, da kuma ainihin kwararar fa'idodin abin duniya.
Mutum ya hango abin da wadannan may kasance a ciki VERITA $: Kowa Yana son Harvard, wani shirin da ke bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin Harvard da manufofin tattalin arzikin Rasha. Marigayi daraktan Shin Eun-jung ya yi nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin Cibiyar ci gaban kasa da kasa ta Harvard da kuma yadda Rasha ta mayar da tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Wannan shi ne babban aikin Cibiyar Harvard. Tun da farko, yana da hannu a cikin 'yantar da kudi na Indonesia kuma ya taimaka wajen fadada yarjejeniyar Washington zuwa Zambia, Kenya da Pakistan.
Da yake karɓar sama da dala miliyan 40 na tallafi don aikinta na Rasha, manufofin Cibiyar Harvard sun amince da su ta ƙarshen aiwatar da tsarin dimokraɗiyya kuma sun taimaka wa mai siyar da tattalin arzikin Rasha, Anatoly Chubais. A yau hamshakin attajiri ne, Chubais kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga JPMorgan Chase. Tare da Chubais, Cibiyar ta kafa Cibiyar Samar da Kasuwanci ta Rasha wadda ta sami fiye da dala miliyan 147 a cikin kudaden waje da za a biya a wani lokaci daga mutanen Rasha. Ba tare da wani aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana ba, nan da nan Cibiyar ta shiga cikin rugujewar cin hanci da rashawa ta Rasha zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa… da kuma cin gajiyar Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Harvard a cikin jerin miliyoyin daloli har zuwa rikicin banki na Asiya na ƙarshen 90s. Laifin cin hanci da rashawa ya yi tsanani har ma ma'aikatar shari'a ta Amurka ta binciki lamarin. Daga baya ya kama Harvard da Cibiyar, yana zargin da'awar karya da rikice-rikice na sha'awa. Ta kai karar dala biliyan 1.2 kuma ta zauna a 2005 akan dala miliyan 31, kara mafi girma a tarihin Harvard a cewar Shin.
Babu ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka gabata da ke nuna kowane irin ɗabi'a irin wannan daga ɓangaren ɗan'uwan Chubais mai ba da shawara na JPMorgan Chase, Hausmann. Amma yana kawar da tatsuniya Harvard a matsayin zalla ilimi cibiyar. Madadin haka, Harvard a bayyane yake ɗan wasan tattalin arziƙi ne akan sikelin duniya. Sashenta, musamman waɗanda ke da CV na Hausmann, dole ne a tantance su ta wannan yanayin.
Ga wadanda daga cikinmu da ke mutunta diyaucin Venezuela kuma muna jin dadin yunƙurin ƙasar na sauya tattalin arzikinta zuwa wanda ke aiki ga ma'aikata, dole ne mu yarda cewa wannan lokaci ne mai wahala. Venezuela ta Juyin Juya Halin Bolivia yana fuskantar zaɓe masu wahala tsakanin zurfafa sauye-sauyen tattalin arziƙi tare da ɓarkewar ma'aikatansa da kuma ɗaukar sassan 'yan adawar da suka balle. A cikin wannan mahallin, shiga tsakani na Hausmann da nuna damuwa ga "'yan Venezuela miliyan 30" wani yunkuri ne mai yuwuwa da nufin kara ta'azzara matsalar karancin kudi da kuma tada rikicin siyasa.
Idan akwai shakku game da damuwar Hausmann ga matalauta, dole ne mu tambayi inda waɗanda suka huta lokacin da yake kan mulki da aiwatar da wani mummunan shirin tsuke bakin aljihu. Ana nuna kimar Hausmann a yaushe he ya caccaki Nicholas Maduro ta hanyar kiran shugaban da "wurare masu zafi dan daba." Mutum zai iya kuma ya kamata ya yi tir da halin ɗan damfara, amma ƙara da sifa “na wurare masu zafi” yana jefa abubuwa cikin wani haske na dabam. Mu daga Kudancin Duniya ko kuma waɗanda suka saba da wariyar launin fata ajin masu mulki sun fahimci abin da kalmar ke nufi.
Maimakon bayar da shawarar kowace muhawara game da 'yancin ilimi da haƙƙin Farfesa Hausmann, za a fi ba wa kafofin watsa labarai shawara su kalli tsoma bakinsa da tsawatarwar Shugaba Maduro ta fuskar yaƙin da ake yi a duniya. Wani bincike mai mahimmanci a kafofin watsa labarai zai bayyana cewa ɗan jam'iyyar Hausmann ya san yadda za a kewaya tsakanin manyan zarge-zargen da ake yi na wata ƙasa a cikin matsanancin gwagwarmayar aji da kuma duniyar duniyar jami'ar sa a gabar kogin Charles na Cambridge. Kalmomin Venezuelan na nuna gwagwarmayar aji da kuma kalaman siyasa daban. Alma Llanera, Waƙar "biyu" ta Venezuela, tana murna claveles de pasión - "carnations na sha'awa" - yayin da lambobin Hausmann a kan kogin Charles yayi magana da wani ma'aikacin banki mai natsuwa na motsa jiki na iko. Amurka ta kare, Harvard ta kare.
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Suren Moodliar yana zaune a Boston kuma ya sami abin sha'awa a Jami'ar Harvard. Za a iya tuntube shi da tabbaci adalci > dot< org. Ko da yake ba su da alhakin kowane kurakurai, Suren na godiya ga Dave Burt, Umang Kumar, Mirna Lascano, Ben Manski, Jorge Marín, Christine O'Connell, Jason Pramas da Sandra Ruiz-Harris don sharhin da suka yi kafin bugu.
Hanyoyin haɗi sun haɗa a cikin wannan labarin:
A kan E. Bradford Burns: https://www.h-net.org/~latam/threads/thrdburns.html
Ricardo Hausmann da Miguel Angel Santos, "Ya Kamata Venezuela Tsoho?"Sanya aikin, Satumba 5, 2014, https://www.project-syndicate.org/print/ricardo-hausmann-and-miguel-angel-santos-pillory-the-maduro-government-for-defaulting-on-30-million-citizens–but-not-on-wall-street
Ricardo Hausmann, "Shugaban Venezuela yana shirya bala'i." Boston Globe, Satumba 18, 2014, http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/09/18/amid-venezuela-economic-woes-president-attacks-harvard-academic/j6H2tUj4vGLuKaf0yStfQL/story.html
Ricardo Hausmann, CV http://ksgfaculty.harvard.edu/faculty/cv/RicardoHausmann.pdf
Ricardo Hausmann, Haɗin kai na Gaskiya, http://ksgfaculty.harvard.edu/Faculty/PublicDisclosure.asp?id=102152
Harvard Crimson, "Maduro hauka" Satumba 19, 2014,http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/19/harvard-maduro-madness/
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