Ma'aikacin Socialist ya tambayi Alex Callinicos don bayyana ci gaba da rikice-rikice na jari-hujja na duniya-da kuma ko gwamnatoci za su iya sa masu aiki su biya shi.
Da alama dai babu ja da baya a cikin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. Ta yaya muka shiga cikin wannan rikici?
Yawancin masana tattalin arziki da masana tarihi na tattalin arziki suna bayyana hakan a matsayin Babban Bala'in Farko a karni na 21 - suna kwatanta shi da Babban Bala'in a karshen karni na 19 da 1930.
Ina tsammanin sun yi daidai don ganin wannan a matsayin rikici mai zurfi: ba wai juyi na yau da kullun ba a cikin “zagayowar kasuwanci” ba, har ma da zurfi, rikicin da ya daɗe.
Ya dade yana zuwa. Tun daga ƙarshen 1960s, jari-hujja, mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaba na tsarin, yana fama da rikici na yau da kullum na riba.
Abin da muke kira neoliberalism, tuƙi zuwa kasuwa, wata hanya ce ta ƙoƙarin dawo da riba ta hanyar matse ma'aikata gwargwadon iko.
Amma wani bangare ne kawai ya dawo da riba. Za mu iya ganin wannan a fili a cikin Amurka - tsakiyar tsarin.
Mutanen da ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin duniya-masu ma'aikatan banki na tsakiya-sun ƙara dogaro da ƙarfafa haɓakar kumfa na kuɗi.
Wannan ya fara ne a ƙarshen 1980s, amma an bayyana shi musamman tun ƙarshen 1990s.
Wadannan kumfa na hasashe, ta hanyar sanya wasu mutane su ji arziƙi, zai sa su ƙara rance, su kashe kuɗi kuma ta haka ne tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba.
Babban kumfa da ya ci gaba a kasuwar gidaje ta Amurka a tsakiyar shekaru goma da suka gabata shine ƙarshen wannan tsari. Ya ci gaba da ƙara yawan sassan tsarin kuɗi na duniya - a cikin Amurka da Turai - ciyar da rance da hasashe.
Wannan yana nufin lokacin da kumfa ta fashe, kamar yadda ta faru a cikin 2006-7, ta haifar da wannan rikicin gaba ɗaya na duniya.
Yaya nisa wannan babban rikicin-fiye da tsarin banki da tsarin kuɗi?
Rikici ne na gaba ɗaya. A shekarar 2009 tattalin arzikin duniya ya durkushe a karon farko tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Dalilan da ke dadewa suna gangarowa zuwa tushen tsarin jari-hujja a matsayin tsarin saka hannun jari da rikici mara tsari.
Tsarin kudi ya zo a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin direban tsarin, saboda matsalolin da aka dade da shi.
Rikicin ya samo asali ne sakamakon hasashe na kudi da kuma yadda ma'aikatan banki suka ci gaba da samun babban kudaden su. Amma su kawai bangare ne na matsalar, ba jigon ta ba.
Domin duk maganar ƙa'ida, an yi wani abu da gaske?
Ma'aikatan banki suna yin babbar hayaniya game da takunkumin da aka sanya musu.
Mafi muni shine abin da ake kira yarjejeniyar Basel, wanda ainihin ƙoƙari ne na taƙaita adadin rancen da za su iya yi.
Amma idan aka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru a Amurka da Biritaniya - manyan cibiyoyin tsarin hada-hadar kudi na duniya - an sami takaitawa sosai a bankunan.
Bankunan suna da ƙarfi sosai a siyasance, suna da ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma sun matsa wa gwamnatoci da gaske su bar su su kaɗai.
Don haka a yanzu akwai alamun cewa ire-iren ayyukan hasashe da suka taso a lokacin kumfa suna sake dawo da kansu.
Bankunan da ke raye sun fi girma kuma sun fi ƙarfi - kuma suna da cikakkiyar kwarin gwiwa don fara ba da ƙarin kari.
Bob Diamond, shugaban bankin Barclays, ya ce kwanan nan lokaci ya yi da bankunan za su daina ba da hakuri. Wannan alama quite m.
Gwamnati ta ce mafita daya tilo da za a magance rikicin shi ne shirin rage yawan jama’a. Ma'aikata sun ce raguwar ya yi sauri, amma sun yarda suna bukatar faruwa. Me kuke tunani?
Yawancin masana tattalin arziki da masana tarihi na tattalin arziki sun ce ci gaban bashin da ya faru a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, a ma'anar tarihi, ba haka ba ne mai tsanani.
Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci dalilin da yasa bashin gwamnati ya karu - saboda rikicin ne, ba wai kawai ceto ba.
Rikicin na nufin gwamnati ba ta samun raguwa a cikin kudaden haraji kuma dole ne ta kara kashewa kan fa'idar rashin aikin yi.
Don haka lokacin da Tories da lib Dems ke magana game da gibin, suna magana ne game da tsadar rikicin. Wannan yaƙin aji ne game da wanda zai biya kuɗin rikicin.
Ma’aikatan banki suna da karfin siyasa don kare kansu daga biyan kudaden rikicin. Yunkurin tsuke bakin aljihu shine sa ma'aikata su ɗauki nauyi.
Wani abin sha'awa shi ne gwamnan bankin Ingila Meryvn King ya ce ba laifin talakawa da ma'aikatan gwamnati ne ake samun wannan babban gibin kasafin kudi ba. Amma ya ce duk da haka tsuke bakin aljihu ya zama dole.
Amma babu wata larura ta tattalin arziki a gare shi—a zahiri yana da haɗari ta fuskar tattalin arziki.
Shugaban kungiyar OECD — kungiyar kasashe masu arziki a duniya - ya bayyana tare da shugaba George Osborne a makon da ya gabata yana mai cewa yadda manufofin tattalin arzikin gwamnati ke da kyau. Amma kwanan nan OECD ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya yi hasashen ci gaba mai saurin gaske ga Biritaniya a wannan shekara da kuma gaba.
Hadarin shine, idan kuka yiwa mutane tuhume-tuhume da irin matakan da ake bullo da su-matsi da jama'a, tilastawa ma'aikata albashi - tasirin zai iya zama koma baya ga tattalin arzikin kasar cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Inda aka riga aka aiwatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu, kamar Girka da Ireland, hakan ya riga ya faru.
Matsayin Labour - austerity, i, amma ba kamar yadda Tories ba - yana nuna cewa duk da zaɓen Ed Miliband a matsayin shugaba, Labour har yanzu tana cikin akidar neoliberalism. Don haka madadin da suke bayarwa yana da rauni sosai.
Shin gwamnati da masu mulki suna da kwarin gwiwa game da tsuke bakin aljihu?
Ban ga babban rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin masu mulki ba. Ina tsammanin manyan 'yan kasuwa sun koshi da Sabon Labour a ƙarshen gwamnatin Gordon Brown.
Sun yarda da duk wani abin alheri da ya shafi rage harajin da Labour ta ba su, amma suna son ƙarin don haka sun yi maraba da haɗin gwiwar.
Akwai shakku da yawa game da kuɗaɗen kuɗi, amma babu wani zaɓi na gaske da ya wuce ana yin ta a cikin masu mulki.
Gamayyar dai tana zuwa ga babban gwajinta. Zanga-zangar da daliban suka yi kafin kirsimeti ya yi musu katutu. Ya fallasa kurakuran da ke cikin haɗin gwiwar, musamman rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin yawancin Lib Dems.
Yayin da yanke ya fara cizon, lissafin da Cameron da Osborne suka yi shi ne cewa shugabannin kungiyoyin kwadagon sun yi rauni sosai, da matsorata, don yin tsayin daka mai inganci. Za a gwada wannan caca.
Juriya a duk faɗin Turai bai yi daidai ba. Ya yi girma a Girka.
A Ireland, ta fuskar yajin aiki da kuma kan tituna, al'amura sun faru, amma a zabe ne aka yi tasiri. Rushewar Fianna Fail, wacce ta mamaye harkokin siyasa tun a shekarun 1930, babban rashin nasara ne a gare su.
Menene madadin yanke-inda kudaden zasu fito?
Bai kamata mu tsorata da wannan hujja ba. Misali, kudin ruwa ba su da yawa, don haka a zahiri yana da arha ga gwamnatoci su ci bashi.
Gabaɗaya, abin da muke buƙata shi ne jerin matakan da ke magance tushen rikicin.
Hakan zai hada da mayar da bankunan kasa yadda ya kamata, maimakon yin amfani da makudan kudaden jama’a wajen bunkasa su yayin da ba a tantance su ba.
Yana nufin mayar da su zuwa ga jama'a utilities don tsara irin zuba jari da ake bukata.
Wani fage na saka hannun jari a fili shine magance matsalar yanayi.
Ba dumamar yanayi ce ta haddasa girgizar kasa a Japan ba, amma mun san dumamar yanayi za ta haifar da bala'i da yawa a wannan sikelin. Fukushima yana nuna haɗarin dogaro da makamashin nukiliya [duba shafi na 6].
Yunkurin samar da ayyukan yi na sauyin yanayi miliyan guda, wanda wasu kungiyoyin kwadago ke tallafawa, wata hanya ce ta gudanar da ayyukan da ake bukata domin rage hayaki yayin samar da ayyukan yi.
Dukkanin tsarin jindadin yana buƙatar sake tsarawa don dakatar da baƙin ciki na raguwa, fa'idodin sharadi.
Yakamata a dauki wasu matakan yaki da rashin aikin yi.
Wannan shi ne irin shirin da zai fara karkata tattalin arzikin kasa ga dabarun bukatuwar zamantakewa, ba riba ba.
Shin jari-hujja zai iya farfadowa da kuma isarwa ga yawancin mutane?
Babban dan juyin-juya halin kasar Rasha Lenin ya ce babu wani yanayi na rashin bege ga tsarin jari hujja matukar dai ma'aikata sun ba shi damar rayuwa.
Ba dade ko ba dade tsarin zai iya murmurewa daga kowane rikici. Zai yi wuya a sake komawa ga yanayin kwanan nan, saboda tsarin kuɗi ya ragu sosai.
Yayin da slump ya ci gaba, yana da mahimmanci a ga cewa ba daidai ba ne. Wani sashe na tsarin, tushen tarihi a Arewacin Amurka da galibin Turai, har yanzu yana cikin baƙin ciki sosai.
Amma idan muka dubi kasar Sin da tattalin arzikin da ke tattare da ita, wadanda suka hada da Jamus da Brazil, suna samun bunkasuwa cikin sauri.
Wannan ya nuna irin yadda gwamnatin kasar Sin ta jefa komai don hana dagula durkushewar tattalin arziki.
Gaskiyar cewa wannan bit na tsarin yana girma shine ƙarin abin da zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali, duk da haka.
Yana haifar da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Amurka a matsayin babbar ikon jari-hujja, da kuma Sin - ana kara ganinta a matsayin babbar mai adawa. Hakan ya sa ya zama da wahala a sarrafa tsarin jari-hujja.
To amma ko da sun sami hanyar yin laka, abin da ya haifar da rikicin shi ne mahangar tsarin jari-hujja da kuma tsarin—tsarin da ke tattare da makauniyar gasa don neman riba.
Wannan tsarin zai ci gaba da haifar da rikice-rikice tare da ci gaba da kokarin magance su tare da kashe ma'aikata da talakawa.
Don haka ainihin garantin gujewa rikice-rikice irin wannan shine kawar da jari hujja gaba daya.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi