'Yan asalin ƙasar daga Oaxaca sun yi ƙaura a cikin Mexico da kuma zuwa cikin
Amurka shekaru da yawa. Mutane da yawa sun kasance braceros a lokacin wannan shirin
22-shekara gudu daga 1942 zuwa 1964. A Mexico noma kwaruruka daga
Sinaloa zuwa Baja California, bakin haure na Oaxacan sune kashin bayan
ma'aikatan da suka sa aikin noma na kamfanoni ya yiwu.
As
sakamakon haka, al'ummomin Oaxcans sun zauna a cikin sararin samaniya
suna jagorantar jihar ta asali, ta hanyar Veracruz, inda suke
tafi farko a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin girbin sukari, ta arewa maso yamma
Filayen tumatir da strawberries na Mexico, cikin kwaruruka
na San Joaquin na California da kogin Wilamette na Oregon,
kuma zuwa Jihar Washington, Florida, da kuma bayan.
A Madera, California, gidajen cin abinci suna da sunayen Mixtec. Yayin tarurruka
na Haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatan Immokalee na Florida, mutane na iya zama
yaji magana a hankali cikin yare daya a bayan dakin.
Shagunan kayan daki na Los Angeles suna ɗaukar ma'aikata masu magana da Zapotec, da
Masu magana da Triqui muhimmin yanki ne a cikin PCUN na Oregon
kungiyar ma'aikatan gona.
Amma duk da wannan tarwatsewar, 'yan asalin Oaxaca suna da
sun sami hanyar haɗin kai, ba kawai a kusa da harshe da garuruwansu ba
asali, amma asalinsu a matsayin ƴan gudun hijirar Oaxacan na asali. Kamar yadda mai girma
a sa ran daga wanzuwar al'ummominsu lokaci guda
a ɓangarorin biyu na kan iyaka, ɗayan cibiyar ayyukan tana cikin Fresno
da sauran a Oaxaca. Ƙungiyar a zuciya ita ce
Frente Indigena Oaxaqueña Binacional, ɗan asalin Binational
Oaxacan Front, wanda ya fara a cikin 1987 a tarurruka a California
Central Valley, Los Angeles, da kuma San Diego. A lokacin kafuwarta a watan Oktoba
5, 1991 an kira shi Frente Mixteco Zapoteco Binacional saboda
wadanda suka kafa sun so su hada kungiyoyin Mixtec guda uku da biyu
tsakanin baƙi Zapotec. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fara neman
dabarun da za su nuna gaskiyar al'ummomin Oaxacan.
Duk da yake
ya watse a cikin Mexico da Amurka sakamakon ƙaura daga
Oaxaca don neman aiki, motsi na mutane ya haifar, a cikin
wata ma'ana, al'umma ɗaya mafi girma, tana cikin wurare daban-daban a lokaci guda.
Matsugunan Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Triquis, da sauran ƴan asalin Oaxacan
ƙungiyoyi tare da rafin ƙaura na mil 3,000 daga Oaxaca zuwa Pacific
Arewa maso yamma an hade su da al'adu da harshe, kuma
ta ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mutane suna ɗauka tare da su daga wuri zuwa
wuri. Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu ƙaura na Oaxacan suna da tushe
akan garuruwan asali na gama-gari - al'amarin da ba a saba gani ba tsakanin bakin haure
zuwa Amurka daga kasashe da yawa. Amma Oaxa-cans kuma sun haɓaka
Frente, wanda ke haɗa ƙungiyoyin harsuna daban-daban don haɓakawa
al'umma da wuraren aiki suna gwagwarmaya don adalci na zamantakewa.
“Daga cikin
Oaxaqueños na asali, mun riga mun sami manufar al'umma
da kuma kungiya," in ji darektan Frente Rufino Dominguez. “Yaushe
mutane suna ƙaura daga wata al'umma a Oaxaca, sun riga sun sami kwamiti
wanda ya kunshi mutanen garinsu. Sun haɗu kuma suna rayuwa
kusa da juna. Al'ada ce da ba mu
rasa, duk inda muka je."
A shekara ta 1984, Dominguez yana matashi ya bar Oaxaca kuma ya yi hijira
zuwa Sinaloa, inda ya kafa Organizacion del Pueblo Explotado
y Oprimido (Kungiyar Mutanen da Aka Zalunta) da kuma
hadin gwiwa da shugabanni kamar Benito Garcia da kungiyoyi kamar
Ƙungiyar Manoma da Ma'aikatan Gona mai zaman kanta (CIOAC)
a yajin aiki a tsakanin ma'aikatan gonaki na jihar. Sharuɗɗa don
'Yan ci-rani a Sinaloa sun kasance abin kunya na Mexico da hare-haren da aka sanya
su cikin idon jama'a. “Mun zauna ne a sansanonin aiki da aka yi da su
zanen karfe,” in ji Jorge Giron, daga garin Mixtec
Santa Maria Tindu. Yanzu yana zaune tare da iyalinsa a Fresno, amma
ya kasance ma'aikacin gona a Sinaloa a cikin waɗannan shekarun.
“A lokacin zafi ba a iya jurewa. Da safe mu
zai dunguma ya zagaya da ma'aikacin sai ya ba da guga
girbin tumatir. Sau da yawa suna ban ruwa, kuma mun tashi
Takalminmu muka shiga gona babu takalmi. Da gari ya waye
Ruwan zai kasance yana daskarewa kuma wani lokacin yana shiga kamar yadda aka yi
ku marasa lafiya, amma takalman roba ba mu san su ba. Za mu yi aiki daga
rana zuwa faɗuwar rana. Ko da mun yi aiki awa goma ko sha ɗaya, mun kasance
an biya mafi karanci.” Masu sansani sun gudanar da shagunan kamfani da suke sayarwa
abinci a kan bashi. “A ranar Asabar za mu biya sannan mu
zai biya mana bashin mu." A matsayinsa na mutum ɗaya, Giron ya kwana a daki
tare da wasu 15.
Tako
ya yaba wa CIOAC don kawo ƙarshen mafi munin yanayin halin da suke ciki. “Suna
shirya mafi yawan yajin aikin. Suna son haƙƙin ma'aikata
a mutuntamu, a kare albashinmu da ayyukanmu, mafi kyawun gidaje,
ruwan fanfo, da sufuri zuwa da dawowa aiki. Kuma suka yi
cim ma yawancin waɗannan abubuwan.”
Bayan tsara yanayi irin waɗannan, Rufino Dominguez
ya bi hanyar ƙaura zuwa arewa ta hanyar Gulf of California,
zuwa San Quintin a kan Baja California Peninsula. “Na aika Benito
wasiƙar da za ta zo domin akwai matsaloli da yawa a tsakanin mutanenmu
can," Dominguez ya tuna. “Mun sami damar shiryawa
dubban mutane." A cikin San Quintin sun yi ta harbi kamar
da kyau. Daga can Dominguez ya haye kan iyaka, ya tashi a Selma,
California, kusa da Fresno. Can ya hadu da masu aikin gona daga
jihar sa, wadanda suma sun kosa su shirya.
"na
ji nake kamar a garina nake. Akwai mutane ko'ina, suna murna sosai.
ina gaishe ni. Daya daga cikinsu ya ce, ‘Sannu da zuwa compañero Rufino.
Ku fada mana me ke faruwa a garinmu? Me kuka yi a Sinaloa
da Baja California? Me za ku iya yi don taimaka mana a nan?’ Ni ne
sabo da haka ban ma san inda zan duba don ganin rana ba
tashi. Duk da haka, na fara bayyana yadda muka shirya a Sinaloa da
Baja, da kuma cewa za mu iya ƙirƙirar irin wannan ƙungiya a nan."
Farko na farko na Frente a cikin aiki ya zo a cikin 1993, lokacin da
Ya ba da shawara ga Taimakon Shari'a na Rural na California (CRLA) wanda ya ƙirƙira
matsayin ma'aikaci don malami wanda zai bayyana hakkokin aiki
zuwa ga ma'aikatan gona na Mixtec a tsakiyar kwarin jihar, a cikin su
harshen kansa. Dominguez shine mutum na farko da aka yi hayar don wannan aikin.
A wannan shekarar Cesar Chavez, wanda ya kafa United Farm Workers.
mutu a Arizona.
Frente ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da magajinsa, UFW's
sabon shugaban kasar Arturo Rodriguez. Kungiyar ta shirya tsawon wata guda
peregrination daga Delano zuwa Sacramento, yana sake fasalin karatun sa
Maris a 1967, don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga ma'aikatan gona na California da aka sabunta ta
jajircewa wajen shirya fage. Yarjejeniyar da Frente tana da makamancin haka
manufar ƙungiyar — don samun goyon baya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci a fagage,
al'ummar ƙaura masu magana da Mixtec daga Oaxaca.
"Mun gane cewa UFW wata ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi da ke wakiltar
ma'aikatan aikin gona," in ji Dominguez. “Su kuma bi da bi
sun gane mu a matsayin kungiya mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar
bakin haure. Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya zama tarihi a gare mu, domin ƙungiyar a ƙarshe
sun gane mu a bisa tsari.”
Amma dangantaka ce mara daɗi kuma masu fafutukar Mixtec sun ji haka
Membobin UFW galibi suna nuna halaye iri ɗaya na wariya na gama gari
tsakanin 'yan Mexico da ke komawa gida zuwa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. A halin yanzu, da
kungiyar ta fara amfani da bikin cika shekaru 500
na zuwan Christopher Colombus a Amurka a matsayin dandamali
don nuna wasan kwaikwayo na kira ga 'yan asalin kasar.
Lokacin da sojojin Zapatista suka tashi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1994, Frente nan da nan
ya dauki matakin matsa lamba ga gwamnatin Mexico da ta daina
ta hanyar amfani da karfin soji a Chiapas. Daga Fresno zuwa Baja California
zuwa Oaxaca, masu fafutuka na Frente sun tafi yajin yunwa kuma sun nuna
a gaban ofishin jakadancin da ofisoshin gwamnati.
"Wannan motsi na haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka mana mu gane cewa lokacin da akwai
motsi a Oaxaca dole ne a sami motsi a cikin Amurka zuwa
yi tasiri ga gwamnatin Mexico. Hakan ya taimaka mana girma
sosai, ”in ji Dominguez. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta canza
sunanta. Triquis da sauran 'yan asalin Oaxacan sun so
shiga, amma ji sunan Frente ya cire su. Ya zama
Frente Indigena Oaxaqueña Binacional, Oaxa Indigenous
iya Binational Front. Halinsa na ƙasashen biyu ya ƙara ƙarfi.
A cikin 1993 Frente ya fara shiri sosai a Oaxaca. “Mu
ya fara da ayyuka daban-daban masu amfani kamar dashen dashen
Ruman Sinawa, da cactus forajero, da strawberries,”
Dominguez ya yi bayanin, “domin iyalai na bakin haure a cikin
Amurka za ta sami kudin shiga don tsira." Waɗancan ƙoƙarin sun girma cikin
ofisoshi daban-daban guda biyar a cikin jihar da babban tushe na membobinsu
fiye da haka a Amurka, a cikin garuruwa fiye da 70. A cikin 1999, Frente
sun yi kawance da Jam'iyyar Demokaradiyya ta bangaren hagu
(PRD), kuma ya zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin shugabanninta, Romauldo Juan Gutierrez-
Cortez, zuwa ga majalisar wakilai a gundumar 21. "Don
a karon farko da muka doke caciques,” Dominguez crows.
Dabarar tsara Frente ta dogara ne akan al'adun
Al'ummomin Oaxacan, musamman ma'aikata da ake kira tequio.
“Wannan ita ce manufar da dole ne mu shiga cikin gamayya
yi aiki don tallafa wa al'ummarmu," in ji shi. “A cikin al’ummarmu
mun riga mun san juna kuma muna iya aiki tare. Wannan fahimtar
taimakon juna yana saukaka mana tsara kanmu.
Duk inda muka je, mu tafi tare. Hanya ce ta cewa na yi
kada muyi magana kadai-duk muna magana tare. “Muna yin kokari
don kada al'ummominmu su rasa al'adunsu, yarensu,
da al’adunsu”.
Baya ga ba da shawara ga ma'aikata kan haƙƙinsu na aiki, Frente
yana shirya al'ummomi a yankunan karkarar California. Daya daga cikinsu
Malaga ne, wurin shakatawa na tirela a wajen Fresno, wanda yawancin mutane a ciki
zo daga San Miguel Cuevas a Oaxaca. Mazauna garin sun gano hakan
ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin gidajensu ta shafe shekaru da yawa tana gurɓatar da mai
da kuma shara mai guba daga Chevron da sauran kamfanonin mai. Tare da taimakon
na CRLA, Frente ya hau kamfen, wanda ya ci dala miliyan
daga Chevron da kuma miliyan bakwai daga sauran masu gurbata muhalli, wanda
an yi amfani da shi don sake tsugunar da iyalan yankin. Wasu mazauna garin sun dauka
tsabar kuɗi, amma wasu sun haɗa kuɗinsu kuma tare da taimakon Frente,
gina sababbin gidaje.
Haka kuma kungiyar ta fara sauya salon mulkin gargajiya
na rayuwar siyasar al'umma ta maza. Oralia Maceda, ’yar shekara 26
mai shiryawa daga Oaxaca, ya zo Fresno don haɓaka shigar mata
a cikin Frente. “A farkon maza ne za su yi
zo kungiyar. Kafin in fara akwai wasu guda biyu
matan da basu wuce wata daya ba. Amma na yi imani na mata ne
alhakin shiga da kuma gano yadda ake shiga.
Ina amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sa su zo, a ce, zuwa karamar liyafa
don Ranar Iyaye, tare da ƙananan kyaututtuka da abinci. Amma yana da
ba da gaske jam'iyyar da ke samun sha'awarsu ba. Yana bari
sun san yadda za mu taimaka musu. Zan tambaya, wanda yake so ya zama
doka a kasar nan? Muna magana ne game da matsaloli na asali kamar haka.
Hakika, duk yana farawa da ’yan gungun mutane.”
Maceda ta
kasancewar har ila yau mabuɗin ne don haɓaka shigar matasa
Mutane da sunan Frente. Ganin tsananin matsin lamba a Amurka akan yara
da samari su shiga cikin salon rayuwar masu amfani da yawa,
kiyaye haɗin kai da al'ummomin gida mai nisa yana da yawa
wuya. Samun sha'awar matasa a cikin harsunan asali
kuma ayyukan al'adu sun fi haka. Yawancin Oaxcans masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne
'yan wasan kwando, kuma Frente sun yi amfani da gasa don jawo hankalin
matasa da jawo su cikin ayyukanta.
Tare da sansanonin sa a Oaxaca da California, FIOB kuma ta kafa
ofisoshi a Cañon Buenavista da San Quintin akan Baja California
tsibiri. 'Yan ci-ranin Oaxacan su ne mafi yawan ma'aikata
a cikin noman masana'antu na jihar. Albashi ya yi kadan,
kuma dukan iyalai suna aiki a cikin filayen a sakamakon haka, ciki har da yara.
Akwai ƙananan gidaje a kan tsibirin, don haka mamaye ƙasa da
gwagwarmayar neman wurin zama ya zama ruwan dare.
"Amma ya kasance mai wahala sosai," Dominguez
in ji. A cikin 2001, ƙungiyar tana da rabo na cikin gida akan
ayyukan daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ta, Arturo Pimentel. Pimentel ya kasance
darektan Frente a Oaxaca. Mambobi da dama sun zarge shi
na rashin yi musu hisabi akan kudaden kungiyar
kuma saboda yana son tsayawa takarar siyasa ba tare da gamayya ba
yanke shawarar cewa ya yi haka. A taron FIOB a Tijuana a watan Disamba
2001, an kore shi.
A zaben kasa na
2000, Celerino Chavez, ɗan'uwan Benito, shine Mixtec na farko
dan takara a tarihin jihar na majalisar wakilai ta kasa
Wakilai, masu neman PRD. Pimentel ya kasance jagora mai aiki
a yawancin zanga-zangar da zanga-zangar don gidaje da ma'aikata'
hakkoki a Baja da shugabannin Frente da yawa a yankin nasa ne
abokan tarayya. Bayan zaben, gwamnatin jihar mai ra'ayin rikau
na jam'iyyar National Action Party ta yi amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna a jam'iyyar PRD
da Frente da 'yan adawar siyasa a Baja California sun kasance
ya raunana a sakamakon.
Shugabannin Frente kamar Dominguez ba su da kyakkyawan fata game da lamarin
sabon yanayin siyasa karkashin Vicente Fox, wanda shi ne dan takara
na PAN. “Jam’iyyar siyasa ta canza, sunan gwamnati
ya canza, amma tsarin ya ci gaba da kasancewa iri daya,” inji shi
gajiya.
"Ra'ayin Vicente Fox yana da kyau sosai, yana da kyakkyawan fata,
kuma cike da alkawura, amma ba mu ga wani abu da aka yi. Shi
bai kare tsarin haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar da aka tsara ba. [Hakkin Dan Adam
lauya] Digna Ochoa an kashe shi a birnin Mexico. Akwai da yawa
na zance, amma babu takamaiman abubuwa kamar wutar lantarki, ruwan sha,
da ayyuka masu amfani a cikin al'ummominmu. Duk da haka, Frente
ya himmatu ga dabarunsa na haɗa haƙƙin ma'aikata, al'umma
shirya, kuma, a Mexico, aikin zaɓe. A cikin Amurka, yana bayar da shawarwari
don haƙƙin ƴan ƙasar Mexico su kada kuri'a a zaɓen Mexico.
"Ya kamata Frente ya yi kawance da jam'iyyun siyasa
ba tare da rasa asalinmu ba kuma mun dogara ga 'yan siyasa."
Domin-guez ya ce. “Dole ne mu kasance masu cin gashin kai dangane da
jam'iyyun siyasa da samar da kawance don samun nasarar wadannan mukamai. Mexican
Dokokin zabe ba sa barin ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta gudanar da zaman kanta
'yan takara. Don haka dole ne mu yi kawance, ba tare da PAN ba ko
PRI, amma tare da PRD. A cikin PRD akwai rarrabuwa da yawa
da matsalolin cikin gida, kuma dole ne su magance rikice-rikice na cikin gida.
Amma duk abin da muke da shi ne. "
David Bacon ne
marubuci mai zaman kansa kuma mai daukar hoto. Littafinsa a kan iyaka
motsin hadin kai, Yaran NAFTA, is
daga Jami'ar California Press a 2003.