Uma becelwa ukuba bakhethe phakathi kokuqashwa ngokugcwele namandla okuthenga njalo emali ekhona, abantu abaningi abajwayelekile bangathembela ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cishe sonke sithembele ekuqashweni ukuze sithole iholo lethu. Akunjalo kubantu abanemali eningi. Kubo ukugcina โinaniโ lalokho abanakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imali (inqwaba yemali) ingumthombo weholo labo. Akumangazi-ke, kulesi sikhathi lapho izithakazelo zabacebile nabanamandla zibusa konke okunye, ukuthi amabhange amakhulu akhetha ukukhawulela ukwehla kwamandla emali ngokudala amathuba emisebenzi.
Okumangazayo, nokho, ukuthi kwesokunxele alinakile kangakanani leli pulangwe elibalulekile le-neoliberalism. Njengabamelene nemibono ye-neoliberal sigxeka izivumelwano zohwebo โzamahhalaโ (zokutshalwa kwezimali), ukuncishiswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana nabantu, ukuhoxiswa kwemithetho yezinkampani, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele kwezikhungo zikahulumeni/indawo kanye nokukhululwa kwezimakethe zezabasebenzi. Nokho, akuvamile ukuba sikuphonsele inselelo inselelo yokungabikho kokwehla kwamandla emali ngazo zonke izindleko zenqubomgomo yezimali. Eqinisweni, ilungelo linokulawula cishe okuphelele phezu kwenqubomgomo yezimali kukho kokubili indiza yemibono futhi, emazweni amaningi, ngokubonakalayo ngokukhululeka kwebhange elikhulu ekuphathweni kwezombusazwe.
Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi silwe nokubusa kwenqubomgomo yezimali ye-neoliberal phakathi kweminyango yomibili yezomnotho kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano edumile. Ukuze senze kanjalo sidinga ukuhlaziya ngokujulile izilinganiso zenzalo kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali ngokusebenzisa kokubili umbono wekilasi kanye nemodeli yesikhungo/i-periphery.
Amazinga enzalo kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali
Inzalo ngokusobala iyinkokhelo yemali ebolekiwe. Nokho namuhla amanani enzalo, ingxenye enkulu, abekwa amabhange amakhulu athenga futhi adayise izibambiso zikahulumeni. Kuye ngezwe, izilinganiso zenzalo zibekwe ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziningi zomnotho (ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukuqashwa, ukukhula). Ngokuvamile amabhange amakhulu anyusa amanani enzalo ukuze ehlise ingcindezi yokwehla kwamandla emali noma anciphise inzalo ukuze akhuthaze umnotho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imali yenziwa ibize kakhulu noma ingabizi ukuboleka. Uma imali ibiza kancane amanani entengo asekulungele ukukhuphuka (ukwehla kwamandla emali) ngoba kulula ukuyithola. Lapho imali ibiza kakhulu ukwehla kwamandla emali kungenzeka kunciphe futhi umnotho uvame ukuhamba kancane.
Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyisihlava sosomnotho we-neoliberal (monetarist). Ngokuka-Milton Friedman kanye noFrederick Hayek, izazi zemibono yokuqala ye-neoliberalism, ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphazamisa ukuxhumana ezimakethe. Futhi njengoba ama-neoliberal enokholo olukhulu ezimakethe โzamahhalaโ, โumsindoโ wokwehla kwamandla emali uyinkinga enkulu. Ukuze kuliwe nomsindo ophazamisayo ama-neoliberal ngokuvamile afuna kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kanye nenqubomgomo yemali eqinile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthelela wabo ekuqashweni noma emnothweni uwonke. UHayek uthi โkumele kuhlale kungomunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yenqubomgomo yezimali ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka okubanzi kwenani lemali noma umthamo wemali engenayo, umthelela wokuqashwa akumele kube ukucatshangelwa okubusayo okuwuqondisayo. Inhloso eyinhloko kumele futhi kube ukuzinza kwenani lemali. "
Ngenkathi imibono kaHayek noFriedman mayelana nenqubomgomo yezimali iphumelele kakhulu noma ngaphansi ngosuku okungazange kube njalo. I-Keynesian welfare state economics yayibusa ngesikhathi sokubhala kwabo. I-Keynesianism ivame ukusekela amanani enzalo aphansi ukuze avumele ukudalwa kwesidingo esihlanganisiwe ngisho nokugcizelela okuthile ekuqashweni okugcwele.
Ingxenye yokuphikiswa kwe-neoliberal ekukhuphukeni kwamandla emali kuhlangene nokuhlaselwa kwezinyunyana kanye namaholo abantu abasebenzayo. UHayek uthi, โokuye kwaholela ohulumeni kulo mgomo [wokunwetshwa kwezimali] ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi wezinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nemisebenzi efanayo eyenziwa ezinye izinhlangano ezibusa kuphela (njengenhlangano kawoyela).โ Ngakolunye uhlangothi uqinisile. Ezinye izinyunyana, ngokufanelekile, ziye zacindezela ohulumeni ukuthi basebenzise izinqubomgomo zezimali zokunweba ezizuzisa amalungu azo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinomthelela ekilasini labanikazi bengcebo.
Njengabavikeli bengcebo, ama-neoliberals nawo asaba ukwehla kwamandla emali ngoba kungaba nemiphumela yokusabalalisa kabusha. U-Edward Foster uyabhala, โukwenyuka kwezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungasabalalisa kabusha ingcebo ngendlela enesizotha isuka kwabaphezulu abangamaphesenti angama-20 iye kwabaphansi ngamaphesenti angama-80 abantu ababalwa ngomcebo.โ Iningi lethu alinayo imali enkulu yokonga ngakho lapho ukwehla kwamandla emali kukhuphuka, uma kuqhathaniswa, asinayo imali eningi encishisiwe. Ngokunjalo nokwehla kwamandla emali kusabalalisa kabusha ingcebo isuka kubakweletayo iye kwabakweletayo, lapho izikweletu zishiwo ngamadola angashintshi. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi amabhange kanye nalabo abangabanikazi bengcebo bayakwazi ukungakuthandi ukwehla kwamandla emali. Eqinisweni, ingxenye ye-neoliberal backlash, e-Canada okungenani, yafakwa ngaphambili yimbuyiselo yesilinganiso senzalo yeminyaka embalwa engeyinhle, eyethusa ababolekisi (Isilinganiso senzalo sangempela siwumehluko phakathi kwezinga lenzalo elivamile kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali i.e. Ukwehla kwamandla emali okungu-6% kanye nenzalo engu-8% = 2% yenzalo yangempela.).
Yebo, ukwehla kwamandla emali akukona nje okuhle kubasebenzi kanye nabacebile kancane, kuyilapho kubi kwabacebile. Ukwehla kwamandla emali okwedlulele kungaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele esigabeni sabasebenzi. Ngisho namazinga aphakathi e-inflation angaba yinkinga kulabo abahola imali engashintshi ngaphandle kwezinqubo zokuxoxisana ezifanele.
Ukwehla kwamandla emali, nokho, kufanele kulandele izinqubomgomo zokuqashwa ngokugcwele nokunyuswa kwamaholo. Iphuzu lomnotho kufanele libe yinhle kakhulu enanini elikhulu. Nokho ukwehla kwamandla emali kuma-neoliberals kuhlala kuqala kunezinye izinkomba zomnotho, njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni emine edlule lapho u-Alan Greenspan, esekelwa abanye osozimali abaphethe inkulumo yezomnotho yanamuhla, enyusa amanani enzalo ukuze kunqandwe ukwehla kwamandla emali e-U.S. Izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi lase lehle laya ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amane futhi osomabhizinisi base benovalo lokuthi ukuncipha kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuzokwandisa isikhundla sokuxoxisana kwabasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kwenyuse amaholo futhi kwehlise nenzuzo.
Izilinganiso Zenzalo kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal Selokhu kwahlakazwa izikhungo ze-Bretton Woods (izivumelwano zenani lokushintshisana ezenziwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili) ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kanye nokulawulwa kwezimali ezakunikeza, izinqubomgomo zenani lenzalo ziye zagxila kakhulu ezinkambisweni zomhlaba wonke. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuqagela kwemali yomhlaba wonke kungaphezulu kwe- $ 1.2 trillion nsuku zonke. Abaqageli bemali bangabenzi benzuzo ephezulu ngakho bahambisa imali yabo kunoma yiliphi izwe elizobahlinzeka ngenzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke (hhayi kunoma yimuphi umnotho okhiqiza kakhulu). Nakuba izinga lenzalo langempela kungesona isizathu sodwa sokutshala imali ohlotsheni lwemali lwezwe, likhulu kakhulu. UBlock uyabhala, โohulumeni ababehlele ukwehlisa inzalo yasekhaya ukuze bakhuthaze ukuqashwa kungenzeka babhekane nokuphuma kwezimali okukhinyabeza ukuze bathole inzalo ephakeme kwezinye izindawo.โ Ukwehliswa kokulawulwa kwezimali okulethwe ukuhlakazwa kwezikhungo zeBretton Woods kwenza lokhu kube lula. U-Block ugcizelela leli phuzu ngokuqhathanisa izilinganiso zenzalo e-France nase-United States ngesikhathi se-Bretton Woods. โPhakathi kuka-1961 no-1972 isimiso saseFrance sokulawula inhloko-dolobha sakhiqiza amanani enzalo ayeyikhulu nesihlanu amaphuzu ayisisekelo ngaphansi kwalawo ase-United States.โ
Lokhu kwenza kwaba lula ngeFrance ukuphishekela izinqubomgomo zezomnotho zokunweba ngaphandle kokunqotshwa amandla abatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe, ababengathutha isamba esikhulu somcebo wabo e-U.S.
Imakethe yokutshala izimali yamazwe ngamazwe evulekile kakhudlwana icindezela amazwe ukuthi afane nezilinganiso zenzalo zomunye nomunye. Iphinde ihlinzeke ngohlaka oluvumela amazwe ukuthi enze ngcono izilinganiso zenzalo zezimbangi zawo. Ngokwezinga elithile, iqala umjaho wokuya phezulu, lapho amazwe enyusa amanani awo enzalo yangempela ukuze ahehe ukutshalwa kwezimali. Lokhu kufana nomjaho oya phansi ukuthi izivumelwano zohwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali zihambisana namaholo nezinqubomgomo zezemvelo. Izwe elenyusa izinga lenzalo yalo yangempela - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sinjani sokuntuleka kwemisebenzi - ngokuvamile lizoqoqa ingxenye enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe.
Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari i-Wall Street Journal yabika ukuthi โ ngonyaka odluleรขโฌยฆ.
[I-Brazil] yethula inqubomgomo yemali eqinile nokusetshenziswa kwezimali kanzima ukuze kuliwe nokuhlaselwa kwemali yaseBrazil kanye nokwenyuka kwamandla emali. Nakuba umnotho untengantenga [kukhuphuka ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi namaholo angempela ehla], ibhondi yaseBrazil kanye nezimakethe zezimali zaba namandla kakhulu.โ (Feb 6) Akumangazi ukuthi izimakethe zamabhondi nezezimali zenze kahle njengoba umnotho wehla njengoba โi-Brazil isenezilinganiso zenzalo zangempela eziphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.โ Ukuphatha kukaMongameli uLula kwaphuma endleleni yokuqinisekisa abatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi iBrazil yayingeke iphambuke ohlelweni lwe-neoliberal, noma ngabe kwakusho ukufulathela isifunda senyunyana esabafaka emandleni. (Ukungenzeleli uLula kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba isamba esikhulu sesikweletu sase-Brazil singamadola ase-U.S. noma sigxile kudola lase-U.S. kanye nanoma yikuphi ukwehla kwenani lohlobo lwemali yase-Brazil, i-Real, kwandisa izinkokhiso zesevisi yezikweletu zezwe kanye nethuba yokungakhokhi.) Ebhala uMinqi Li kwethi Monthly Review uyachaza: โNgenxa yokukhululeka ngokwezimali, ukugeleza kwezimali okuqagelayo kweqa imingcele kuye kwanda kakhulu, okukhuphula ingozi yokuphuma kwemali kanye nenkinga yezimali.
Ngokumelene nezingozi ezinjalo, amanye amabhange amakhulu ayaphoqeleka ukuthi agcine amanani enzalo aphezulu, empeleni akhokhele ingcuphe yemali yezimali zomhlaba wonke. Isilinganiso sesilinganiso senzalo sangempela sezinga lokukhula kwe-GDP emazweni ayisikhombisa ahamba phambili ezomnotho wonxiwankulu sasingu-0.97 phakathi kuka-1881 no-1913, 2.40 phakathi kuka-1919 no-1939, 0.36 phakathi kuka-1946 no-1958, 0.55 phakathi kuka-1959 no-1971 phakathi kuka-0.47 no-1972 kanye no-1984, 2.34 no-1985. phakathi kuka-1997 no-2004. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinga lenzalo langempela libe phezulu kunezinga lokukhula komnotho ezinkathini ezimbili kuphela, iminyaka yokucindezeleka phakathi kwezimpi kanye nenkathi ye-neoliberal. Isilinganiso esikhulu kunesisodwa sisho ukuguqulwa kwezindima zokutshala izimali ezikhiqizayo neziqagelayo, futhi kuwuphawu lwenkinga yesistimu.โ (Jan XNUMX) Izinga lenzalo yangempela ephezulu emhlabeni wonke liholela emananini amakhulu wokuqagelwa kohlobo lwemali. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile. Emnothweni wonxiwankulu imakethe ayilona nje ithuluzi lokwaba izimpahla kodwa okokuqala iyindlela yokwenza inzuzo ukuze labo abanemali yabo kwezinye izitshalomali ezingenanzuzo encane (ekhiqizayo) bazoyisa imali yabo ekuqageleni kwemali lapho kunenzuzo ephezulu. etholakala lapho. Futhi abaqagela bemali abathola inzuzo enkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bazoba nemali eyengeziwe abangaqagela ngayo futhi bazocindezela izinguquko zezombusazwe ukuze kube lula ukuqagela okwengeziwe.
Futhi nakuba imali etshalwe emabhizinisini angakhiqizi (okuqagelayo) ingase ikhiqize inzuzo kubantu abambalwa asebecebile kakade, ayinanzuzo encane kubantu abaningi. Lokhu akufani nokutshalwa kwezimali emabhizinisini akhiqizayo njengokwandiswa kwefekthri, okungakhuphula amandla okuxoxisana kwabasebenzi, ngoba ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezimali akunyakazi. Ukwengeza, abantu abajwayelekile bangazuza ngokuqondile ekutshalweni kwengqalasizinda okukhiqizayo, ikakhulukazi izindlu ezibiza kancane ezixhaswa umphakathi noma ezokuthutha zomphakathi noma ukwandiswa kwezikole. Kodwa-ke, izinkokhiso zenzalo ephakeme zikhuphula izindleko zezikweletu zikahulumeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise inani lemali ohulumeni okufanele bayichithe kwingqalasizinda noma ezinhlelweni zomphakathi.
UJim Stanford, isazi sezomnotho ne-Canadian Auto Workers kanye nombhali we-Paper Boom, uphikisa ngokuthi isikhathi esichuma kakhulu kubasebenzi baseCanada saqondana nesikhathi samazinga enzalo yangempela aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Uphinde wathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-1981 no-1998, inzalo yangempela yenyuka eCanada, eqondana nokuncipha kwamaholo angempela ezisebenzi zaseCanada. Uphethe ngokuthi inzalo ephansi cishe yinto enhle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinga lenzalo ephansi likhuthaza ukukhula, okuvame ukuzuzisa isigaba sabasebenzi.
Akumangazi-ke ukuthi izinga lokukhula lonyaka laliphezulu ngesikhathi se-Keynesian ke manje. โIsilinganiso sonyaka sokukhula kwe-GDP yomhlaba sehla sisuka kumaphesenti angu-4.9 phakathi kuka-1950 no-1973, saya kumaphesenti angu-3.0 phakathi kuka-1973 no-1992, safinyelela kumaphesenti angu-2.7 phakathi kuka-1990 no-2001. Phakathi kuka-1980 no-1998, ingxenye yawo wonke โamazwe asathuthukaโ ( lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โinguquko yezomnothoโ) ihlaselwe yi-GDP yomuntu ngamunye.โ (Monthly Review Jan 2004) Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga enzalo nakho kuyisizathu esibalulekile senkinga yezikweletu emhlabeni wonke, eyaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla.
UFidel Castro uyachaza: โEqinisweni kwakuwukwenyuka okusheshayo nokungenamthetho kwezinga lenzalo ngedola lase-U.S. รขโฌยฆokudale inkinga yezikweletu kwasekuqaleni.โ Ngokuphazima kweso, ohulumeni ababeboleke ngamadola aseMelika kwadingeka ukuba babuyisele imali eyengeziwe. Lokhu kwasho ukuboleka okwengeziwe ku-IMF ekukhuleni kwezikweletu eziholela โezinhlelweni zokulungisa izakhiwoโ eziphoqa imigomo ye-neoliberal eqinile emazweni lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangempela kumabhizinisi akhiqizayo kudingwa kakhulu.
Isisekelo esisodwa se-ajenda "yokulungiswa kwesakhiwo" esibekwe emazweni ampofu ukukhululeka okuphelele kwezimali, okuholele ekwenyukeni kwemali eqagelwayo yesikhashana, 'imali eshisiwe'. UJoseph Stiglitz, kwethi I-Globalization kanye Nokwaneliseka kwako, ubhala "ukulawula ubungozi obuhambisana nalokhu kugeleza kwezimali eziguquguqukayo, amazwe elulekwa njalo ukuthi abeke eceleni imali yawo elingana nemali mboleko yawo yesikhashana yangaphandle. Ukuze ubone ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini, ake sithi inkampani esezweni elincane elisathuthuka yamukela imali ebolekiwe yesikhathi esifushane yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu ebhange laseMelika, ikhokha inzalo engu-100%. Inqubomgomo ye-Prudential ngasohlangothini lwezwe izodinga ukuthi ingeze amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-18 ezindaweni zayo ezigciniwe. Ngokuvamile izimali ezigciniwe zibanjelwa ezikweletini zoMgcinimafa wase-U.S., osanda kukhokha cishe u-100%. Empeleni, izwe liboleka kanyekanye e-United States ngo-4% futhi liboleka i-United States ngo-18%. Izwe lonke alisenazo izinsiza ezitholakalayo zokutshala imali. Amabhange aseMelika angase enze inzuzo ehlanzekile futhi i-United States iyonke izuze izigidi ezingu-2 ngonyaka ngenzalo.โ Izilinganiso zenzalo noma amanani aphezulu amazwe ampofu okufanele awakhokhe ayithuluzi lokulawula ezandleni zamazwe acebile.
Kunjalo, izilinganiso zenzalo akuzona ukuphela kwesizathu sokutshala imali ezweni. Futhi amazwe akufanele aqhubeke enyusa amanani awo enzalo yangempela emhlabeni we-post Bretton Woods. Amanye amazwe anamandla okunciphisa izinga lawo lenzalo langempela ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphuma kwemali okukhulu, njengoba i-U.S. ikhombisa njengamanje. Kodwa-ke ingcindezi emazingeni enzalo yangempela ivame ukuba phezulu emhlabeni we-post Bretton Woods. Amazinga enzalo yangempela aphezulu akhuphula isamba sokuqagelwa kwemali yamazwe ngamazwe ngezindleko zebhizinisi elikhiqizayo. Izilinganiso zenzalo yangempela ephakeme zinomthelela ofanayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ekugcineni kuba noshintsho lokusatshalaliswa kusuka emazweni ampofu kuya emazweni acebile naphakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi nabacebe. Ngolimi olulula, inqubomgomo yezimali ye-neoliberal imayelana nezicebi ezicebe kakhulu kanye nemiphumela emibi kubantu abaningi emhlabeni.
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