Umthombo: Iqiniso
Isithombe ngu-bgrocker/Shutterstock.com
Ababhikishi ukubonisa ngokumelene nobukhosi abamhlophe kanye nesihluku samaphoyisa ngemuva kokuxoshwa kukaGeorge Floyd emphakathini kuhlangatshezwane nengcindezelo engekho emthethweni ngabasebenza nomthetho. Amaphoyisa asebenzise amakhemikhali anobuthi futhi izikhali ze-sonic, ama-projectile ayingozi, ukugada okungenele, ubudlova obungokomzimba kanye โnokugawulaโ ukuze kubanjwe ababhikishi ngemva kokunikezwa kwemiyalelo yokuhlakaza.
Phakathi ku cwaningo eyenziwa yi-University of Chicago Law School's International Human Rights Clinic, abacwaningi abatholanga nowodwa umnyango wamaphoyisa emadolobheni amakhulu angama-20 e-US othobela izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zamalungelo abantu ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo. Babize ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngamaphoyisa โngodlame olugunyazwe uhulumeni.โ
Izisulu zokuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa zivula amacala, futhi okungenani ijaji elilodwa limise ukungaziphathi kahle okubi kakhulu.
Kusabalele, Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwamaphoyisa Okubi Ababhikishi
NgoMeyi 30, uTina Crnko wayemasha embuthanweni weBlack Lives Matter Los Angeles ngesikhathi amaphoyisa emdubula ezimbanjeni kanye nebicep nge-kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs), eyaziwa nangokuthi โizinhlamvu zenjoloba.โ Ama-KIP angaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwesitho ngisho nokufa, ikakhulukazi lapho edutshulwa ekhanda, entanyeni noma enyameni.
UCrnko ungummangali ku-a icala-isinyathelo-icala kufakwe eNkantolo Yesifunda yase-US, Isifunda Esimaphakathi sase-California yi-National Lawyers Guild, Black Lives Matter Los Angeles kanye ne-Los Angeles Community Action Network. UCrnko naye washaywa esiphongweni ngenhla kweso. Wopha kakhulu futhi waba nokungezwa isikhashana nobuhlungu obukhulu. Ngemva kwamasonto amathathu, wayesenemizwa yokulimala.
Omunye ummangali ecaleni laseLos Angeles, u-Alicia Barrera-Trujillo, wabamba iqhaza embhikishweni onokuthula ngoJuni 1. Lapho ezama ukuhamba ngaphambi kuka-5 ntambama, yena nabanye ababhikishi "babefakwe iketela" - bezungezwe amaphoyisa ukuvimbela noma ubani ukuba ahambe. . Amaphoyisa abe esedubula ngezinhlamvu zenjoloba eqenjini. UBarrera-Trujillo usola ukuthi iphoyisa lafutha i-aerosol kowesifazane onengane encane eyayikhala. Bobabili owesifazane nengane babonise ubuhlungu besifutho.
UKatharine Miller wayephansi eguqe phansi embhikishweni wangoJuni 1 ngesikhathi iphoyisa lasePhiladelphia upelepele wamfutha ebusweni wabe esehlisa izibuko kowesifazane owayeseduze kwakhe wamfutha naye.
Abacwaningi abatholanga nowodwa umnyango wamaphoyisa emadolobheni amakhulu angu-20 ase-US ngokuthobelana nezindinganiso ezincane zamalungelo abantu.
"Izikhali ezingabulali kangako - njengesisi esikhalisa unyembezi kanye namabhomu okufutha upelepele, kanye neziqhumane ezifana nezipontshi, ama-baton rounds, nezinhlamvu zenjoloba - akufanele neze zidutshulwe eduze noma ziqondiswe ekhanda, ngoba ukulimala okubi kakhulu noma ukufa kungenzeka," ngokusho kwe-Amnesty. Amazwe ngamazwe.
NgoMeyi 31, amaphoyisa aseMinneapolis kanye neMinnesota National Guards shot kuqhume izibhamu kubantu abami ngokuthula kumavulandi abo angaphambili, kuphetha umbiko we-Amnesty International. Ngaphambi kokuthi baqale ukudubula, amabutho amemeza, โBakhanyiseni.โ Ngokusobala bebeziphindiselela abantu abangaphandle ngemuva kwesikhathi sokufika ekhaya besebenzisa ama-smartphones ukuqopha amabutho ngevidiyo.
Umbiko ubhaliwe Izigameko ezingu-125 zodlame lwamaphoyisa kwababhikishi ezifundazweni ezingu-40 naseWashington, DC, kusukela ngoMeyi 26 kuya kuJuni 5, okwenziwa iminyango yamaphoyisa kahulumeni neyendawo, amasosha onogada beNational Guard kanye nabasebenzi bezokuphepha abavela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Ukuhlukunyezwa, okuqoshwe kuma-video angu-500, kuhlanganisa ukushaywa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesifutho sikapelepele nesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, nokudutshulwa okungafanele, nokungakhethi, kwezinhlamvu zenjoloba namabhomu esipontshi noma izinhlamvu ezinezipontshi.
"Lokhu kuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwa ngamaphoyisa ase-US kubabhikishi abanokuthula - obekungalingani noma kungadingeki ukufeza inhloso yokugcinwa komthetho - kubi kakhulu njengoba kwenzeke emibhikishweni egxeka ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa okunjalo," kuphawula umbiko ka-Amnesty.
Ngisho nalapho idlanzana lababhikishi lenza izenzo ezingqubuzana nomthetho, "abezokuphepha bavame ukusebenzisa amandla alinganayo futhi angabandlululi kuyo yonke imibhikisho - ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa, njengoba kudingekile ngokomthetho, phakathi kwababhikishi abanokuthula nabantu abenza izenzo eziphambene nomthetho," lo mbiko wathola.
Into egqama kakhulu ngezigameko ezibhalwe phansi, ngaphandle kobukhulu bokuhlukumeza, โizinga lenkinga yobudlova bamaphoyisa ezweni lonke,โ okuphulwa komthetho okwenzeka emadolobheni amakhulu namancane ezweni lonke.
Ukwephulwa Kwamalungelo Ababhikishi Okuqala, Okwesine kanye Neleshumi Nane
Ngo-June 5, iJaji Lenkantolo Yesifunda Yase-US u-R. Brooke Jackson wakhipha a umyalo wesikhashana wokuvimbela iyala uMnyango Wamaphoyisa aseDenver ekusebenziseni "izikhali zamakhemikhali noma ama-projectiles anoma yiluphi uhlobo ngokumelene nabantu abenza imibhikisho enokuthula noma imibhikisho." Amaphoyisa awakwazi ukusebenzisa ama-KIP ukuze aqondise ikhanda, umhlane noma i-pelvis, noma adubule ama-KIP ngokungakhethi esixukwini. Ama-agent amakhemikhali noma izinto ezicasulayo, okuhlanganisa nesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi kanye nesifutho sikapelepele, zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-oda lokuhlakazwa ngesikhathi esanele sokuthotshelwa komthetho futhi izikhulu kufanele zivumele ukuphuma okuphephile (akukho-kettling).
IJaji uJackson uthole ithuba elinamandla lokuthi amaphoyisa ase-Denver ephule iSichibiyelo Sesine ngokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu kanye nelungelo lokuchibiyela Lokuqala lokukhuluma ngokukhululeka. Abamangali bathi amaphoyisa ababhekise emakhanda nasezinqeni, okudale ukuthi kuphuke amathambo obuso nokuqhunyiswa kwamasende. Isikhalo siphinde sithi amaphoyisa asebenzisa โisifutho sikapelepele, amabhola kapelepele, izinhlamvu zenjoloba, amabhomu e-flashbang, nesisi esikhalisa unyembezi ukuze ajezise abamangaleli ngokubonisa unya lwamaphoyisa.โ
Lokhu kwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwa ngamaphoyisa ase-US ababhikishi ngokuthula kubi kakhulu njengoba kwenzeke emibhikishweni egxeka ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa ngale ndlela.
Ijaji lithole ukuthi โukulimala okungenakulungisekaโ bekungaba umphumela uma abamangali benganikezwa impumuzo ngokushesha ngenxa yokuthi imibhikisho iyaqhubeka, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokweqile kungaba nomthelela omubi ekusebenziseni kwabamangali inkululeko yabo yokukhuluma. โNgiyakubona ukubaluleka kokuvikela nokufukula le nhlangano eqhubekayo, ezweni lonke. Ngakho-ke, ngithola ukuthi umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ungenzeka uma ngiphika lokhu kukhululwa,โ kubhala iJaji uJackson.
Ukulimala kwempahla, ngokusho kwejaji, โkuyinani elincane lokukhokhela amalungelo omthethosisekelo - ikakhulukazi ilungelo lomphakathi elikumthethosisekelo lokukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa okwandile. Wengeza,
Uma amafasitela esitolo kufanele aphulwe ukuze kuvinjwe amathambo obuso bombhikishi ukuthi angaphuki noma alimale unomphela, lokho kungaphezu kokuhweba okufanelekile. Uma isakhiwo kufanele sidwetshwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, lokho kuwukuhweba okufanelekile. Usongo lokuphepha ngokomzimba kanye nenkulumo ekhululekile ludlula usongo lwempahla.
Isikhalazo sokuqala esichitshiyelwe ku-Black Lives Matter Los Angeles icala ithi kusukela ngoMeyi 29 kuya kuJuni 3, uMnyango Wamaphoyisa eLos Angeles (LAPD) ubophe abantu ababalelwa ku-3,000. Umphathi wamaphoyisa wavuma ukuthi amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-92 abantu ababoshiwe abhikishe ngokuthula.
Abamangali basola ukuthi ukungaziphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa kuholele ekuphulweni kwelungelo labo lokuchibiyela okuQala, Kwesine kanye neleshumi nane. Basola ukuthi i-LAPD yasebenzisa โamandla angakhethi nangenangqondo ngokumelene nezinkulungwane zababhikishiโ futhi yasebenzisa amandla angenangqondo neqisayo ngokushaya โokungenani ababhikishi abacishe babe inkulungwane ngezinduku kanye/noma โnezinhlamvu zenjoloba.โโ ozankosi, unqatshelwe ukufinyelela endlini yangasese kanye nokufinyelela kokudla noma amanzi, futhi unikeze umoya onganele ngesikhathi sokuthutha, okubenza babe sengozini ye-COVID-19.
NgoJuni 1, uMongameli uTrump kanye noMmeli Jikelele uWilliam Barr bayalele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali ngokumelene nababhikishi abanokuthula eLafayette Square eWashington, DC, ukuze kube lula ukuthwebula izithombe zikaTrump ephethe iBhayibheli phambi kweSt. John's Episcopal Church. Amaphoyisa asebenzise isisi esikhalisa unyembezi, amagobolondo e-flash-bang, izigqoko zentuthu, amabhola kapelepele kanye/noma izinhlamvu zenjoloba ukuze ahlakaze isixuku.
I-ACLU yeSifunda sase-Columbia, Ikomidi Labameli BaseWashington Lamalungelo Oluntu Nezindaba Zasemadolobheni, kanye neKomidi Labameli Lamalungelo Omphakathi Ngaphansi Komthetho uboshwe UTrump noBarr egameni leBlack Lives Matter DC nabanye ababhikishi. Basola ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ababhikishi beFirst and Fourth Amendment, okuhlanganisa namalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula, isicelo sokuthi kulungiswe izikhalo zabo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yabezindaba kanye nokukhululeka ekubanjweni okungenangqondo.
Ukuzivikela Okufanelekile Kuthethelela Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwamaphoyisa
Lapho abamangali bemangalela lawa macala, bazohlangatshezwa nokuzivikela okufanelekile. Ivikela izikhulu esibophweni ngaphandle kwalapho: 1.) Zephule Isichibiyelo Sesine ngokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu; futhi 2.) kwakufanele bazi ukuthi bephula umthetho โobekwe ngokucacileโ. Ngisho nasemacaleni amabi kakhulu, kuvame ukuba nzima ukufakazela icala lesibili uma kungekho cala langaphambili elithola ukuthi ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa okufanayo akukho emthethweni.
NgoJuni 15, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqabile ukubuyekeza amacala ayisishiyagalombili abezobanika ithuba lokucubungula kabusha ukuzivikela okufanelekile.
U-Emma Andersson kanye ne-ACLU baphethe elinye lalawo macala. "Ukufuna ukuthi abadlali bakahulumeni baqaphele ngaphambi kokunyathela amalungelo omthethosisekelo omuntu iyona ndlela kuphela ephusile uma uwazisa ngempela lawo malungelo futhi ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayaphumelela kunokuba abune ngokuhamba kwesikhathi," u-Andersson, ummeli wabasebenzi abaphezulu kwa-ACLU, utshele Izindaba ze-CBS. "Njengoba ukungavikeleki okufanelekile sekuya ngokuya kukhuphuka, sekuya kuba nzima ukuthi izisulu zokungaziphathi kahle kukahulumeni zivikele amalungelo azo enkantolo."
Ukulimala kwempahla, ngokusho kwejaji, โkuyinani elincane lokukhokhela amalungelo omthethosisekelo - ikakhulukazi ilungelo lomphakathi elikumthethosisekelo lokukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa okwandile.
Ngempela, njengeNkantolo Ephakeme kuphawulwe ngo-1986, โukungavikeleki okufanelekile kunikeza isivikelo esanele kubo bonke ngaphandle kwalabo abangakwazi ngokusobala noma labo abephula umthetho ngamabomu.โ
Selokhu kwaqala izibhelu zeBlack Lives Matter, ukungavikeleki okufanelekile sekuyinkinga eshisayo. I-Colorado iqophe umlando ngoJuni 19 ngu ukuvimbela ukuzivikela okufanelekile. ICongress icubungula iziphakamiso ezingase ziqede noma zinciphise ukuzivikela.
Abamele u-Justin Amash (D-Michigan) kanye no-Ayanna Pressley (D-Massachusetts) bethula i- Ukuqeda Umthetho Wokugomela Ofanelekayo eNdlu yabaMeli ngoJuni 4. Ihlinzeka ngokuthi ngeke kube khona ukuzivikela okufanelekile uma isikhulu sithi senza ngokwethembeka, noma sikholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi ukuziphatha kwaso kwakungokomthetho ngesikhathi senziwa. Iphinde icacise ukuthi akukho ukuzivikela ngisho noma umthetho wawungacaciswanga kahle ngesikhathi sokuziphatha kwephoyisa.
Izinduna u-Ed Markey (D-Massachusetts), Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) no-Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts) yethule umthethosivivinywa ohambisana neSenethi kuMthetho Wokuqeda Izifo Ezifanelekile WeNdlu ngoJulayi 1.
"Uma sifuna ukuguqula isiko lodlame lwamaphoyisa olubhekiswe kwabaNsundu nabaNsundu baseMelika," Kusho uMarky, โkhona-ke sidinga ukuqala ukuziphendulela izikhulu ezisebenzisa budedengu izikhundla zazo zokwethenjwa nomthwalo wemfanelo emiphakathini yethu. Lokho kusho ukuqeda kanye kanye imfundiso yokwahlulela eyingozi eyaziwa ngokuthi ukungatheleleki okufanelekile.โ
โEsikhathini lapho inani elingakaze libonwe labantu lifuna kuqedwe ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa, unya, nokungajeziswa, kufanele ekugcineni siqede 'ukungavikeleki okufanelekile,'โ kusho uSanders. โLona akuwona umbono oqinile: Amaphoyisa kufanele athweswe icala ngokugcwele ngokuhlukumeza akwenzayoโakekho ongaphezu komthetho. Uma sizimisele ngezinguquko zangempela zamaphoyisa, iSenethi kufanele liphasise uMthetho wethu Wokuqeda Izifo Ezifanelekile. โ
โSekuyisikhathi eside,โ kusho uWarren, โukungavikeleki okufanelekile kuye kwavikela amaphoyisa aye ahileleka ekuziphatheni okungqubuzana nomthetho-sisekelo nokushaqisayo ekubekweni icala enkantoloโsekudlule isikhathi sokuqeda le mfundiso. Ngiyaziqhenya ukujoyina ozakwethu ekuxhaseni lo mthethosivivinywa kanye nokubeka phambili izinguquko ukusiza ukuqeda ukucwasa okuhleliwe okukhungethe amaphoyisa eMelika.โ
Ngomhla zingama-24 kuNhlangulana, uSeni waseRiphabhulikhi uMike Braun wase-Indiana wethula i- Ukulungisa Umthetho Wokugomela Ofanelekayo, okungavumela ukuzivikela okufanelekayo kuphela lapho ukuziphatha kwesikhulu ngaphambili โkwakugunyazwe ngokuqondile noma kudingwaโ umthetho noma isimiso sombuso noma sombuso, noma uma inkantolo ikuthole ukuthi kuhambisana โnoMthethosisekelo noma imithetho ye-Federal.โ
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi amaRiphabhulikhi azovuma ukuguqula, hhayi kancane ukuqeda, ukuzivikela okufanelekile. Kuwela kubantu ukuthi bafune ukuqedwa kwayo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela