Okulandelayo, njengoba iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe (ICJ), eyaziwa nangokuthi iNkantolo Yomhlaba, isinikeze isinqumo ngazwi linye ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika yethule icala โelizwakalayoโ lokuthi u-Israel wayephula iSivumelwano SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe?
Isinqumo sesikhashana sangoJanuwari 26 - ebesiwukunqoba okuyingqophamlando kubantu basePalestine, futhi ngempela, emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe ngokwawo - manje siya eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha WeNhlangano Yezizwe ukuze usisebenzise. Kungaba ngaphansi komgomo woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uku-oda unswinyo lwezomnotho noma ezohwebo, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali, ukuvinjelwa kohambo noma ngisho nebutho lezempi.
Kepha esimweni lapho i-United States ivala izinyathelo zokuphoqelela zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, i-UN General Assembly isengasebenza ngokuzimela ngezindlela ezibalulekile.
Isinqumo sokugcina se-ICJ kuleli cala singase sithathe iminyaka eminingana. Kepha uma kubhekwa ukuphuthuma kokushona kwabantu abaningi kanye nenkinga yobuntu eqhubekayo njengamanje, inkantolo okwamanje iyalele "izinyathelo zesikhashana" eziyisithupha zokuvikela abantu basePalestine eGaza ezenzweni zokuqothula isizwe ngenkathi inkantolo iqeda ukucubungula ukufaneleka kwecala.
Esinqumweni sayo, inkantolo ithe โilazi kahle izinga lenhlekelele yabantu eyenzeke esifundeni futhi ikhathazeke kakhulu ngokuqhubeka kokulahlekelwa ukuphila nokuhlupheka kwabantu.โ Ichaze izakhamuzi zaseGaza โnjengabasengozini enkulu,โ iphawula โamashumi ezinkulungwane zokufa nokulimala nokucekelwa phansi kwemizi, izikole, izikhungo zezokwelapha nezinye izingqalasizinda ezibalulekile, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu ngezinga elikhulu.โ Inkantolo yengeze ngokuthi "ukusebenza kuyaqhubeka" nokuthi uNdunankulu wase-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu uthe "kuzothatha izinyanga eziningi ezinde." Inkantolo yaphawula, "Okwamanje, abantu abaningi basePalestine eGaza Strip abakwazi ukufinyelela ukudla okuyisisekelo, amanzi okusela, ugesi, imithi ebalulekile noma ukufudumeza."
Izilinganiso Zesikhashana I-ICJ Yala u-Israyeli Ukuba Ayisebenzise Ngokushesha
I-ICJ iyalele u-Israel ukuthi angenzi izenzo zokuqothula abantu basePalestine eGaza ngokushesha, njengoba i-ICJ iqhubeka nenqubo ehamba kancane yokucubungula ngokusemthethweni ukufaneleka kwecala lokuqothulwa kohlanga.
Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi โisimo esiyinhlekelele sokusiza abantuโ eGaza โsisengozini enkulu yokuba sibi nakakhulu ngaphambi kokuba iNkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sayo sokugcina.โ Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo yathi ilungelo labantu basePalestine lokuvikelwa ezenzweni zokuqothulwa kohlanga kanye nelungelo leNingizimu Afrika (njengengxenye yeSivumelwano SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe) lokuqinisekisa ukuthobela kwe-Israel le ngqungquthela kungavikelwa ngezinyathelo zesikhashana.
I-ICJ ithole โingozi yangempela neseduze yokuthi ukucwasa okungenakulungiseka kuzobangelwa amalungelo atholwe yiNkantolo njengamukelekayo.โ Inkantolo yabhala, โNgakho-ke kudingekile, kusalinde isinqumo sayo sokugcina, ukuthi iNkantolo iveze izinyathelo ezithile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ashiwo yiNingizimu Afrika iNkantolo ewathole ezwakala.โ Kunjalo:
- U-Israyeli uzothatha zonke izinyathelo ezisemandleni akhe ukuvimbela ukwenziwa kwazo zonke izenzo zokuqothula uhlanga, ikakhulukazi (a) ukubulala amalungu eqembu; (b) ukulimaza kabi umzimba noma ingqondo emalungwini eqembu; (c) ngokufaka ngamabomu izimo zokuphila zeqembu ezibalelwa ukuletha ukucekelwa phansi kwalo ngokomzimba liphelele noma ingxenye yalo; kanye (d) nokubeka izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuzalwa eqenjini.
- I-Israel izoqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuthi amasosha ayo awenzi noma yiziphi izenzo ezichazwe ephuzwini 1 ngenhla.
- I-Israel izothatha zonke izinyathelo ezisemandleni ayo ukuvimbela kanye nokujezisa ukugqugquzelwa okuqondile nokwasesidlangalaleni kokubulala abantu.
- I-Israel izothatha izinyathelo ezisheshayo nezisebenzayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe izidingongqangi ezidingekayo ngokushesha kanye nosizo lokusiza abantu ukubhekana nezimo ezimbi zokuphila abantu basePalestine eGaza ababhekana nazo.
- U-Israyeli uzothatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela ukubhujiswa futhi aqinisekise ukulondolozwa kobufakazi.
- I-Israel izothumela umbiko eNkantolo ngazo zonke izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuze lo Myalelo usebenze kungakapheli inyanga eyodwa kusukela ngosuku lwalo Myalelo.
Inkantolo ikuqinisekisile ukuthi "zonke izinhlangothi ezibambene eGaza Strip ziboshwe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu." Ithe "ikhathazeke kakhulu ngesiphetho sabathunjwa ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwa-Israel mhla ziyisi-7 kuMfumfu wezi-2023 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iHamas namanye amaqembu ahlomile" futhi yacela "ukukhululwa kwabo ngokushesha nangaphandle kwemibandela."
Amavoti ezinyathelweni zesikhashana abe ngu-15-2 noma 16-1. IJaji lase-Uganda u-Julia Sebutinde ubaphikile bonke. IJaji lesikhashana lakwa-Israel u-Aharon Barak liphikisana nakho konke ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezidinga ukuthi u-Israyeli avimbele futhi ajezise amagqubu okubulala nokuvumela usizo lobuntu eGaza.
Manje njengoba i-ICJ isiyalele izinyathelo zesikhashana, umyalo wayo uzosetshenziswa kanjani?
Izenzo I-UN General Assembly Engazithatha Uma I-US Vetoes Enforcement by Security Council
Uma i-US ivala izenzo zokuphoqelela izenzo ngoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, i-General Assembly ingahlangana ngaphansi kwe-Uniting for Peace, isinqumo esiphasiswe yi-General Assembly sokudlula i-veto yeSoviet Union ngesikhathi seMpi YaseKorea. I-General Assembly ingancoma ukuthi amazwe angamalungu ayo abeke imingcele yezikhali nokuhwebelana kwa-Israel futhi ahlele amasosha azongenelela eGaza. I-General Assembly nayo ingamisa i-Israel ezinhlwini zayo. Lezi zinqumo zizodinga ivoti lezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamazwe angamalungu ayi-193 e-General Assembly.
โIsinqumo esiqinile lapho singadinga izinyathelo eziqondile zomthetho, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, zezikhulu, zamanxusa, zenhlangano nezinye. Futhi izifunda ngazinye kanye nezinhlangano zesifunda kufanele zisebenze, njengomsebenzi osemthethweni ngaphansi komhlangano nangaphansi koMqulu," ngokuvumelana ne UCraig Mokhiber, owayengumqondisi weHhovisi laseNew York likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN, owesula esikhundleni ngo-2023 ngoba i-UN yayingakuqedi lokho ayekubiza ngokuthi โicala lezincwadi zokufundaโ lakwa-Israyeli lokuqothulwa kohlanga.
"Izizwe Zesithathu manje zisezisweni zokuba khona kwengozi enkulu yokubulawa kwabantu basePalestine eGaza," uMnyango Wezobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe Nokubambisana eNingizimu Afrika. kusho esitatimendeni. Ngakho-ke, kufanele futhi benze ngokuzimela futhi ngokushesha ukuvimbela ukuqothulwa kohlanga okwenziwa yi-Israel futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bona abaphuli iSivumelwano SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, okuhlanganisa nokusiza noma ukusiza ekuqulweni kwecala lokubulala. Lokhu kubeka isibopho kuwo wonke Amazwe ukuthi ayeke ukuxhasa ngezimali futhi enze lula izenzo zezempi zakwa-Israyeli, ezibulala abantu ngokusobala.โ
Ingabe Isinqumo Sesikhashana Se-ICJ Sihlobana Kanjani Nezingcingo Zokuqeda Umlilo?
Yize inkantolo ingazange iyale ukuthi i-Israel "imise ngokushesha ukusebenza kwayo kwezempi" eGaza, njengoba iceliwe yiNingizimu Afrika, izinyathelo zesikhashana eyayala ngazo zidinga ukuthi kumiswe ukulwa. Imiyalo ye-ICJ iyakwenqabela ukubulawa kwabantu basePalestine ngesihluku futhi igunyaza ukuthi i-Israel ivumele usizo lobuntu eGaza, okungeke kufezwe ngaphandle kokumiswa kokudubula.
โNiluhlinzeka kanjani ngosizo namanzi ngaphandle kokuyeka ukulwa? Uma ufunda lo myalelo, kuzomele kuqedwe ukulwa,โ kusho uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle eNingizimu Afrika uNaledi Pandor. isitatimende kwabezindaba kulandela isinqumo.
Noma isinqumo sesikhashana se-ICJ singazange sikubeke kwacaca ukuthi kumiswe ukulwa, sidinga okukodwa. Iphinde iqinise umkhankaso wokumiswa kwezikhali kanye nengcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe yokweseka inkululeko yasePalestine njengoba ihlonipha amalungelo abantu asePalestine ayisisekelo.
Ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseNingizimu Afrika wachaza isinqumo โnjengokunqoba okuwujuqu kokubusa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye negxathu elibalulekile ekufuneni ubulungiswa kubantu basePalestine.โ
Abameli Bamalungelo Abantu basePalestine esibizwa Isinqumo se-ICJ โukukhanya obekudingeka kakhulu ebumnyameni,โ yengeza ngokuthi, โkuwusuku oluyingqophamlando lokuqaphela ngokusobala amalungelo ayisisekelo abantu basePalestine, okuhlanganisa nelungelo labo eliyisisekelo lokuphila, kanye nokulwelwa okubalulekile kwesinyathelo esibalulekile somthetho sihloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo.โ
Owake waba ngumlobi okhethekile we-UN mayelana namalungelo abantu endaweni ethathwe iPalestine uRichard Falk. kusho isinqumo "iphawula inkathi enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni [wenkantolo]" ngoba "iqinisa izimangalo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi zihlonishwe yizo zonke izifundazwe ezizimele - hhayi nje ezinye."
I-Israel Izama Ukunciphisa Ukulimala Ekumeni Kwayo Emhlabeni Wonke Esiteji Somhlaba
Akumangalisi ukuthi u-Israyeli wasenqaba isinqumo seNkantolo Yomhlaba. UNetanyahu wayibiza ngokuthi "othukutheleโ futhi wachaza amacala okubulala u-Israyeli ngokuthi โengenasisekelo.โ UNgqongqoshe Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke u-Itamar Ben Gvir ibhalwe phansi I-ICJ โi-antisemitic,โ inezela, โLe nkantolo ayifuni ubulungisa, kodwa ifuna ukushushiswa kwabantu abangamaJudaโฆ. Izinqumo ezibeka engcupheni ukuqhubeka nokuba khona koMbuso wakwa-Israyeli akumelwe zilalelwe.โ
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kumenyezelwe isinqumo se-ICJ, abaholi bakwa-Israel babenza umsebenzi omuhle wezinyawo ukuzama ukunqanda ukuqubuka obekulindelwe futhi bavikele umbono wokuthi u-Israel uyalele ukuthi kwandiswe usizo losizo eGaza.
Ngokulindele isinqumo se-ICJ, i-Israel kwehlisiwe ngaphezu kuka-30 imiyalelo eyimfihlo yabaholi bakahulumeni namasosha i-Israel ethi iyalichitha icala leNingizimu Afrika lokuthi yenza ukubulawa kwabantu eGaza. I-Israel ithi le mibhalo ikhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni wayo uzame ukunciphisa izigameko zokubulawa kwabantu.
Le mibhalo ihlanganisa izifinyezo zemihlangano yekhabhinethi ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, lapho uNetanyahu eyala ukuthi kuhanjiswe usizo, amanzi kanye nophethiloli eGaza. Utshele uhulumeni ukuthi anqume ukuthi "abadlali bangaphandle" bangakwazi yini ukusungula izibhedlela ukuze zelaphe abantu basePalestine eGaza, futhi mhlawumbe bafake umkhumbi wesibhedlela ogwini.
Amaminithi omhlangano wekhabhinethi wangoNovemba 14 athi uNetanyahu ubelokhu egcizelela isidingo sokwandisa kakhulu usizo lokusiza abantu eGaza. Omunye umbhalo uthe, "Kuyanconywa ukuthi sisabele kahle esicelweni se-USA sokuvumela ukungena kukaphethiloli." Amaminithi omhlangano wekhabhinethi kaNovemba 18 athi uNetanyahu ugcizelele "isidingo esiphelele" sokuqhubeka nokuvumela usizo oluyisisekelo lwabantu eGaza.
"Kepha umbhalo ubuye ucushwe kakhulu futhi ushiya imiyalo eminingi yesikhathi sempi eyanikezwa yikhabhinethi namasosha," ngokusho kombiko. I-New York Times. "Imibhalo etholakalayo ayibandakanyi imiyalo yezinsuku eziyi-10 zokuqala zempi lapho i-Israel ivimbe usizo eGaza futhi yavala ukungena kugesi namanzi avame ukuwahlinzeka endaweni."
โLapho uzama ukufakazela ukuthi awuzange unikeze umyalo wokwenza okuthile, kusobala ukuthi uzobonisa imiyalo ebonisa okunye okuthile,โ uWilliam A. Schabas, uprofesa wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe eNyuvesi yaseMiddlesex eLondon nombhali wezincwadi. I-Genocide Emthethweni Wamazwe Ngamazwe, utshele u Times. "Futhi uma kukhona umyalo wokwenza okuthile noma uhlelo lokukwenza, ngeke unikeze lokho."
Esinqumweni sayo, i-ICJ ivume isimangalo sika-Israel โsokuthi isithathe izinyathelo ezithile zokubhekana nokunciphisa izimo abantu baseGaza ababhekene nazo.โ Kodwa, inkantolo yanezela, โNakuba izinyathelo ezinjengalezi kufanele zikhuthazwe, azanele ukususa ingozi yokuthi ubandlululo olungalungiseki luzobangelwa ngaphambi kokuba iNkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sayo sokugcina ecaleni.โ
I-US Yehlisa Uxhaso Lwezosizo Lomuntu eGaza Ngemuva Kwesinqumo Se-ICJ
Ngalo lolo suku i-ICJ yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi i-Israel kumele ivumele usizo lobuntu kubantu basePalestine eGaza, kwa-Israel icala ukuthi abasebenzi abangu-12 be-UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) bahileleke ekuhlaselweni kweHamas ngo-Okthoba 7. I-UNRWA ixoshe abasolwa abayisishiyagalolunye, iphenya ababili kubo kanti oyedwa ushonile. Noma kunjalo, i-US kanye nabalingani bayo abaningana (abahlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-60 oxhaso lwe-UNRWA) ngokushesha yamisa imali esikhungweni esinabasebenzi abayizi-13,000 lapho cishe bonke abantu basePalestine eGaza bathembele kuyo ukuze baphile, okuhlanganisa ukudla nendawo yokuhlala.
UNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres kusho esitatimendeni ukuthi, โIzenzo ezinyanyekayo ezisolwayo zalaba basebenzi kumele zibe nemiphumela, kodwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zamadoda nabesifazane abasebenzela i-UNRWA, abaningi abakwezinye zezimo eziyingozi kakhulu kubasebenzi bokusiza abantu, akufanele bajeziswe. Izidingo ezibucayi zabantu abaphelelwe yithemba abakhonza kuzo kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo.โ
Ngokubuyisela usizo losizo kubantu basePalestine abavinjezelwe eGaza, i-US isheshisa ukubulawa kwabantu bakwa-Israyeli.
INingizimu Afrika yenza a icala elinamandla neliphoqayo ku-ICJ ukuthi i-Israel yenza ukubulawa kwabantu basePalestine eGaza. Uhlelo lokusebenza INingizimu Afrika yafaka isicelo enkantolo ibeka izenzo zokucekela phansi isizwe kwa-Israyeli kanye nokungenzi lutho kumongo obanzi wenqubomgomo yakwa-Israyeli yobandlululo yeminyaka engama-75, ukuhlala iminyaka engama-56 kanye nokuvinjwa iminyaka engu-16 kweGaza. Lokhu kuvinjezelwa kwachazwa nguJuliette Touma, umqondisi wezokuxhumana we-UNRWA, โnjengombulali wabantu buthule.โ
INingizimu Afrika itshele i-ICJ ukuthi "ikugxekile ngokungananazi ukuqondiswa kwezakhamuzi yiHamas namanye amaqembu ahlomile asePalestine kanye nokuthunjwa kwabantu ngomhlaka-7 Okthoba." Kodwa, yengeza, โakukho ukuhlasela kwezikhali endaweni yoMbuso kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubi kangakanani - ngisho nokuhlasela okuhlanganisa ubugebengu obunonya - okunganikeza noma yiziphi izizathu, noma ukuzivikela" ekuqothulweni kohlanga. U-Israel "weqe lo mugqa," kusho iNingizimu Afrika.
I-Israel iphendule ngokubeka umthwalo kuHamas ngesimo saseGaza. I-Israel yaphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wobuntu wuhlaka olufanele - ukuthi iHamas yenza ubugebengu bempi. Ngokombono wama-Israyeli, lokhu akulona icala lokuqothulwa kohlanga; uma kukhona owaba yisisulu sokuqothulwa kohlanga, kusho u-Israel it bekungomhla ziyisi-7 kuMfumfu lapho amabutho aphikisayo asePalestine kuthiwa abulala abantu abayi-1,200. Kodwa-ke, i-Hamas ayiyona ingxenye yaleli cala, ngoba ayiyona ingxenye yombuso ku-Genocide Convention.
Isinqumo sabaholi baseMelika sokunqamula usizo lokusiza abantu eGaza futhi andise amacala akwa-Israyeli ngokumelene ne-UNRWA ngalo lolo suku i-ICJ yakhipha ngayo isinqumo sayo sigcizelela ngokusobala umyalezo wokuthi i-US isekela ukulandisa kuka-Israyeli okuphoqa ukuthi kubuyelwe ngokungaguquki nangokuzimisela ekuhlaselweni. kusukela ku-Hamas ngo-Okthoba 7, esikhundleni sokubalwa okuqhubekayo komkhankaso wokuqothula uhlanga u-Israyeli ubelokhu ephendula kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Biden Administration Yephula Inqubomgomo Yayo Yokudluliswa Kwezikhali kanye Nesivumelwano Sokubulawa Kwabantu
Ukuphathwa kweBiden sekuvele kubhekwe njalo kokubili emazweni ngamazwe nangaphakathi. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa i-ICJ imemezele isinqumo sayo esiyingqopha-mlando, ukuqulwa kwecala elingokomlando enkantolo yenhlangano icala uNobhala Wezwe u-Antony Blinken kanye noNobhala Wezokuvikela u-Lloyd Austin ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabantu kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekuqothulweni kohlanga. ukusakaza esidlangalaleni.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icala lenkantolo yombuso wase-US lihamba kanjani, ngokungangabazeki i-US izoqhubeka nokubhekana nokulahlwa ngamazwe ngamazwe ngokwephula kwayo Isivumelwano Sokubulawa Kwabantu, kanye nokwephula inqubomgomo yayo yokudlulisela izikhali, ngemva kwesinqumo sesikhashana se-ICJ. Isinqumo se-ICJ siphinde sibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni waseMelika, ohlinzeka ngezigidigidi ezi-3.8 zamaRandi kwa-Israyeli futhi wacela imvume yengqungquthela yezigidigidi ezingama- $ 14 ngaphezulu, wephula umthetho wabaphathi beBiden. Inqubomgomo Yokudluliswa Kwezikhali Okuvamile yase-US, ethi:
Akukho ukudluliswa kwezikhali okuzogunyazwa lapho i-United States ihlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izingalo ezizodluliswa zisetshenziswe umamukeli ukuze azibophezele, enze kube lula ukukhomishana kwabamukeli, noma ukwandisa ubungozi umamukeli azozenza: ukubulawa kohlanga; ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini; ukwephulwa okukhulu kweMihlangano Yase-Geneva ka-1949, okuhlanganisa nokuhlasela okuqondiswe ngamabomu ngokumelene nempahla yomphakathi noma izakhamuzi ezivikelwe kanjalo; noma okunye ukwephulwa okungathi sรญna komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu noma amalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa izenzo ezibucayi zodlame olusekelwe kubulili noma izenzo ezimbi zobudlova obubhekiswe ezinganeni.
Inqubomgomo kaMongameli Biden iphinde ithi ukuhlolwa kokuthi umamukeli (u-Israel) uyawephula yini amalungelo abantu โkuzobandakanya ukucutshungulwa kolwazi olutholakalayo nezimo ezifanele, okuhlanganisa nezenzo zamanje nezedlule zomamukeli ohlongozwayo.โ
I-ICJ yenze okuningi okutholakele okuyiqiniso mayelana nokuziphatha kuka-Israyeli eGaza futhi yacaphuna ulimi olululaza ubuntu lwezikhulu eziphezulu zakwa-Israel kanye nezitatimende ezithusayo zezikhulu ezimbalwa ze-UN. Inkantolo yamukele inqwaba yezinsolo ezinemininingwane zaseNingizimu Afrika ezibhekene no-Israel. Lokhu okutholakele kufanele kube yisixwayiso kubaphathi be-Biden ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka kwabo ngezikhali kwa-Israel kuzokwephula iSivumelwano Sokubulalana Kohlanga kanye Nenqubomgomo Yokudluliselwa Kwezikhali.
Imininingwane Ngaphandle. Iphrintwe kabusha ngemvume.
U-Marjorie Cohn unguprofesa ophumelelayo e-Thomas Jefferson School of Law, owayengumongameli we-National Lawyers Guild, futhi uyilungu lamabhodi abeluleki kazwelonke e-Assange Defense and Veterans For Peace, kanye nehhovisi le-International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Ungumsunguli we-People's Academy of International Law kanye nommeleli wase-US emkhandlwini wokweluleka wezwekazi le-Association of American Jurists. Izincwadi zakhe zihlanganisa i-Drones kanye Nokubulala Okuhlosiwe: I-Legal, Moral and Geopolitical Issues. Ungomunye wabadidiyeli bomsakazo "Law and Disorder".
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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