Njengoba umkhankaso wakwa-Israel wokuqothula abantu basePalestine eGaza - osebulale abantu baseGaza abangaphezu kuka-33,000 - ungena enyangeni yawo yesikhombisa, iNicaragua yamangalela iJalimane eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke (ICJ, noma iNkantolo Yomhlaba) ngokugqugquzela ukubulawa kohlanga.
Nicaragua icala ukuthi, "iJalimane inikeze ukusekelwa kwezombusazwe, kwezezimali kanye nezempi ku-Israyeli ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa ukuthi izikhali zempi zizosetshenziswa ekwephuleni okukhulu komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe," enezela, "Izikhali zempi ezinikezwe iJalimane zivumela u-Israyeli ukwenza izenzo zokucekela phansi isizwe nezinye izenzo zonya, okuhlanganisa izimpahla eziya phambili kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwempahla yesikhathi esizayo njengezinhlamvu, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezidingekayo embuthweni wakwa-Israyeli. " I-Nicaragua iphinde yacaphuna uxhaso lweJalimane lwe-United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), “enikeza ukusekelwa okubalulekile emphakathini.”
IGermany ingeyesibili ngobukhulu ngokuhlinzeka ngezikhali kwa-Israel, ibalwa Amaphesenti angama-30 wempahla ethengwayo phakathi kuka-2019 no-2023. I-United States, umphathi omkhulu wakwa-Israel, wayihlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-69 okuthengwa kwayo kwezikhali phakathi nesikhathi esifanayo.
Ngo-Okthoba 12, uChancellor waseJalimane u-Olaf Scholz wathi,
Njengamanje, kunendawo eyodwa kuphela yeJalimane: indawo eseceleni kwe-Israel. Yilokhu esikushoyo uma sithi ukuphepha kuka-Israel kungumJalimane raison d'État. Umlando wethu, umthwalo wethu ovela ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe, kwenza kube umsebenzi wethu waphakade ukumela ubukhona nokuvikeleka koMbuso wakwa-Israyeli. Lo mthwalo wemfanelo uyasiqondisa.
Ecaleni elingokomlando ngo-April 8 no-9, iNicaragua yethula olwalo icala ku-ICJ futhi iJalimane yawaphika amacala. I-Nicaragua icele iNkantolo Yomhlaba ukuthi iyalele izinyathelo ezinhlanu zesikhashana “njengendaba ephuthumayo” ngezinsolo zokuthi iJalimane “ibambe iqhaza ekubulaweni kohlanga okuqhubekayo kanye nokwephulwa okungathi sína komthetho wamazwe omhlaba wobuntu kanye neminye imikhuba yomthetho ovamile wamazwe ngamazwe okwenzeka eGaza Strip.”
UDaniel Müller, ummeli wethimba labameli baseNicaragua, ukhumbuze i-ICJ ukuthi ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ezedlule, lapho inkantolo iyala. izinyathelo zesikhashana ezengeziwe ngokumelene no-Israyeli endabeni yaseNingizimu Afrika, yabiza izimo zokuphila eGaza ngokuthi “ziyinhlekelele” kanye nentuthuko yamuva nje ngokuthi “zimbi kakhulu.” Inkantolo ithole “ingozi eseduze yokulimala okungenakulungiseka ‘elungelweni labantu basePalestine eGaza lokuvikelwa ezenzweni zokuqothulwa kohlanga’.”
"I-Nicaragua ayenzi egameni layo kuphela ngesisekelo samalungelo nezibopho ezinikezwe imikhuba ye-peremptory esetshenzisiwe, kodwa futhi egameni labantu basePalestine ababhekene nesinye sezenzo zezempi ezibhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla," UCarlos José Argüello Gómez, inxusa laseNicaragua eNetherlands, utshele inkantolo.
UGómez uthe yize iNicaragua ingakaze iphathwe ngendlela enesihluku njengoba abantu basePalestine behlupheke iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-75, “iphinde yaba ngaphansi kokungenelela nokuhlaselwa kwezempi isikhathi esiningi sokuba khona kwayo futhi izwela abantu basePalestine. abantu.”
Odabeni luka-1984 lwe Imisebenzi Yezempi Nezempi phakathi noma ngokumelene ne-Nicaragua (Nicar. v. US), i-ICJ yakhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nokungenelela kwe-US eNicaragua, okuhlanganisa ukumbiwa kwamachweba, ukucekelwa phansi kokufakwa kukawoyela, nokuqeqeshwa, ukuhlonyiswa kwezikhali kanye nokuhlonyiswa kwe-Contras (ababezama ukuketula uhulumeni waseNicaragua).
UGómez uthe uhulumeni wakwa-Israel “akumele udideke futhi ufaniswe nabantu abangamaJuda,” ephawula ukuthi izisulu ezingamaJuda zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe “zazizozwela futhi zizwelane nezakhamizi ezingaphezu kuka-30,000, okuhlanganisa omama nezingane ezingama-25,000 ababulawa ngesibhicongo kuze kube manje ePalestine, futhi izingane ezingu-20,000 XNUMX ziyizintandane futhi omama ababili babulawa ihora ngalinye.”
IJalimane Yandisa Usizo Lwezempi Kwa-Israyeli Futhi Yanciphisa Uxhaso Ku-UNRWA Njengoba Kwembulwa Kwesizwe
I-Genocide Convention ibeka kubantu besithathu isibopho sokuvimbela ukubulawa kohlanga kusukela ngesikhathi beqaphela ukuthi kungase kwenziwe ukubulawa kohlanga. Gómez utshele inkantolo “akunakungabaza” ukuthi iJalimane “yayiyazi kahle futhi iyazi kahle okungenani ingozi engathi sína yokubulawa kohlanga, ngokuqinisekile ngemva Komyalelo wakho wangomhla zingama-26 kuJanuwari [ngezinyathelo zesikhashana].”
UGómez uveze ukuthi iJalimane ibikuqaphela ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba wakwa-Israel, ecaphuna izitatimende ezingama-32 ezenziwe kusukela ngo-Okthoba 9, 2023 kuya ku-Ephreli 5, 2024, ngamakhulu ochwepheshe abahlonishwa kakhulu, iziphathimandla, izinhlangano, izazi zezomthetho kanye nabasebenzi abasola u-Israyeli ngokwephula noma ukwephula ngokusobala umthetho. I-Genocide Convention.
“Ngalo lonke lolu lwazi olungenakuphikwa lwesimo,” kusho uGómez, “ukusabela kweJalimane kwakuwukwandisa usizo lwayo lwezempi kwa-Israyeli.” Ubalule nesimemezelo seGermany sokuthi izongenelela ivuna i-Israel odabeni luka INingizimu Afrika v. Israel, okusalindile ku-ICJ. Futhi, uGómez uthe, naphezu kokuthi i-ICJ ngoJanuwari 26 ithola ukuthi i-Israel yayibulala abantu ngokusobala, "iJalimane yaqhubeka, futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla, ukuhlinzeka ngezikhali nosizo lwezempi jikelele kwa-Israyeli."
Ngonyaka ka-2023, uhulumeni waseJalimane wagunyaza ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-326 zokuthunyelwa kwempahla yezempi nezikhali zempi kwa-Israel, kusho ummeli waseNicaragua uMüller etshela inkantolo. Amalayisense okuthumela ngaphandle kwezikhali zempi abiza ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-20 ahlanganisa “izikhali ezilwa namathangi ezingu-3,000 - okuthi ngokomkhiqizi oyedwa eJalimane 'ziyibhokisi lamathuluzi eliphelele lezikhali ezithulwe ngamahlombe' ezisetshenziswa ukulwa namathangi, kodwa nezimoto, izakhiwo nezakhiwo. , kanye nabantu — izinhlamvu zezibhamu ezingu-500,000 44, amacala angu-239—okuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlamvu zezibhamu — kanye nezindleko zokucisha ezingama-XNUMX.”
UMüller wathi lezi zikhali “zakhelwe futhi zihloselwe ukucekela phansi nokubulala, noma ukucaphuna encazelweni yeJalimane, ‘izinto [kanye] nezinto . . . nekhono . . . yokubangela ukucekelwa phansi noma ukulimaza abantu noma impahla kanye nokusebenzisa amandla ezingxabanweni zezikhali phakathi kweMibuso.’”
Naphezu kwesinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha esifuna ukuthi kumiswe ukulwa ngokushesha, iJalimane isaqhubeka nokunikeza usizo lwezempi kwa-Israel. IJalimane isiza noma yenza ngcono ukuhlinzekwa kosizo lwabantu eGaza. Kodwa, uMüller waphikisa, "Impela kuyizaba ezidabukisayo ezinganeni zasePalestine, abesifazane namadoda eGaza ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwabantu, kuhlanganise namaconsi omoya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali nemishini yezempi esetshenziselwa ukubulala. futhi babaqothule - futhi babulale nabasebenzi bosizo lobuntu njengoba kusanda kufakazelwa ukuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo ngokumelene nezimoto nabasebenzi beWorld Central Kitchen, ngakolunye uhlangothi."
UGómez ubalule ukubandakanyeka kwezinkampani zaseJalimane embonini yezempi “ezizuza ngokuqondile kulesi simo njengoba zibona amanani azo enyuka kusukela ngo-Okthoba futhi zengeze kakhulu izinkontileka zokuthuthukisa izikhali nozakwabo bakwa-Israel.”
I-Nicaragua iphinde yacaphuna ukumiswa kweJalimane ukuxhasa ngezimali i-UNRWA eGaza ngosuku olulandela umyalo we-ICJ wangoJanuwari 26, "ngokusekelwe ezwini likahulumeni wase-Israel," njengobufakazi bokuthi iJalimane yenza lula ukuqothulwa kohlanga. "I-UNRWA inguzakwethu obaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni usizo kubantu baseGaza Strip," ungqongqoshe wombuso waseJalimane wavuma ngoNovemba 7, 2023. Ukumiswa koxhaso lwemali kwaphuca i-UNRWA u-$450 million.
I-Nicaragua Yachitha Ingxabano YaseJalimane yokuthi u-Israyeli Usebenza Ngokuzivikela Okusemthethweni
I-Nicaragua yaphikisa ngokuthi i-Israel yayidida ilungelo lokuvikela abantu bayo nelungelo lokuzivikela ngaphansi kwe-Article 51 ye-UN Charter, icaphuna umbono wokweluleka we-ICJ ka-2004. Imiphumela Engokomthetho Yokwakhiwa Kodonga Endaweni Ethathiwe YasePalestine. Kuleso simo, inkantolo yathi i-Israel, njengamandla aphethe, ayikwazi ukucela ukuzivikela endaweni ekuyo. “Ngokumangalisayo,” kusho uGómez, “iJalimane ibonakala ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuzivikela nokuqothulwa kohlanga.”
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNicaragua yagomela ngokuthi “abantu basePalestine banelungelo lokuzibusa” okuhlanganisa “ilungelo lokuthatha izikhali ngokumelene nokuhlala kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuphikisana nemithetho yokucwasa ngokwebala ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokuzibusa njengoba libekwe [ku-UN] I-Charter” kanye Nesimemezelo Sezimiso Zomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Mayelana Nobudlelwano Bobungane Nokubambisana Phakathi Kwamazwe.
UGómez waphawula ukuthi izehlakalo zango-Okthoba 7 “azizange zenzeke ngokuzumayo, ngaphandle kokucasuka.” Ucaphune uNobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-António Guterres, owathi ngo-Okthoba 24, "Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kweHamas akwenzekanga nje. Abantu basePalestine bagqitshwe iminyaka engu-56 becindezelwa.”
“Uma izenzo zika-Israyeli ziqhubeka ngokunganqandeki njengoba zenze kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe njengoMbuso, futhi ziqhubeka nokuthola ukusekelwa ngokungakhethi kwaMazwe afana neJalimane, khona-ke isizukulwane esisha samaPalestine sizovuka futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze,” kubikezela uGómez.
I-Nicaragua Ifuna Izinyathelo Zesikhashana Ezi-5
I-Nicaragua yacela i-ICJ ukuba iyale ukuthi iJalimane ingenzi isimo eGaza sibe sibi kakhulu, “ngokuhlinzeka noma ngokuvumela ukuhlinzekwa kwezikhali zempi nokunye ukusekelwa okuqondile kuka-Israyeli ngalesi sikhathi futhi ngokuphuca i-UNRWA . . . yezimali kanye nekhono lokuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuhambisana negunya layo.”
Lezi yizinyathelo zesikhashana ezicelwa iNicaragua:
(1) IJalimane izomisa ngokushesha usizo lwayo ku-Israyeli, ikakhulukazi usizo lwayo lwezempi okuhlanganisa nezikhali zempi, njengoba lolu sizo lungasetshenziswa ngokwephula iSivumelwano SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu noma ezinye izinkambiso ezibalulekile zomthetho jikelele wamazwe ngamazwe. njengelungelo labantu basePalestine lokuzibusa kanye nokungabi ngaphansi kombuso wobandlululo;
(2) IJalimane kufanele ngokushesha yenze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhali esezilethiwe kwa-Israyeli azisetshenziselwa ukubulala isizwe, zibe nesandla ezenzweni zokuqothula isizwe noma zisetshenziswe ngendlela ephula umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe;
(3) IJalimane kufanele ngokushesha yenze konke okusemandleni ukuze ihambisane nezibopho zayo ngaphansi komthetho wobuntu;
(4) IJalimane kufanele iguqule isinqumo sayo sokumisa uxhaso lwe-UNRWA njengengxenye yokuthobela izibopho zayo zokuvimbela ukuqothulwa kohlanga kanye nezenzo zokuqothulwa kohlanga kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo obuntu abantu basePalestine okuhlanganisa nesibopho sokwenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lokusiza abantu lufinyelela kubantu basePalestine, ikakhulukazi eGaza;
(5) IJalimane kumele ibambisane ukuze kuqedwe ukwephulwa okubucayi kwezimiso zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokuyeka ukwesekwa kwayo, okuhlanganisa nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali zempi kwa-Israyeli ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukwenza amacala amakhulu omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nokuthi iqhubeke nokusekela. ye-UNRWA lapho le Nhlangano ibale futhi yasekela imisebenzi yayo.
IGermany Ithi Ngeke Ithwale Isibopho Ngoba I-Israel Akayona Ingxenye Ecaleni
Ithimba lezomthetho laseJalimane liphakanyisiwe izivikelo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, i-ICJ ayinawo amandla okuphatha kuleli cala ngoba isibopho seJalimane sincike ekutholeni ukuthi i-Israel yenza ukubulawa kwabantu futhi i-Israel ayihlanganyeli kuleli cala. Okwesibili, iJalimane “inohlaka lwezomthetho oluqinile” lokuhlola icala ngalinye ukuthi amalayisense okuthekelisa ahambisana nezibopho zawo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuthunyelwa kwayo okuningi kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2023 akuzange kube “izikhali zempi.”
Umenzeli u-Tania von Uslar-Gleichen ukhulumele iJalimane ukuthi ukumangalelwa kweNicaragua “akunasisekelo eqinisweni noma umthetho. Bancike ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kuka-Israyeli, hhayi ingxenye yalezi zinyathelo. " Uthe icala lalethwa enkantolo “ngenxa yobufakazi obuncane kakhulu.”
USamuel Wordsworth, naye omele iJalimane, utshele i-ICJ ukuthi ayinawo amandla okulalela leli cala. Wachaza ukuthi i-Israel yayingekho phambi kwenkantolo futhi izinqumo mayelana nokuziphatha kwayo kwakuyisidingo sokuqala sokuthola umthwalo wemfanelo ohlangothini lweJalimane. Ku INingizimu Afrika v. Israel, i-ICJ yathi “kunengqondo” ukuthi u-Israyeli wayebulala abantu. Ukunqunywa kokugcina mayelana nokufaneleka kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana. Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi iJalimane iyazephula yini izibopho zayo zomhlaba wonke, “iNkantolo kufanele iqale inqume ukuthi u-Israel wenze ukubulawa kwabantu,” kuqhuba uWordsworth. "Kusolwa isibopho seJalimane, kodwa ngokwethembela ngokuphelele ezenzweni ezingalungile zika-Israyeli." Ngakho, wathi, u-Israyeli “uyingxenye yesithathu ebalulekile.”
Kodwa u-Anne Peters, elinye ilungu leqembu lezomthetho laseJalimane, wavuma ukuthi uma inkantolo ikuthola “kunengqondo” ukuthi u-Israyeli wephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, inganquma-ke ukuthi “amaqiniso abambekayo” ayakuveza yini “ukwephulwa okunengqondo” kweJalimane.
IGermany Ifuna Ukuthi Iningi Lokuthunyelwa Kwayo Kwa-Israyeli Akuzona “Izikhali Zempi”
UPeters uthe iNicaragua ayikavezi noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokuthi “izikhali zempi ezivela eJalimane zazingaba negalelo elikhulu ekubulaweni kwabantu noma ekwephulwani komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokusiza abantu” ngenxa “yezindinganiso eziqinile zamalayisense eJalimane.”
UVon Uslar-Gleichen watshela inkantolo ukuthi kusukela ngo-October 7, 2023, amaphesenti angu-98 amalayisense anikezwa eJalimane ukuze athumele kwa-Israel ayengezona “izikhali zempi,” kodwa kunalokho “ezinye izikhali zempi.” Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili evolumu egunyazwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe agunyazwe ngo-Okthoba 2023, esho.
Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2023, “asiwaboni amagobolondo ezikhali, azikho izikhali. Cishe zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zibandakanya lokho okwaziwa 'njengezinye izinto zezempi,' ngokuvamile ezingaphansi noma ezivikelayo," esho. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa “izinto zokuzivikela ezingozini zamakhemikhali, izinto zokuzivikela njengezigqoko zokuzivikela noma amapuleti okuvikela umzimba, okokusebenza kokuxhumana, upende oyisimbozo nezingxenye, izingxenye nezinye izinto zokusebenza zohlamvu olungaphansi.”
UVon Uslar-Gleichen uvumile, nokho, ukuthi iJalimane yanikeza imvume yokuthunyelwa kwezikhali zempi kwa-Israel izikhathi ezine ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Amalayisense amabili ezinhlamvu "zokuqeqesha" (hhayi ukulwa), okuhlanganisa nezinhlamvu ezingu-500,000, agunyazwe ngoNovemba, futhi izingcezu ezengeziwe ze-1,000 zagunyazwa ekuqaleni kuka-2024. Ilayisense yesithathu yagunyazwa ukukhokhiswa kwe-propellant mayelana nephrojekthi ehlangene phakathi kweJalimane. kanye nezimboni zakwa-Israel kodwa bekungezezinjongo zokuhlola. Ilayisense yesine bekungeyokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe izikhali eziphathwayo ezingama-3,000 zokulwa namathangi “lapho kwenzeka khona ukubulawa kwabantu kwe-Hamas,” kusho yena.
Ngo-2023, u-Israel wacela iJalimane izinhlamvu zethangi, kodwa alikho ilayisense eselinikiwe. Ilayisensi eyodwa inikezwe umkhumbi-ngwenya, kodwa njengoba “iyisikhali sempi” idinga amalayisense amabili okuthumela ngaphandle ngakho-ke awukakagunyazwa, uVon Uslar-Gleichen utshele i-ICJ. Ukukhuluma kweNicaragua ngamagobolondo ezikhali nezikhali ezizosetshenziswa eGaza “akumane nje kuhlobene namaqiniso. IGermany iyabenqaba,” kusho yena.
UGómez ukhulumele iNicaragua ukuthi "akunandaba ukuthi igobolondo lezikhali lilethwa lisuka eJalimane liyiswa ethangini lakwa-Israel eligobhoza isibhedlela" noma ligcwalisa izitoko zakwa-Israyeli. "Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kwezimpahla kanye nokushintshwa kwezikhali kubalulekile ekulandeleni kuka-Israyeli ukuhlasela eGaza," etshela i-ICJ, wengeza ngokuthi iJalimane iyabazi "ingozi enkulu yokubulawa kohlanga."
Icala le-ICJ Liyithuluzi Lokukhuluma Nezokuhlela
Nakuba i-United States iyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke ehlinzeka ngezikhali kwa-Israel, ayikaze ibekwe icala ku-ICJ ngoba ngeke yamukele igunya lenkantolo ngaphandle kwalapho uhulumeni wase-US evuma khona ngokusobala. I-Germany ivumele igunya eligcwele le-ICJ ngakho-ke iyithagethi elula kune-US ecaleni laseNicaragua.
"I-ICJ ngeke iyiqede impi eGaza, kodwa iyithuluzi lezombusazwe elisetshenziswa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ukufaka ingcindezi eyengeziwe kwa-Israyeli," uBrian Finucane, umeluleki omkhulu ku-International Crisis Group, utshele I-New York Times. "Ecaleni laseNicaragua, liphinde lifake ingcindezi eJalimane."
Inhlangano yomphakathi iphinde yengeza ingcindezi yokuthi ihambisane nokulalelwa kwe-ICJ mayelana necala laseNicaragua elibhekene neJalimane.. Amanxusa e-CODEPINK aqoka, ahlanganisa futhi aletha izikhalazo kumamishini aseJalimane kulo lonke elase-US Lezi zenzo beziyingxenye yomkhankaso wamazwe ngamazwe wobumbano namaJalimane ase-Palestine azibeka engcupheni yokushaywa nokuboshwa lapho ebonisa ngokumelene nokuba nesandla kweJalimane ekubulaweni kohlanga kwa-Israyeli.
I-ICJ izokhipha isinqumo ngesicelo saseNicaragua sezinyathelo zesikhashana I-Nicaragua v. Germany emavikini ambalwa alandelayo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela