Siyezwa i-ad nauseum kusukela kwabezindaba abajwayelekile, futhi ikakhulukazi abezindaba ezigxile kwezamabhizinisi, ukuthi i-United States inomnotho okhiqiza kakhulu ebusweni boMhlaba. Nokho cishe akukaze kube nezingxoxo zokuthi imali engenayo etholakala kulokho mkhiqizo isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo noma ngokulinganayo kumalungu omphakathi wethu. Ukungalingani kweholo e-United States yinkinga ngokuqinisekile amaDemocrat noma amaRiphabhulikhi angafuni ukukhuluma ngayo—futhi ngeke, ngaphandle uma ephoqelelwe.
Nakuba kungelona lodwa uhlobo lwengcindezelo olufakwe ohlelweni lwamanje lwezenhlalakahle, ukungalingani kweholo kunomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zabantu: ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphansi, ukuntuleka kwemali engenayo kuthinta zonke izinhlobo zamathuba okuphila ngisho nokuba khona, njengezempilo, amathuba okuba yisisulu sodlame, kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni zezokwelapha. (Futhi siyazi ukuthi imiphumela iba mibi nakakhulu uma kwengezwa ingcindezelo yobuhlanga kanye/noma yobulili.)
Nokho, abantu abaningi abakwazi, uHulumeni wase-US ulandelela ukungalingani kwemali engenayo emphakathini wethu, futhi usekwenze lokho kusukela ngo-1947. Kunesilinganiso esilula esenziwe, esibizwa ngokuthi inkomba ye-Gini (noma i-coefficient). Isikolo se-Gini inombolo elula ebalwa minyaka yonke ukuze imele izinga lokungalingani kwemali engenayo ohlelweni lomphakathi futhi, lapho ibhekwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izobonisa ukuthi ukungalingani kuba ngcono yini (kuyancishiswa) noma kuya kuba kubi kakhulu (kuyakhula). Futhi, ingasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa izinga lokungalingani kwelinye izwe nelelinye.
Ngaphezu kokucabangela isimo sonke njengoba sikhonjiswe amaphuzu akwa-Gini, angasiza futhi ukuqondisa izinqumo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Isibonelo, uma ukungalingani kweholo kukhuphuka, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenqubomgomo eqhubekayo olusetshenziswayo lungafuna ukubuyisela emuva lokho kungalingani okukhulayo. Noma ngisho noma ukhuluma ngokuncishiswa kwezintela (yisho esimweni samanje sezepolitiki sase-US), abaqhubekayo bangafuna ukukhomba ukuncishiswa kwentela ukuze kuzuze labo abaphansi hhayi phezulu kuhlelo lomphakathi ukuze basize ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwemali engenayo.
Inkomba ye-Gini iyisilinganiso sezinombolo esisuka kuqanda siye koyedwa. Isikolo esingu-1.000—ivame ukumelwa amaphuzu ngezinkulungwane—ngalokho simelela ukungalingani okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, amaphuzu angu-0.000 amele ukulingana okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, lapho amaphuzu aphezulu, ukungalingani kukhulu.
Inkomba ye-Gini ingasetshenziswa ukukala ukungalingani kwezomnotho ngezindlela eziningi. Ingakwazi ukukala ukungalingani kuwo wonke umuntu, imindeni, kanye nemizi (abantu abangahlobene ukwabelana ngezindlu), futhi ingakala ukungalingani kuzo zonke izinhlanga, ngobulili, ngezinga lemfundo, njll. Kafushane, iyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu elisungulwe kahle futhi kulula ukuyiqonda.
Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso se-Gini asiphelele. Nakuba ingasetshenziswa ukubhekana nokungalingani kwezomnotho lilonke noma ngeqembu elikhethiwe, ukuthola amaphuzu enkomba ye-Gini ngamaqembu ahlukene (ngezinjongo zokuqhathanisa) kunzima, futhi akwaziwa ngisho noma lesi sinyathelo sibalwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kunoma yikuphi okungaguquguquki. isisekelo. Idatha etholakalayo ayicabangeli ubukhulu noma umthamo wokukhiqiza wezwe, izindawo ezingaphakathi kwamazwe, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izici: okutholakalayo amaphuzu ayinhlanganisela awo wonke amazwe, kulokhu mayelana nokungalingani kweholo lomndeni. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuthathwe ngokucophelela: le datha imane nje iphakamisa, ayisho lutho. Noma kunjalo, ukusikisela kwedatha enjalo kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Kulesi sihloko, ngigxile ekungalinganini kwemali engenayo kuyo yonke imindeni. Ngikhethe ukugxila kulokhu ngoba nginedatha yokuqhathanisa izinga lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho, nakuba ngingaziphindi, zonke iziqhathaniso lapha ziwukungalingani kwemali engenayo phakathi kwemindeni.
E-US, amaphuzu e-Gini okungalingani kweholo lomndeni kokubili ehlile futhi anda esikhathini kusukela ngo-1947. Ngokubanzi, lokhu kungahlukaniswa kube izikhathi ezimbili: 1947-1968, kanye no-1969 ukuze kwethulwe.
Esikhathini sokuqala, isilinganiso sokungalingani sibonise ukwehla okuncane kodwa okuqhubekayo. Isuka kumaphuzu angu-.376 ngo-1947, yahamba ngokungalingani kodwa yehla yaya ku-.348 ngo-1968.
Kusukela ngo-1969, lo mkhuba uye wahlehla, ulokhu ubheke phezulu—omele ukwanda kokungalingani kwemali engenayo. Ngo-1969, kwaba .349. Ngo-1982 (ngaphansi kwe-Reagan), yafinyelela ku-.380 futhi ayikaze yehle kuleso nani kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba .379 (ngo-1950) kwakuyizinga eliphezulu lokungalingani kwemali engenayo esikhathini sika-1947-68, lokhu kusho ukuthi minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1982, ukungalingani kweholo e-US bekulokhu kukhulu kunezinga elibi lokungalingani elalikhona esikhathini esidlule..
Ukungalingani kweholo kunyukile ngaphansi kokubili kwama-Republican namaDemocrats. Ngaphansi kwe-Reagan, isuke ku-.369 ngo-1981 (unyaka wokuqala ehhovisi) yaya ku-.395 ngo-1988, unyaka wakhe wokugcina ogcwele. Ngaphansi kukaBush I, yasuka ku-.401 ngo-1989 yaya ku-.404 ngo-1992. Ngaphansi kukaClinton, yasuka ku-.429 ngo-1993 yaya ku-.430 ngo-2000. Futhi ngaphansi kukaBush II, ukungalingani kweholo kwakuku-.435 ngo-2001 (idatha yakamuva esikhona ngalesi sikhathi), kodwa konke-kodwa-kuqinisekile ukuthi amaphuzu anyukile kusukela lapho. (Le datha iyatholakala kulayini ku- www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f04html)
(Uma amaphuzu e-Gini ephakama, kuyanda ukungalingani) Nakuba lo mkhuba uzikhathaza wona ngokwawo, ngicabange ukuthi kungase kujabulise ukubona ukuthi izinga lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni liqhathaniswa kanjani nakwamanye amazwe. Ukubheka i-CIA Fact Book ku www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2172.html nginikeze ulwazi ebengilufuna. (Naphezu kokusebenzisa idatha ye-CIA kanye nezigaba zeBhange Lomhlaba, ngezansi, lokhu akusho ukuthi ngiyawamukela umsebenzi wabo—noma kunjalo, uwusizo ngezinjongo zokuqhathanisa.) IBhange Lomhlaba lihlukanisa amazwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengezifunda zomhlaba; nokho, ngokwezinjongo zethu, isilinganiso esisebenziseka kakhulu yi-Gross National Income umuntu ngamunye. (I-GNI yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Gross National Product, kodwa bashintsha igama.) Ngamanye amazwi, izimpahla namasevisi akhiqizwa ezweni ngonyaka ohlukaniswe ngenani labantu. IBhange Lomhlaba libeka amazwe kwelinye kwezigaba ezine zalesi silinganiso, futhi lapha ngisebenzise izibalo zayo zakamuva (kusukela ngo-2003). Amazwe lapho i-GNI/capita ingu-$765 noma ngaphansi ngonyaka abhalwe “imali engenayo ephansi.†Lawo aphakathi kuka-$766-3,035 “imali engenayo emaphakathi ephansi†; phakathi kuka-$3,036-9,385 “upper middle†; futhi lawo angaphezu kuka-$9,386 “imali engenayo ephezulu.†Futhi iBhange libeka amazwe amaningi omhlaba ngokwezigaba—Angiqiniseki ukuthi ahlanganisa wonke amazwe—kwenye yalezi zigaba ezine. www.worldbank.org/data/countryclass/classgroups.htm. I-CIA ayiwafaki ngokwezigaba amazwe eNcwadini Yeqiniso ngokwezigaba zeBhange Lomhlaba, kodwa ihlinzeka ngenkomba ye-Gini yamazwe ahlukene ayi-110, okuhlanganisa iningi lamazwe ahlukaniswe iBhange Lomhlaba. (I-CIA ibika inkomba ye-Gini ngezinombolo eziphelele kanye nokweshumi, engingakaze ngikubone kusetshenziswe kwenye indawo, kodwa iguquleka kalula ekufundweni okujwayelekile, engikwenzile.) Lokhu okungisiza ukuba ngikwenze ukuhlanganisa amazwe ngokwezigaba zeBhange Lomhlaba, bese uqhathanisa amanani okungalingani kweholo lomndeni ngezinga lemali engenayo lamazwe emhlabeni wonke. (I-CIA ayifaki wonke amazwe—ngokwesibonelo, iHaiti noma iTaiwan ayifakiwe kudatha yabo—kodwa ayichazi ukuthi kungani amanye amazwe engafakwanga.) Iwebhusayithi yeCIA ibika ukuthi leli khasi ligcine ukubuyekezwa ngoMeyi. 11, 2004. Ngifake yonke idatha yenkomba ye-Gini enikezwe i-CIA ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, ngayifaka ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu, njengoba kwenza i-CIA, kodwa ngabafaka phakathi kwezigaba zeBhange Lomhlaba. Ngabe sengihlunga idatha ngesikolo se-Gini, ukusuka kwephansi kuya kwephezulu kakhulu. Ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo sesibili kungivumele ukuba ngenze izibalo zezibalo ezilula: Ngisebenzise uhlelo lwami lwesipredishithi ukuze ngibale isilinganiso sedatha, kanye ne-median. Isilinganiso kufanele siqonde. I-median ngokuyisisekelo ingamaphesenti angu-50 wedatha, okusho ukuthi uhhafu wamaphuzu ungaphansi kwephoyinti elimaphakathi, futhi uhhafu ungaphezulu. Iphoyinti elimaphakathi alingeneki kalula ekuhlukeni kwesikali esibanzi, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile liwusizo kakhulu kulezi zinyathelo ezimbili ngoba aligudluki ngamaphoyinti edatha aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi. Ngibale amaphuzu emazweni anemali ephansi ($765 nangaphansi), okuhlanganisa amazwe afana neBangladesh, iGhana, iMoldova, iSierra Leone neZimbabwe. Isilinganiso sabo samaphuzu okungalingani komkhaya sasingu-.431; imidiyeni yayiyi-.406. Ngibale amaphuzu amazwe anemali ephansi emaphakathi ($766-3,085), okuhlanganisa amazwe afana ne-Algeria, Columbia, Honduras, Romania kanye ne-Ukraine. Isilinganiso sabo samaphuzu okungalingani komkhaya sasingu-.429; imidiyeni yayiyi-.414. Ngibale imiphumela yamazwe anemali engenayo emaphakathi ($3,036-9,385), okuhlanganisa amazwe afana neChile, Estonia, Malaysia, Panama kanye neVenezuela. Isilinganiso sabo samaphuzu okungalingani komkhaya sasingu-.385; isilinganiso sasingu-.370 Ngabe sengibala amaphuzu amazwe anengeniso ephezulu ($9,386 nangaphezulu ngomuntu ngamunye), okuhlanganisa amazwe anjenge-Australia, Finland, Italy, Slovenia kanye ne-United States. Isilinganiso sabo samaphuzu okungalingani komkhaya sasingu-.313; imidiyeni yayiyi-.316. Inkomba ye-Gini yase-United States, ngo-2001—ngaphambi kokwehliswa kwentela kaBush—yayingu-.435. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nezikolo ezimaphakathi ze-Gini zamazwe afika kancane (.406), amazwe aphansi-maphakathi (.414), amazwe aphezulu-maphakathi (.370), namazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu (.316). Ngamanye amazwi, izinga lethu lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni lalibi kakhulu kunesilinganiso kanye nesilinganiso samanye amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu (lapho i-US itholakala khona, ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokuthuthuka komnotho nokungalingani kweholo lomndeni okubi kakhulu isigaba sonke).
Isigaba semali engenayo
Isilinganiso se-Gini Score Median Gini Score
I-Gini Score, US (2001)
Amazwe anemali ephansi
.431 .406
.435
Amazwe anengeniso ephansi emaphakathi
.429 .414
.435
Amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu-maphakathi
.385 .370
.435
Amazwe anengeniso ephezulu
.313 .316
.435
Ngabe senginquma ukuhlanganisa wonke amazwe angu-110 engangithole kuwo amaphuzu ka-Gini, ngiwahlele ngokulandelana (kusuka kumaphuzu aphansi okungalingani kweholo kuye phezulu) ukuze ngibone ukuthi i-United States izotholakala kuphi. Kuwo wonke amazwe angu-110, izwe elinenani eliphansi kakhulu lokungalingani kwemali engenayo yomndeni kwakuyiBelarus (.217 ngo-1998); isilinganiso samaphuzu sasingu-.399; isilinganiso esimaphakathi sasingu-.379; futhi ukungalingani okukhulu kweholo lomndeni kwatholakala eSierra Leone (.629 ngo-1989). Futhi, i-US yangena ngo-.435 ngo-2001. (I-Jamaica ku-.379 yayiyisilinganiso esimaphakathi ngenombolo ye-56, futhi i-US yafika ezweni lama-75 elingalingani kakhulu emhlabeni!) Kodwa ingabe indlela yesifunda ishintsha lokhu kuhlaziywa? (Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe “ngimasaja†idatha yami ukuze ngiveze iphuzu lami?) Akunjalo. Ngiqoqe idatha ye-CIA ngezifunda zeBhange Lomhlaba: i-Sub-Saharan Africa; I-East Asia kanye nePacific; I-Europe kanye ne-Asia Ephakathi (ngokuyisisekelo kwakuyizifundazwe “IMpumalanga Yurophuâ€); I-Latin America kanye neCaribbean; IMpumalanga Ephakathi neNyakatho Afrika; naseNingizimu Asia. (IBhange Lomhlaba lihlanganisa kuphela “amazwe asathuthuka†—okungukuthi, hhayi “amazwe anemali engenayo ephezuluâ€â€”kulawa kuhlanganiswa kwezifunda, kodwa noma kunjalo ukuqhathanisa kuyathakazelisa.) Futhi, njengoba ngenza ekuqaleni, ngabala isilinganiso izinga lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni lesifunda ngasinye, kanye nesikolo esimaphakathi.
Isifunda
Isilinganiso se-Gini Score Median Gini Score
I-Gini Score, US (2001)
I-Afrika engaphansi kwe-Sahara
.446 .410
.435
I-East Asia & Pacific
.424 .404
.435
South Asia
.367 .367
.435
I-Latin America neCaribbean
.518 .526
.435
IYurophu ne-Asia Ephakathi
.336 .343
.435
Njengoba umuntu engabona ngokushesha, izinga lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni e-United States (.435) lingcono kunamazwe asathuthuka eLatin America naseCaribbean (median .526). Nokho, izinga lokungalingani kweholo lomndeni e-United States (.435) li ephakeme kunasemazweni asathuthuka e-Sub-Saharan Africa (.410), East Asia kanye nePacific (.404); eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi (.358); INingizimu Asia (.367); kanye neYurophu ne-Asia Ephakathi! Nakuba kungase kuthiwe ukungalingani kwemali engenayo emazweni ampofu kakhulu akulindelekile, njengoba bengenazo izinsiza kanye/noma izindlela zokusabalalisa imali engenayo ngokulinganayo, lesi simangalo asinakugunyazwa ezweni elinezinsiza nezindlela zikahulumeni njengoba zitholakala leli lizwe. Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kungalingani kweholo lomndeni okwandayo kungenxa yezinqumo zezombusazwe “abaholi” bezepolitiki bamaqembu womabili weDemocratic and Republican, futhi lezi bezilokhu ziqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukungalingani kweholo lomndeni kungase kubonakale kuwudaba amaqembu azimele angalusebenzisa ngokumelene namaqembu ezombusazwe asunguliwe uma abazimele benquma ukukusebenzisa njengodaba.
U- _____ UKim Scipes uyisishoshovu sesikhathi eside kwezabasebenzi kanye neminye iminyakazo eqhubekayo. Njengamanje ufundisa iSociology ePurdue University North Central eWestville, IN.
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