Lena Ingxenye 2 ochungechungeni lomlando oluyizingxenye ezi-5 olugxile ku-US imperialism, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye ne-neo-liberal economics emhlabeni wonke kule minyaka engu-40 edlule. Ingxenye ngayinye elandelayo izoshicilelwa ngoLwesibili olandelanayo.
UKUGQUGQUZEKA[1]
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisa leli gama kusho ukuthatha ububanzi beplanethi, kungasakhawuli ukuhlaziya komuntu ezingeni lezwe-lezwe. Lokhu akusho ukuthi umbuso wesizwe usuphelelwe yisikhathi, awunamsebenzi, njll., kodwa ukuthi asikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya kwethu kwezepolitiki ezingeni lesizwe kuphela. U-Jan Nederveen Pieterse wandisa:
Phakathi kwabahlaziyi nabenzi bezinqubomgomo, eNyakatho naseNingizimu, kukhona ukuvumelana okuvelayo ezicini ezimbalwa zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke: ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubunjwa izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, kuhilela ukumiswa kabusha kwezifundazwe, kuhambisana nokuhlelwa kwezifunda [isib., European Union, Latinamericanization-KS], futhi ayilingani (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke Namasiko: I-Global Mélange, 3rd U-Ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.: 8).[Ii]
Uphinde abhale ukuthi nakuba abantu bevame ukubhekisela ekucindezelweni kwendawo yesikhathi, "Kusho ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubandakanya ukuxhumana okujulile endaweni ebanzi futhi ngesikhathi esifushane kunangaphambili" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).
Nokho, kunezindaba eziphathelene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke lapho kusenezingxabano ezinkulu. Elandela u-Nederveen Pieterse, lo mbhali uthi ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ku-multidimensional (okungukuthi, akukwazi ukuphelela esicini esisodwa nje, njengezomnotho, kodwa kuhlanganisa izinto ezifana nezombusazwe namasiko) futhi kufanele kubonakale njengento yesikhathi eside. eyaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule "ekuqaleni kokufuduka kokuqala kwabantu kanye nokuxhumana okude kwezohwebo futhi kamuva isheshisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe, izinkolo, ukufunda nokubhala, imibuso, i-capitalism" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 70- 71).[Iii] Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusengaphambili i-capitalism kanye nesimanjemanje, okusho ukuthi yandulela "iNtshonalanga." Futhi-ke, ukuthi ayizange iqale ngawo-1970.
Nakuba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyisethi yezinqubo ezibanzi kakhulu, ezijulile, futhi ezinde kunalokho okuvame ukuqashelwa, lezi zinqubo zaqala ukushesha ekuqaleni kwawo-1970.
Uma ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili kwaqondana 'neNkulungwane YaseMelika' kanye nesikhathi sika-1980-2000 saqondana nokubusa konxiwankulu bama-Anglo-American kanye ne-American hegemony, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye kukhombisa ukuguquguquka okuhluke ngokuphawulekayo. I-American hegemony ibuthakathaka, umnotho wase-US uncike kwamanye amazwe, unezikweletu ezijulile, futhi ugcwele izinkinga zezimali.
Izindlela ezintsha zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ngekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye ziyisizinda somnotho womhlaba oshintshela eNingizimu yembulunga yonke, emazweni asanda kunezimboni, kanye nakubadayisi bamandla ngaphandle (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24).[Iv]
Uphinde aveze ukuthi lezi zinguquko zenzeka emkhakheni wezomnotho nezezimali, ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe, nasekushintsheni izindlela zokufuduka kwabantu. Ufingqa, "I-hegemony yamasiko engangabazeki yaseNtshonalanga isidlulile" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24-25).
Nakuba lo mbhali evumelana nokucabanga kuka-Nederveen Pieterse mayelana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke—okuhlanganisa nokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi futhi kwandulela isimanje—ngifuna ukwengeza elinye iphuzu mayelana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke: kunezinhlobo eziningi ( multilayered )Izici, 2012a, “Ukwenziwa Kwembulunga yonke Okusuka Ngezansi: Izishoshovu Zabasebenzi Eziphonsela inselelo Uhlelo Lwenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO.” I-Critical Sociology, Vol. 38, No. 2: 303-323. Ku-inthanethi ku- https://researchgate.net/publication/254084376_Globalization__from_Below_Labor_Activists_Challenging_the_AFL-CIO_Foreign_Policy_Program; Vandana Shiva, 2005, Intando Yeningi Yomhlaba: Ubulungiswa, Ukusimama kanye Nokuthula. E-Boston: I-South End Press; U-Amory Inkanyezi, 2005, I-Global Revolt: Umhlahlandlela Wezinhlangano Eziphikisana Nokubambisana Kwembulunga yonke). Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile.
Amabhizinisi nohulumeni baye basebenzisa igama elithi “imbulunga yonke,” begcizelela ukuthi kungamandla avamile “okuhle” akhukhula umhlaba, futhi amboza konke okuphakathi kwawo, njengodonga lwamanzi ezikhukhula olungenakuvinjwa.
Izishoshovu ekuqaleni zasabela kulokhu ngokuphikisana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke; ukuba khona, incwadi ka-Amory Starr ka-2005 yayinesihloko I-Global Revolt: Umhlahlandlela Wezinyathelo Eziphikisana Nokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke. Nokho, izishoshovu zabona ukuthi asimelene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kodwa ngokumelene nohlobo lokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke olwalukhuthazwa futhi lusakazwa (isb., uThomas L. Friedman, 1999, I-Lexus kanye Nesihlahla Somnqumo: Ukuqonda Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke. ENew York: Picador.).
Idlanzana lababhali licabanga ukuthi umqondo ongcono uwukubona ukuthi kunamazinga amabili okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke—okuthi kukhona “okusuka phezulu kuya phansi,” ukuhwebelana kwezinkampani/kwezempi, kanye “nokusuka phansi,” inhlangano yomhlaba wonke yezobulungiswa bezenhlalo nezomnotho—futhi ukuthi la mazinga amabili asekelwe kumanani aphikisana ngokuphelele namanye (Shiva, 2005). Ngalokho, ngisho ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke hhayi i-monolith, into eyodwa, eyiqoqo, kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi inezingqimba okungenani ezimbili, ngakho-ke singabhekisela kukho njengokuthi "imbulunga yonke evela phezulu," kanye "nokubambisana kwembulunga yonke kusuka ngezansi." Kusho ukuthini lokho?
Ukwamukela isimangalo sikaNederveen Pieterse sokuthi “ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubandakanya ukuxhumana okujulile endaweni ebanzi futhi ngesikhathi esifushane kunangaphambili” (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), kumele sibheke namagugu ngalinye kulawa mazinga okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Izimiso zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke phezulu kuya phansi yilawo akhuthaza ukusabalala okungavinjelwa kokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kanye nokubusa kwezinkampani emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezempi (kanye nezimpi ezihlobene nokusebenza kwezempi) okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lokho kuyenzeka; ngamanye amazwi, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke phezulu kuya phansi kuwumzamo wakamuva wokubusa umhlaba, zonke izinto eziphilayo kanye neplanethi.
Lokhu kubonakala uma sibheka indaba yesiko emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okusuka phezulu kuya phansi kukhuthaza isiko “lomhlaba wonke” lapho isiko labadlali abavelele libonakala sengathi liyisiko, noma kufanele libe, isiko layo yonke imiphakathi yabantu; alinaki noma lifuna ukucekela phansi wonke amasiko endawo ukuze kwamukelwe leli eliphambili eliwakhayo.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusuka ngezansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthuthukisa ukuphila: kwenqaba ukubusa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zako, futhi kuhlose ukwakha umhlaba omusha osekelwe ekulinganeni, ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, kanye nokuhlonipha zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kanye neplanethi (futhi, bheka Shiva, 2005). Imibono yezwe emibili, kanye namanani lapho ngamunye esekelwe khona, bekungenakuphikiswa kakhulu.
Yilapho ikhwelo lami lokuthi ongqondongqondo bezinga eliphezulu bafake inyunyana eqhubekayo ekuhlaziyeni kwabo kubaluleka nakakhulu: lezi zinyunyana ezithuthukayo.[V] bayingxenye yenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yezobulungiswa bezomnotho nezenhlalakahle (noma bayakubona noma cha), nokuthi njengoba bethola ukuqaphela okunjalo, bazothola izindlela zokuthuthukisa ubumbano nabasebenzi nezinye izinyunyana, abesifazane, abalimi, abafundi, abampofu basemadolobheni. , njll., emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakho, ukuqonda ukuthi kunamazinga amabili ahlukene okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, nokuthi ayaphikisana, kusho ukuthi abantu kufanele bakhethe: ukuluphi uhlangothi?
Futhi, empeleni, kusho ukuthi ukufuna kwethu abangabambisene nabo emhlabeni wonke kufanele kugxile ekwakhiweni kobudlelwano nalabo abathuthukisa izindinganiso, izinjongo, kanye nezinhlangano zenhlangano “yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusuka ngaphansi” njengoba befuna ubulungiswa bomhlaba wonke kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. zonke izindawo emhlabeni kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni.
Lolu chungechunge lomlando lushicilelwe ngokuhlanganyela yiZNetwork kanye I-Green Social Umcabango.
Ingxenye 3 idingida “i-neo-liberal economics.” Ungakwazi funda lonke uchungechunge (zonke izingxenye ezi-5) lapha.
UKim Scipes, PhD, umshicileli wangaphambili, uyisishoshovu sesikhathi eside sezisebenzi kanye nesishoshovu sabasebenzi, okwamanje oyilungu leNational Writers Union Local 1982, AFL-CIO. Uphinde abe nguSolwazi Emeritus weSociology ePurdue University Northwest eWestville, Indiana, USA. Useshicilele izincwadi ezine kuze kube manje, kanye nezindatshana ezingaphezu kuka-250—ezibuyekezwe ngontanga, okukhethekile okujwayelekile, namajenali nezincwajana zezishoshovu—e-US nasemazweni ayi-11 emhlabeni jikelele. Umsebenzi wakhe, kuhlanganise nencwadi yakhe yonke emayelana ne-KMU Labour Center yasePhilippines, ingatholakala mahhala Okushicilelwe - Inyuvesi yasePurdue Northwest (pnw.edu). Uphinde abe ngumsunguli we-LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), enesizindalwazi sakhe. https://aflcio-int.education/.
KUPHELA
[1] Lesi sigaba esithi "globalization" sithathwe ku Izici, 2016b, "Isingeniso" kuKim Scipes, ed. Ukwakha Ubumbano Lwezemisebenzi Yomhlaba Wonke Esikhathini Sokusheshisa Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke (Chicago: Haymarket Books): 2-3, 16-17. Ku-inthanethi ku-https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Solidarity.
[Ii] Leli phuzu mayelana nokungalingani libaluleke kakhulu. Kusho ukuthi lezi zinqubo zithinta amazwe ngokwehlukana, futhi zingashaya ngezikhathi ezihlukene, ngamandla ahlukene, njll. Eqinisweni, zingathinta izifunda ezihlukene ezweni elilodwa ngokuhlukile.
Lokhu kumele kuqondwe: ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akusiwo amandla awodwa ashanela imbulunga yonke, athinta ukuhleleka komphakathi ngakunye, isifunda, umnotho ngendlela efanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo; umthelela wayo awulingani.
[Iii] Charles Tilly, 2005 (“Isandulelo” kuJoe Bandy kanye noJackie Smith, ed. Ama-Coalitions Across Borders: Ukubhikisha Kwamazwe Ngamazwe kanye ne-Neoliberal Order. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.) uvumelana nalokhu kuqonda okuhlala isikhathi eside: “Kusukela ekufudukeni kwabantu e-Afrika eminyakeni engaba izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu edlule, isintu siye sahlanganisa umhlaba ngokuphindaphindiwe.” Ube esexoxa ngamagagasi amathathu okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akhona kusukela ngo-1500.
[Iv] Nederveen Pieterse, 2008 (Likhona Ithemba Ngomalume Sam? Ngaphandle kwe-Bubble yaseMelika. London and New York: Zed) ihlola ukwehla kwe-US ngemininingwane eminingi; bhekafuthi Izici, 2009 (“Neo-Liberal Economic Policies in the United States: Umthelela Wokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke Ezweni ‘LaseNyakatho’.” I-Indian Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, January-June: 12-47. Ku-inthanethi ku- https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/neo-liberal-economic-policies-in-the-united-states-by-kim-scipes-1/, McCoy, 2017 (Emathunzini Ekhulu Leminyaka LaseMelika: Ukunyuka Nokwehla Kwamandla Omhlaba Wase-US. Chicago: Haymarket Books) yenza lokhu futhi. Akudingekile ukusho, kunezinombolo zeminye imisebenzi ngalolu daba.
[V] Akuzona zonke izinyunyana ezinenqubekela phambili; abanye bangasabela kabi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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Siyabonga ngokuphendula nangamazwi akho anomusa! Ngicabanga ukuthi uzothola izingxenye zamaviki amabili alandelayo zithakazelisa nakakhulu: zikhuluma ngomthelela weminyaka engu-40 ye-neo-liberal economics kubantu base-US.
Angikaze ngibone omunye umuntu ehlanganisa lezi zinto ezintathu—imperialism, globalization, neo-liberal economics—kodwa kimina, kuyinhlanganisela edingekayo! Ayikhulumi yonke indaba, kodwa isitshela isihogo esiningi kakhulu kunalokho okuthola ku-NY Times nakwamanye amaphephandaba ajwayelekile!
Futhi, ngiyabonga ngamazwi akho anomusa!
Kim othandekayo,
Kudala ngaxhumana nawe njengomhleli wekhophi wendatshana ethile - angisakhumbuli ukuthi iyiphi noma iyiphi ijenali (okungenzeka ukuthi Umlando Wezokufunda). Ngikhumbula ngicabanga ngaleso sikhathi le ndoda isele kakhulu (okungukuthi, ukukhuluma iqiniso). Manje ngifuna ukukubonga futhi ngikuhloniphe ngokuphishekela inkambo yakho yocwaningo kuze kufike eziphethweni zayo (okufanele kube sobala kodwa okungabonakali). UNkulunkulu akubusise (ukusebenzisa umusho othi uNkulunkulu akaziwa enginamathela kuwo, okusho izifiso ezinhle kakhulu).
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