Ekhuthazwa isikhuthazo sikaFlora Tristan—esigcizelelwe kakhulu uMarx no-Engels—“Izisebenzi Zomhlaba, Zihlanganiseni!” (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2013), izishoshovu bezilokhu zikhuthaza abasebenzi ukuthi bakhe ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuze bahlomisane futhi bathuthukise izimpilo zabasebenzi kanye nenhlalakahle ebuyela ngaphambi kweFirst International. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwalokhu kwaba ukwenqaba kwabasebenzi bezindwangu baseBrithani ukucubungula ukotini ovela e-antebellum South ezisekelwe kwisigqila, nakuba kwakusho ukuhlupheka kwabo okukhulayo ngenxa yokungasebenzi (bona i-Featherstone, 2012).
Leli siko, ngenkathi lahlakazwa yiMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi kwe-US ne-UK ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye neSoviet Union ngakolunye, liye lavuselelwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 ngemizamo yezishoshovu nezifundiswa zokwakha ubumbano lwemingcele yezwe lonke emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwabasebenzi. , umzamo obonakala ukhula. Leli phepha, nokho, lithi ukwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke akusafuneki nje; ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwenze lokhu kwaba yisidingo.
Incazelo
Sisho ukuthini ngobumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke? Ichazwe ngokuthi:
Ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke yisenzo, noma isethi yezenzo eziqhubekayo zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zabo, nezinhlangano ezihlangene nabo, kanye nababhali, amaciko, nezinye izishoshovu, ukusekela abasebenzi emingceleni yomphakathi wepolitiki, emizamweni yabo ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabasebenzi, amaholo, izimo zokusebenza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubukhona babo njengoba kunqunywa yilabo abathintekile. Ukuze kuqiniswe amandla nenhlalakahle yabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, abasebenzi kumele bathuthukise ubumbano phakathi kwabaholi bomphakathi wezepolitiki ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ubumbano nabasebenzi bezwe labo; ubumbano lwezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke alwenzi ubumbano kubasebenzi basezweni elifanayo kodwa kunalokho kuthuthukisa amandla, inhlalakahle, nolwazi lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke.
Lokhu kubumbana kufanele kube phezu kwesisekelo sokuhloniphana nokweseka, okuvimbela imiqondo yokuthanda amakhasimende, ukugeleza kwemibono ngendlela eyodwa, imali, nezinye izinsiza, kanye nokubuswa yinhlangano ethile yabasebenzi phezu kwenye (okungukuthi, ilahla umbuso wabasebenzi). Lokhu kubumbana kungavela kubasebenzi baseNingizimu noma baseNyakatho noma ezinhlanganweni zabo, kungabandakanya izinhlangano zabasebenzi eziningi, futhi kungaqondiswa kubasebenzi baseNingizimu noma baseNyakatho nezinhlangano zabo.
Lokhu kubumbana kungase kube phakathi kwabasebenzi nezinhlangano ezingeni elifanayo lenhlangano yezombusazwe noma phakathi kwabasebenzi nezinhlangano emazingeni ahlukene enhlangano yezombusazwe.
Lokhu kubumbana kungase kugqugquzelwe ukuzicabangela wena, ukusebenzelana, noma ukucabangela abanye abantu (Scipes, 2016c: 45-46).[1]
Umlando
Impi yase-US eVietnam yasebenza njengesizinda samanzi sobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe emhlabeni wangemva kweMpi Yezwe II; izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zaqonda imiphumela enyantisayo yempi yase-US, uma ingafikanga ukuzomelana nempi yase-US, futhi inani elikhulu lalaba lalinobumbano oluqaphelayo nomzabalazo wenkululeko waseVietnam; “Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh, i-NLF izowina!” kwakungeyona ingoma engajwayelekile emakolishi amaningi ase-US namanyuvesi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960/ekuqaleni kwawo-'70s futhi ngokuya kwaba njalo emzamweni obanzi wase-US wokulwa nempi. Yile mpi kanye nemizabalazo emelene nayo eyenza ukuthi abantu emhlabeni wonke babheke imicimbi engaphandle kwemingcele yezwe ngezindlela ezintsha.
Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sezinxushunxushu emhlabeni wonke. Okunye okwakwenzeka kwakuyimizabalazo yenkululeko yezwe emhlabeni wonke, ezazi ngeNguquko YaseRussia yango-1917, iNguquko YaseShayina yango-1949, iNguquko yaseCuba yango-1959, iNguquko yase-Algeria ka-1962; ngokuqinisekile, ukuqwashisa ngomzabalazo wasePalestine kwakungena ekuqapheleni komhlaba wonke ngo-1967.
Kule-United States, lokhu kwajoyinwa yi-Civil Rights/Black Power Movements, kanye nenhlangano yabafundi, kamuva i-anti-Vietnam War movement, i-Women's Liberation Movement, i-anti-war movement ngaphakathi kwezempi yase-US, i-Gay and Lesbian. I-Liberation Movement, inhlangano yabasebenzi basemapulazini kanye nenhlangano yezemvelo. Lokhu, vele, kwahambisana nemizabalazo yokulwa nengcindezelo kuwo wonke amazwe ombuso, nasemazweni amaningi ayengamakoloni emhlabeni jikelele.[2]
Ngalesi sikhathi, kube nokuketula umbuso okwakusekelwe yi-US okwaketula uhulumeni owakhethwa ngentando yeningi waseSalvador Allende eChile ngoSepthemba 11, 1973, owokuqala ngo-9-11.
Kodwa ngiyaphikisana—ngilandela ukuhola komculi/umbhali wengoma uDave Lippmann, “Vietnam, Vietnam, Vietnam. Ukhanyisile ibhomu lesikhathi sombuso”—ukuthi kwaba yilempi kanye nemizabalazo ekhulayo emelene nayo eyaphumela ekuqondeni koquqaba komzabalazo womhlaba wokulwa nengcindezelo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (1945-kuqhubeke).
Izinto zashintsha. Ngokusobala, inhlangano ye-anti-Vietnam War yase-US yehla ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 njengoba izikhulu ezibusayo zaqeda uhlaka lwamasosha ase-US ezazizondwa, zahoxisa amasosha ase-US eVietnam ngo-1973, zase zibuka ukunqoba kweVietnam ngo-1975 kanye naseCambodia naseLaos. . Ngokusobala lokho akuzange kuqede imizabalazo emelene namakholoni—i-Angola, iMozambique, neGuinea-Bissau yazuza inkululeko yezombangazwe ePortugal ngo-1975, futhi umzabalazo wenkululeko wabusa eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1976 ngenxa yokubulawa kwabafundi okwenzeka e-United States. Soweto, ilokishi labaNsundu ngaphandle kwaseGoli. IZimbabwe yathola uzibuse ngo-1978, futhi iNicaragua yathola uzibuse ngo-1979. Nokho, ekupheleni kwawo-1970, kwakubonakala sengathi “inkathi yenkululeko” isiphelile.
Okwenza konke lokhu kubalulekile ukuthi lesi sikhathi sakhiqiza iqeqebana lezishoshovu emazweni ombuso—okuyiqiniso, ingxenye encane yalabo ababebuthiwe—ababemunce ukuqonda “kwamazwe ngamazwe,” futhi babona ukuthi kufanele sakhe ubumbano. emhlabeni jikelele, ukuthi asikwazanga ukuvala umbono wethu ngaphakathi kwemingcele kazwelonke. Kwakukhona abambalwa abaletha lokhu kuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe emsebenzini wabo wezombangazwe kusukela ngaphambi kwesikhathi senkululeko-babekhona, kodwa ngamanani amancane-kodwa kubonakala sengathi iningi lala maqembu lalincane futhi lizimisele ukuguqula umhlaba. Ukuthi bona ngabanye bathuthukisa lobu budlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe noma bekuwumkhiqizo wezinhlangano zezombusazwe kanye nemizabalazo ababezibandakanya kuyo, lesi sikhathi senkululeko phakathi cishe kuka-1955-1979 saba nomthelela omkhulu ngezindlela eziningi ezihlala isikhathi eside, futhi singakubona emikhankasweni yabasebenzi. eCanada nase-United States nakwezinye izindawo. Ukwehlukanisa intuthuko elandelayo ibe izinkathi ezimbili, 1970-2010 kanye no-2011 kuze kube namuhla, kusiza ukukhanyisa ukuthi ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke luyakhula noma lunenkontileka.
Leli phepha libala inani lemizamo yangaphambilini kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 ukuze kuthuthukiswe imizamo yamanje yokwakha lobu bumbano obudingekayo. Lokhu kwaqala ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, okungenani ingxenye ethile yomkhiqizo wabafundi kanye/noma amalungu ayisishoshovu ezinhlangano ezinxele ezingenela uphiko lwabasebenzi, omakadebona lapho bekhululiwe bathola umsebenzi, izisebenzi zesikhathi eside zosizo/zentuthuko, izifundiswa ezithuthukayo, isikhathi eside- izinyunyana zabasebenzi besikhathi eside, kanye nezishoshovu zesikhathi eside ezinsundu ezazi ngezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi i-Pan African movement, futhi ezazingene phakathi kwezinyunyana.
1978-2010[3]
Nakuba ukuqwashisa ngomhlaba obanzi kwasala kuzishoshovu eziningi, lokhu kwakungabonakali kakhulu phakathi kwenhlangano yabasebenzi—ebisanqunywa ngokweqile izenzo ze-AFL-CIO yase-United States kanye ne-Trades Union Congress yase-UK—futhi kanjalo. , ngaphandle kokumbalwa, kwakukhona konke-kodwa-akukho ukuqaphela kwabasebenzi kwamanye amazwe yizisebenzi zamazwe ombuso.[4]
Isikhathi sika-1978-2010 saba nezigigaba eziningi ezazizoqhubeza phambili kakhulu umzabalazo wobumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe futhi zibeke lezi zindaba ebhodini: lezi zazihlanganisa iziteleka ezimelene nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe emazweni ayekade ephethwe amakoloni kanye nemizamo yokuthola ukwesekwa kwabasebenzi bamazwe ahlukahlukene lapho lezi ezamazwe ngamazwe zavela; ngokwanda kokuduma kwezifundo zentuthuko “zezwe lesithathu”, ikakhulukazi eYurophu; kanye nokwanda kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana—okuhlelekile nokungahlelekile—okudlulisela ulwazi lwalezi ziteleka nezinye intuthuko (ikakhulukazi mayelana nentuthuko yezinhlangano zabasebenzi emazweni ahlukahlukene “amazwe wesithathu”) phakathi kwamanethiwekhi amancane osolwazi nezishoshovu emhlabeni jikelele. Isisekelo sentuthuko eyengeziwe sabekwa kulesi sikhathi sokuqala, kodwa sasingekho isiqiniseko sokuthi sasizoqhubeka esikhathini esilandelayo.
Izenzo eziyinhloko zalokhu kuthuthukiswa zihlanganisa iziteleka zamaphekula ze-Sao Paolo Metalworkers ngokumelene nezinkampani zezimoto zamazwe ngamazwe ebeziyinqaba yezomnotho yombuso wobushiqela wamasosha ase-Brazil (bona i-TIE, 1984; Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010);[5] ukushicilelwa kwencwadi kaDon Thomson noRodney Larson (1978) enesihloko Ubukuphi Mfowethu? I-akhawunti ye-Trade Union Imperialism, eyagxeka i-British Trade Union Congress ngokusebenza ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabasebenzi emazweni ayengaphansi koMbuso WaseBrithani,[6] kanye nokuqaliswa kwe-NILS, i I-Newsletter ye-International Labour Studies nguPeter Waterman.[7] Ngo-1979, i-FOSATU (Federation of South African Trade Unions) yasungulwa kulelozwe (bheka iMacShane, Plaut and Ward, 1984).[8] Futhi ngoMeyi 1, 1980, izinyunyana kulo lonke elasePhilippines zahlangana ukuze zenze i- Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU-May First Movement) Isikhungo Sezabasebenzi (bona iScipes, 1996),[9] kuyilapho ngo-August walowo nyaka, izisebenzi zasePoland zakha I-Solidarnosc (MacDonald, 1981; bona uGarton Asch, 1983; Bernhard, 1993; kanye noBloom, 2014).
Lesi sikhathi saqhubeka kusukela ngo-1978 kwaze kwaba ngu-1997, lapho kwashicilelwa khona incwadi kaKim Moody. Abasebenzi Emhlabeni Ozolile: Izinyunyana Emnothweni Wamazwe Ngamazwe.[10] Kodwa-ke, inkathi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-2010, njengoba kuboniswe ukushicilelwa kwencwadi ka-Jeffrey Sluyter-Beltrao's (2010) mayelana nezinyunyana ezintsha e-Brazil kanye nencwadi ka-Kim Scipes (kanye nesihloko esilandelayo) ngohlelo lwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO (Scipes, 2010a). , 2010b; bona 2016a).
Le nkathi ka-1978-2010 ingesinye esaziwa kancane kuphela izishoshovu eziningi zezabasebenzi, futhi isathinta intuthuko namuhla, nakuba ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhlanekezelwa nokungaqondi kahle.
Umqondo wethiyori ohlanganisa inkathi ka-1978-2010 "inyunyana yenhlangano yomphakathi."
Abacwaningi bathole uhlobo olusha lwenyunyana yabasebenzi oluthuthukiswa yi-CUT eBrazil, i-KMU ePhilippines, iFOSATU/COSATU eNingizimu Afrika, futhi mhlawumbe nezinyunyana ezisanda kukhula zaseNingizimu Korea, futhi uPeter Waterman waqhubekisela phambili lo mqondo “ i-social movement unionism” (SMU) ukubhekisa kuyo (Waterman, 1988b). Bezama ukukuqonda njengohlobo oluhlukile lwenyunyana yabasebenzi, laba bacwaningi baqala ingxoxo yamazwe ngamazwe yokuthi kufanele iqondwe kanjani, nangendlela ezokhuthaza abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe ukuthi nabo bayithuthukise.[11] Okutholakele okubalulekile kwalolu cwaningo kwaba ukuthi inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo yayiwuhlobo olusha lwenyunyana yabasebenzi engaphonsela inselelo umqashi kanye/noma ukubusa kombuso ezindaweni zokusebenza. futhi imiphakathi, kodwa futhi yaphonsela inselelo amanethiwekhi omhlaba ezomnotho nezamasiko (okungukuthi, i-imperialism) lapho amazwe abo ayehlanganiswe khona.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe emibhalweni kaGay Seidman (1994)—owasebenzisa igama elithi SMU, kodwa owayengeyona ingxenye yengxoxo yamazwe ngamazwe—uKim Moody (1997) kamuva wasebenzisa leli gama esimweni senhlalo esihlukile, “entsha” inyunyana yabasebenzi. intuthuko e-United States. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungalungile komqondo wenhlangano yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle ekuthuthukisweni kwezinyunyana e-US kwaholela ekudidekeni okukhulu kwethiyori okusekhona nanamuhla-phakathi kwabacwaningi kuwo womabili amazwe ombuso kanye namazwe ayekade ephethwe amakoloni-okubukela phansi ukubaluleka kwentuthuko phakathi kwalezi zikhungo ezintathu zabasebenzi.
Lokhu kudideka kwethiyori akuzange kuhlakazwe kuze kube ngu-2014, lapho i-Scipes iphinda izibandakanya nesihloko futhi yasiqaqa (Scipes, 2014c; yaphinde yashicilelwa ngo-2021: 231-262).[12]
Noma kunjalo, naphezu kokudideka okucatshangwayo phakathi kwezinye izazi zezemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe, imizamo eminingi ebalulekile yokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe yaqalwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi lokhu kwakuhlanganisa imisebenzi yabasebenzi yokuziqalela yona kanye nezenzo ezibikwe ocwaningweni nasemizamweni yezazi yokuhlaziya, inkolelo-mbono. kanye/noma iphrojekthi le mizamo emhlabeni jikelele.[13] Imizamo ebalulekile ifakiwe:
- U-Fred Hirsch, osebenza ngamapayipi ngokuhwebelana futhi oyilungu le-Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 393 e-San Jose, eCalifornia uthole ukubandakanyeka kwe-AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development, inhlangano yesifunda ye-AFL-CIO eLatin America) ekusizeni ukubeka isisekelo. ngokuketula umbuso kwamasosha ngo-1973 eChile ngokuhlela isiteleka sabanikazi bamaloli esadala umonakalo kuhulumeni wase-Allende. U-Hirsch ushicilele amapheshana amabili (1974, nd kodwa ngokusobala 1975) mayelana nale misebenzi. Uhole uMkhandlu Wezabasebenzi eNingizimu Bay ekuphumeleliseni isinqumo esisemthethweni esigxeka ukuhlanganyela kwe-AIFLD, wabe esehola ukuphikiswa okuyimpumelelo kwemizamo ye-AIFLD—eholwa uMqondisi Omkhulu, uWilliam Doherty, Jr—ukuthola umkhandlu wezabasebenzi ukuba uhoxise isinqumo (bheka u-Hirsch no- Muir, 1987).
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, abasebenza emadokodweni ku-International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU)—inyunyana yase-US West Coast longshore—baqala ukuduba izimpahla ezithwala izikhali eziya eChile kanye nempahla evela eNingizimu Afrika (Cole, 2018; Scipes, 1985).
- Ngo-1984, i-KMU Labour Centre yasePhilippines yaqala “i-International Solidarity Affair” (ISA) yaminyaka yonke, eyamema abasebenzi nabaholi bezabasebenzi abavela emhlabeni wonke ukuba beze ezweni labo futhi bachithe izinsuku eziyi-10 bebhekana neqiniso elibhekene nabasebenzi basePhilippines.[14]
- Imibiko Yezabasebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe, iphephabhuku elizinze eBritish, laqalwa ngo-1984 ukuze kwakhiwe ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke (bona i-Scipes, 2021: 43-57). Lelijenali lishicilele izindaba eziphuma kabili ngenyanga kanye nolwazi olumayelana nabasebenzi kanye nemizabalazo yabo evela emhlabeni wonke ngendlela efinyeleleka kalula.[15]
- Ngawo-1980, abasebenzi baseCanada bathuthukisa izinhlelo zobumbano ukuze basekele imizabalazo eqhubekayo e-US (abasebenzi basemapulazini) kanye naleyo mizabalazo e-Chile, Palestine, naseNingizimu Afrika (bona i-Nastovski, 2014, 2016). Lokhu kwakusekelwe kakhulu emcabangweni wobumbano oluqondile phakathi komsebenzi nomsebenzi.
- Ngo-1986, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Samalungelo Abantu Nentando Yeningi e-El Salvador sathuthukiswa ngabaholi bezemisebenzi base-US abaqhubekayo kanye nabaholi besonto ukuze basekele amalungelo abantu kanye nentando yeningi e-El Salvador; badlale indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni phansi ukwesekwa kwe-AFL-CIO kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-Reagan futhi babebalulekile ekuvimbeleni i-US ekuhlaseleni i-Nicaragua (bona u-Battista, 2002).
- Ngo-1988, ngemva kokuhamba izinyanga eziyisithupha eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasePhilippines, iScipes yabika ngemizamo yezishoshovu emazweni amaningana ukwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe (Scipes, 1988; eshicilelwe kabusha i-2021: 29-42).
- 1989. I-CITUR (Ikomidi Lokubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamalungelo Enyunyana Yabasebenzi) yasungulwa eSan Francisco ngu-Aubrey Grossman ukuze kwakhiwe ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Yilapho uFred Hirsch noKim Scipes bahlangana khona, kamuva okwaba nemiphumela ebalulekile emsebenzini wabo ohlanganyelwe ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1990, u-Eric Lee wasungula i-“Labour Start,” iphrojekthi yobumbano ku-inthanethi yabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke esaqhubeka namanje (https://www.labourstart.org). ILabour Start igxile ekuletheni ukunaka emizabalazweni yabasebenzi, ukuzeseka kanye/noma abasekeli bayo.
- Ngo-1994, uRoger Southall wahlola izinyunyana “zaseNyakatho” ezisekela izinyunyana zabasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika.
- Ngo-1995, ngokusekelwe kancane ekuphikisaneni nokusebenza kwe-AFL-CIO yamazwe ngamazwe, owalandela uLane Kirkland, u-Tom Donohue, wenqatshwa okhethweni lokuqala lobuholi bentando yeningi emlandweni walo, kwathi uJohn Sweeney wathatha isikhundla sikamongameli we-AFL-CIO.
- Ngo-1997, uSweeney wayesezichithile izinhlangano zesifunda ze-AFL-CIO—AAFLI (Asian American Free Labor Institute) yase-Asia; I-AALC (Isikhungo Sezabasebenzi sase-Afrika saseMelika) sase-Afrika; kanye ne-AIFLD (i-American Institute for Free Labor Development) yaseLatin America—futhi esikhundleni sazo yafaka i-American Center for International Labor Solidarity, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Solidarity Center, nakuba lokho kamuva kwaba igama layo elisemthethweni. I-Solidarity Centre ibe umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezikhungo zesifunda, ngezinye izikhathi isiza ngisho nabasebenzi, kodwa isalokhu "isikhungo esiyinhloko" se-imperialist National Endowment for Democracy (NED). (Bheka i-Bass, 2012; Robinson, 1996; Scipes, 2010a: 96-105).
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1990, abasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika benqaba ukuphatha imithwalo yezempi evela eChina eyayiqondiswe eZimbabwe (Cole, 2018).
- Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu yokwakha ubumbano olunqamula imingcele nabasebenzi base-US nabaseMexico naseCaribbean, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwezindwangu nezingubo (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2005; Hathaway, 2000).
- Ngo-1998, uPeter Waterman washicilela incwadi yakhe ebalulekile ethi I-Globalization, i-New Social Movements, kanye ne-Internationalisms.
- I-SIGTUR (I-Southern Initiative for Global Trade Union Rights) yasungulwa izinyunyana ezithuthukayo eNingizimu Afrika naseNtshonalanga ye-Australia, zifuna ukwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu neGlobal. Kamuva yanda emhlabeni wonke. (Bheka ikakhulukazi u-O'Brien, 2019; bona futhi Dobrusin, 2014; Framil Filho, 2021; Lambert, 2002; Lambert and Webster, 2001; and Scipes, 2019.)
- Ukwandisa izinga eliphezulu lokubika kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi ezithuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika nasePhilippines, futhi kancane, iNingizimu Korea neBrazil: eNingizimu Afrika, bheka ikakhulukazi u-Adler, Maller noWebster, 1992; Baskin, 1991; Friedman, 1987; UKraak, ngo-1993; MacShane, Plaut and Ward, 1984; Pilay, 1990; I-Scipes, 2001, yaphinde yashicilelwa ngo-2021: 173-203; Seidman, 1994; kanye nezinyanga ezimbili Umbiko Wezabasebenzi waseNingizimu Afrika; kanye nePhilippines, bheka iScipes, 1996 kanye neWest, 1997. NgeNingizimu Korea, bheka iChun, 2003; Grey, 2008; Koo, 2001, Ingoma, 2002; futhi kamuva, ngeBrazil, bheka u-Seidman (1994) no-Sluyter-Beltrao (2010).
- Ngo-2003, abaholi bezikhundla namafayela basungula i-US Labor Against the War (USLAW) ukwakha ubumbano nabasebenzi base-Iraq ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-US kanye nomsebenzi olandelayo; kamuva bandisa imizamo yabo yokwakha ubumbano nabasebenzi base-Iran, ePalestine, naseVenezuela. Bathola isinqumo esaphasiswa eNgqungqutheleni Kazwelonke ye-AFL-CIO ka-2005 e-Chicago, ngesikhathi i-US isempini e-Iraq, ukuze ifune ukuthi i-US ihoxe ngayo yonke isivinini esingaba khona. (Bona uFletcher, 2003; Onasch, 2003; Scipes, 2003, 2010a: 77-78; Zweig, 2005, 2016.) [Lokhu kwabuye kwashaywa indiva abaholi benqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO.]
- Izihambeli ezingaphezu kuka-400 zoMhlangano we-California State AFL-CIO—isifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke esingaphansi kwesifunda kanye nengxenye eyodwa kwesithupha yawo wonke amalungu e-AFL-CIO ngaleso sikhathi—zaphasisa ngazwi linye isinqumo esithi, “Yakha Ubumbano Nokwethembana Phakathi Kwabasebenzi Emhlabeni Wonke,” esagxeka i-National AFL. -Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-CIO (Hirsch, 2004; bona futhi I-Scipes, 2004).
- Izishoshovu zidale i-Worker to Worker Solidarity Committee futhi zahola impi yokugxeka ukusebenza kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-AFL-CIO eNgqungqutheleni ye-AFL-CIO ka-2005 e-Chicago, lapho ubuholi bukazwelonke be-AFL-CIO buguqule isinqumo esivela ku-California State AFL-CIO sisuka kwesezwe lonke esigxekayo. I-AFL-CIO isebenza kwamanye amazwe kulowo obadumisayo futhi enqaba ukuvumela abasekeli besinqumo sokuqala bakhulume phansi emhlanganweni (Scipes, 2010a: 69-82; Scipes, 2012a).
- Ngo 2010, Impi Eyimfihlo ye-AFL-CIO ngokumelene nabasebenzi bamazwe asathuthuka: Ubumbano noma Ukucekelwa phansi? kanye nokuqonda kwethiyori kweScipes ngohlelo lwayo lwangaphandle kwashicilelwa (Scipes 2010a, 2010b; bheka futhi I-Scipes, 2016.). Le ncwadi ayihlanganisanga nje kuphela iminyaka eyi-100 yemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe yabasebenzi baseMelika kodwa inikeze uhlaka lwalokhu kusebenza komhlaba wonke kuze kube ngu-2007. Ngo-2012, i-Scipes yenza inhlolokhono ejulile ku-Steve Zeltzer mayelana nencwadi ethi Scipes (2012b).
- Amanethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa i-Asian Monitor Resource Center kanye ne-Australian Asian Workers' Links (AAWL), asungulwa kulo lonke elase-Asia.
Ngamafuphi, imizamo emikhulu—ikakhulukazi eyaqalwa izishoshovu, iningi labo elinoxhaso oluncane lwezikhungo yizinhlangano zabasebenzi—yavela emhlabeni wonke, ifuna ukuxhumanisa futhi isekele abasebenzi nomaphi lapho bezabalaza khona ngenxa yobulungiswa bezenhlalo nezomnotho.
2011 kuze kube manje (2024)[16]
Lesi sikhathi—esisaqhubeka nanamuhla—sibalulekile ngoba kubonakala kunoshintsho lwangempela ekwakheni ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, kangangokuthi ngizobhekisela emizamweni yangemva kuka-2010 njengokwakha. global ubumbano lwabasebenzi esikhundleni International ubumbano lwabasebenzi (bona i-Scipes, 2020a). Lolu wushintsho olubalulekile, kodwa ludinga ukuthi luthuthukiswe.
Ithuthukiswe emizamweni yenkathi ka-1978-2010, iveza izinyunyana eziningi kanye nabantu abasebenzayo esidingweni sokuthuthukisa ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho ngokwethiyori iba yinkimbinkimbi njengoba ucwaningo lushuba ngenkathi luhlola futhi luqaphela izimo eziqhubekayo emhlabeni jikelele. . Ukuxhumana kwalo mqondo kanye nezibonelo zemizabalazo eyakhelwe phezu naseduze nokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke sekuye kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi sekuveze lo mqondo kubasebenzi abaningi nezinhlangano zabo emhlabeni jikelele. Sibonile impela—futhi lo mbhali ubikezela ukuthi sizoqhubeka nokubona engqungqutheleni Yamanothi Ezabasebenzi ngo-Ephreli 2024—ukuqashelwa okukhulu kwezishoshovu zabasebenzi ngesidingo sokufinyelela nokuxhasa abasebenzi abazabalaza noma kuphi nanoma kuphi emhlabeni, kanye nokuzimisela okukhulayo. ukulwela lokhu ngezikhundla “ezijwayelekile” bese ufaka amalungu ezinyunyana zabo ukuze sandise imizamo yethu emhlabeni jikelele.
Lokhu futhi kujoyinwa ukwenqatshwa okwandayo kwe-labour imperialism nomaphi lapho kukhombisa inhloko yayo ecindezelayo. Njengoba uPeter Waterman (1998) ephawula, okuningi okwase kudlule njengobumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe enhlanganweni yezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwakunobubaba, kwakuyindlela eyodwa (unidirectional), evela ezinyunyaneni zamazwe okuthiwa athuthukile. emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, eCanada, e-US, eJapan, e-Australia naseNew Zealand) ezinyunyaneni zamazwe asathuthuka (lawa ase-Afrika, e-Asia, eLatin America naseMpumalanga Ephakathi), futhi ayephelekezelwe “amazwe amaningi aseNyakatho,” ngokuvamile i-Eurocentric, isiko, izinkambiso, izindinganiso, okulindelwe kanye nokuzikhukhumeza. Ngezinye izikhathi, nokho, lobu bumbano bunikeza izinsiza nokusekelwa okuye kwasiza ngempela izisebenzi kule mizabalazo emazweni asathuthuka. Kwezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi emizamweni eminingi yesikhungo sabasebenzi saseMelika, i-AFL-CIO, lokhu okubizwa “ngobumbano” empeleni kusebenze ukuvimbela noma ukucekela phansi imizamo yabasebenzi bamazwe asathuthuka.[17] (bona i-Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2012b. 2020c; bona futhi i-Bass, 2012; Cox and Bass, 2012; Carew, 2018; Radosh, 1969; Schuhrke, 2019, 2020, 2024; 1992, XNUMX; Sims).
Okushintshile ukuqonda okwandayo kwalabo abahlala emazweni ombuso womongo womhlaba abahlala kuwo; baya ngokuya beqonda ukuthi amandla angaphandle kwamazwe ombuso angakwazi futhi avame ukuthinta izehlakalo ezweni lawo. Ngicabanga ukuthi lapho lokhu kwaqala khona ukuguquka ngempela kwaba ukuhlaselwa kwe-9-11, September 11, 2001; zazingasekho izenzakalo zezwe “ngaphaya” nje.
Kamuva, lokhu kukhula kokuqonda emhlabeni jikelele kube ikakhulukazi umkhiqizo wamandla angalungile emhlabeni jikelele ngaphansi komqondo wokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Izigidi zabasebenzi emazweni ombuso ziye zaxoshwa emisebenzini kule minyaka engu-40 edlule ngenxa yezinqumo zabaphathi bezinkampani zokushintsha ukukhiqizwa emazweni ombuso kuyiswe kulawa ayekade ephethwe amakoloni, ikakhulukazi lawo lapho ohulumeni bengakwazi ukugcina umsebenzi ushibhile futhi ulawulwa (bona Izikali, 2006, 2023a).
Nokho, kukhona okungaphezu kwalokhu. Ngisho nanjengoba izishoshovu seziqaphele abantu bakwamanye amazwe, lokhu ngokuvamile akuhlangene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Isizathu silula: ngokuqonda okujwayelekile kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okuhlanganiswe sengathi kwamukelwe yibo bonke (bheka uFriedman, 1999), ayikho indawo yokuqonda ukuthi lo mqondo ubanzi kakhulu kunalokhu.
Kusukela ngo-2016, iScipes ibizama ukunweba ukucabanga kwabasebenzi mayelana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ukwenza lokhu, wakha umsebenzi ka-Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2015). U-Nederveen Pieterse ugomela ngokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubanzi (ngaphezu kwezomnotho nje, kuhlanganisa ezombangazwe namasiko) futhi kwandulela isimanjemanje, futhi iScipes iyakwamukela ukwanda kwakhe komqondo. Kodwa-ke, i-Scipes ithi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nakho kunezigaba eziningi, kunezigaba ezimbili: ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kwebhizinisi/kwezempi (okuyiqiniso, okwakuwumqondo wokuqagela kukaFriedman ka-1999, noma engazange akuveze ngendlela), kanye nesisekelo. -ukunyakaza okukhuphukayo kokuthuthukiswa komphakathi nezomnotho, okwakuthuthukisa impilo, nokuthi lo mnyakazo osuka phansi uphonsela inselelo isimo esibhubhisayo kanye namagugu enguqulo ephuma phezulu (Scipes, 2016b: 16-17; Shiva, 2005; Starr, 2005). Ukuqonda ukuba khona kwenhlangano ebheke phezulu ekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke kusivumela ukuthi senze ukuxhumana nalabo abalwela umhlaba ongcono kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Ngokungangabazeki, kunentshisekelo eyengeziwe ekuqondeni abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, ngokuqinisekile yizishoshovu kanye nenani elincane kodwa elikhulayo lamalungu ezinyunyana zezikhundla namafayela. Lokhu kubonakala kuhambisana nokuqonda okukhulayo kokuvela kwezinhlangano zomphakathi ezithuthukisa impilo ezivela emhlabeni wonke (phakathi kokunye okuningi, bheka i-Bevins, 2023; Klein, 2014; Moghadam, 2020; Scipes, 2021, 2022b) njenge ukunyakaza kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza kwemvelo. Njengoba abantu behlangabezane-ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile-usongo olukhulayo lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo (bona, phakathi kwabanye abaningi, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Harper and Snowden, 2017; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2017b, 2023b , 2024), bayaqhubeka nokuqaphela izinto ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke nabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Nokho lokhu kugcine kuphela kwizishoshovu; futhi ngendlela engihlonipha ngayo izishoshovu engikanye nazo, obunye ubuthakathaka emsebenzini wethu ngokuvamile ukuthi asizange sixhumane “nabantu abavamile” (okungukuthi, abangezona izishoshovu) emazweni ombuso ngezindlela zokuzuza ukwethenjwa nokulandelwa.
Ukuguquguquka kokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke ayikaxhumani nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusuka ngaphansi kwenhlangano ngoba noma sebeqaphele abantu emhlabeni wonke, iningi labahlali bamazwe ombuso abaqondi ukuthi abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe abangaba abangabambisene nabo, hhayi izitha. Baye batshelwa ngokungaphezi “abaholi” bezombangazwe nabakahulumeni—kanye nenani elikhulu “labaholi” bezisebenzi—ukuthi abaseMexico, amaShayina, noma ubani, bebelokhu beba imisebenzi “yethu,” futhi iningi lemithombo yezindaba evamile liye lasakaza lokhu ngokuzenzekelayo. amanga, okwenza izisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe zibonakale ‘ziyizitha’ zethu, hhayi abalingani bethu. Futhi thina izishoshovu asikwazanga ukuchaza iqiniso ngokuhambisanayo futhi sikholise abaningi ukuthi abaphathi bezinkampani ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe bebethatha izinqumo zokucekela phansi imisebenzi yase-US ngokuthuthela umkhiqizo phesheya kwezilwandle, hhayi abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe (Scipes, 2006; bheka futhi, phakathi kwabaningi abanye, Cox, 2012).
Kube khona ezinye izenzakalo eziye zabonisa ukuthi i-US isebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo enkulu yomhlaba wonke; ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe komhlaba wonke (okuhlanganisa nenani elandayo lezindaba ezivela phesheya, kanye namamuvi "angaphandle"), izimpi emhlabeni wonke, ukuhamba okukhulu kwamanye amazwe, ukwandiswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo ezivela emanyuvesi ase-US emhlabeni jikelele; ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19; kanye nokufuduka kwamanye amazwe kanye, vele, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngakunye kube nomthelela kulokhu kuqondwa okubanzi, okubandakanya wonke umuntu.
Ngalezi ntuthuko, asizange senze okuningi ngabasebenzi, ngisho nalolu lwazi oluthuthukisiwe. Ulwazi oluningi lokuhlela phakathi kwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke emazweni ombuso lulahlekile ngenxa yokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuguga futhi kwezinye izimo ukufa, futhi abahleli abasha abazange bafundiswe ngesidingo sokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kwamacala alinganiselwe. Abahleli namuhla abakaze balethe lokhu kuqaphela kwamazwe ngamazwe ezindaweni zokusebenza njengangaphambili. Nokho, ukuqonda umhlaba wonke kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili; futhi sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi kufanele siguqule lokhu kuqaphela komhlaba wonke kusuka kokuthi “kufanele” (kwesizukulwane saseVietnam) kuye “kufanele” sakhe ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke uma sizophonsela inselelo amafemu onxiwankulu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (kubahleli bakamuva.)
Ngemva kokuqaphela, umsebenzi kaRonald W. Cox (2012) unamandla okusiza abasebenzi babone ukubaluleka kombono womhlaba wonke.[18] U-Cox ubefunda ngenhlangano eqinile yonxiwankulu futhi abelokhu ebhala ngakho wukushintsha phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe zisuka ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezisekelwe ekhaya ziye kulezo ezididiyelwe—kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile—emigqeni yokunikezela ngezinto zomhlaba. Abanye baye bawuqonda lo mqondo wamaketango okuthengwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ngokwazi kwami, u-Cox ungowokuqala ukuwabophela ngokuqondile ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza amafemu onxiwankulu, kanye nokukhombisa ukuthi bakhe kanjani ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki emazingeni aphezulu okuphatha kukamongameli wase-US kuwo womabili amaqembu amakhulu ezepolitiki. ukuthuthukisa lezi zinqubo.
U-Cox ukubeka lokhu njengombono ongokomlando: maphakathi nawo-1960, amazwe akhungethwe yiMpi Yezwe II eFrance, eJalimane, eJapane, nase-United Kingdom ayeseluleme kangangokuthi izinhlangano zawo zazikwazi ukuncintisana nalawo ase-United Kingdom. I-United States eYurophu naseJapane. Ngawo-1970, ezinye zalezi zinkampani zaziqhudelana nezinkampani zase-US ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zazitshala imali kakhulu ezikhungweni ezikhiqizayo ngaphakathi e-US, zithuthukisa isimo sazo sokuncintisana ngokumelene namafemu ase-US.
U-Cox uveza ukuthi lezi zinguquko zaphumela “ekwehleni kwamazinga enzuzo izinhlangano ezizinze e-US ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970,” okwanwebeka phakathi nawo-1970 kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1980.[19] Ugxile "ekuhlolweni kwezinyathelo ezithathwe izinkampani zase-US ekuphenduleni amanani aphansi enzuzo," "okuhlanganisa kokubili ukuhlelwa kabusha okusekelwe emakethe okuhloswe ukwehlisa izindleko zokufaka, kuhlanganiswe nenhlangano yezombusazwe okuhloswe ngayo ukuguqula inqubomgomo yezwe lase-US ngendlela ye-neoliberal, ” imiphumela yena noCathy Skidmore-Hess ababeyibikile ngo-1999.
U-Cox uchaza ngokuningiliziwe:
Ezinkampanini zase-US, indlela evamile yokugcina amanani enzuzo bekuwukusebenzisa amandla emakethe ye-oligopolistic kanye nesikhundla sokunyusa amanani. Leli su lingasetshenziswa kuphela amafemu amasheya awo emakethe embonini ethile ayesezingeni lokugxila okwenza kube nezindleko eziphakeme ukuthi amafemu amasha angene emakethe ngempumelelo futhi aqhudelane ngamanani aphansi. Izinkampani eziqhudelana kakhulu emhlabeni ezizinze e-US ezimotweni, zensimbi, zamakhemikhali, namathuluzi emishini zijabulele inzuzo enjalo ngaphezu kwezimbangi zazo ngesikhathi sangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi lezi zinkampani zikwazi ukuthwebula ngempumelelo izingxenye zemakethe yase-US ezinamandla kakhulu, ezenezelwe inani ezincintisana nabo basekhaya nabangaphandle emashumini amabili okuqala eminyaka ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa-ke, maphakathi nawo-1960, kwaba nemifantu ebonakalayo ezakhiweni ze-oligopolistic ezazivumela lezo zinkampani ukuthi zilawule imakethe yase-US.
Ukuncintisana okukhulayo okuvela kubathengisi bangaphandle baseJapan nabaseJalimane, okulandelwa ukungena ezimakethe ezivela emazweni asanda kukhula izimboni zase-Asia, kwenza buthaka ukubamba ama-oligopolies ase-US abenakho emakethe yasekhaya. Ikhono lezinkampani ze-oligopolistic zase-US ezimbonini ezibalulekile zokunyusa amanani ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo lancipha ngenxa yokutheleka kokuncintisana okukhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafemu angaphandle asebenza kabusha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II abe nenzuzo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ngaphezu kozakwabo base-US: basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha obenze ukuba baqhudelane kakhulu futhi babe nesikhathi esiphansi sezindleko “ezicwile” uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbangi zabo zase-US. Amafemu ase-US, njengoba esethuthukise izimpahla zawo ezikhiqizayo ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, ayenezibopho eziphakeme zempesheni nezokwelashwa kunozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe—okubonakaliswa kokubili kwamazinga aphezulu okwenziwa kwalezi zindleko ezizimele e-US uma kuqhathaniswa neYurophu kanye nobude besikhathi somkhathi wezinkampani zase-US. ekubeni nesibopho kulezi zindleko. Phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka okuqala enkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amafemu ase-US ancintisana kakhulu emhlabeni wonke angasebenzisa isimo sawo “njengabathuthukisi bezimboni” ukusungula ama-oligopolies ayebusa imakethe yaseMelika kuyo yonke imikhakha ehamba phambili yezokukhiqiza. Lelo qhinga lase liba elingasebenziseki ngokukhula kokuncintisana komhlaba wonke.
Izinkampani zase-US kwadingeka zibheke kwamanye amasu emzamweni wokunqoba izinga lokwehla lenzuzo. Ukuhlangana kwemicimbi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kwaholela izinkampani ekuhleleni kabusha ukusebenza kwazo ngokusebenzisa amasu okuhlanganisa nokuthola okubandakanya ukuthenga, noma ukuhlanganiswa, namafemu aqhudelana naye, futhi kamuva kwachitheka izimpahla ohlelweni lokuhlela kabusha oluklanyelwe ukugxila ekusebenzeni kwebhizinisi endaweni eyinhloko. isethi yemisebenzi. Lokhu kwakuhilela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwenhlangano ezungeze amaketanga okunikezwayo emhlabeni wonke lapho inzuzo enenani eliphakeme kakhulu enqwabelene ezinkampanini eziphezulu zochungechunge. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980 kuze kube manje, kube nokuqoqwana okukhulu kwesabelo semakethe esilawulwa yizinkampani eziphezulu ohlwini lokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi 'kubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye/noma izingxenye ezinezimpawu eziqinile zomhlaba. izimakethe….' Le nqubo ihlangene nesistimu yokukhiqiza yomhlaba wonke eyandayo eyinkimbinkimbi yabakhiqizi abancane nabaphakathi nendawo nabahlinzeki abaqeda omunye nomunye ukuze kugculiseke imigomo yokukhiqiza eya ngokuya isungulwa 'abahlanganisi besistimu' phezulu kwe-supply chain ( Cox, 2012: 15-16).[20]
Umhlaba ongenamingcele umnotho wase-US owawusebenza phakathi kwawo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II wawushintsha: wawungasekho ngaphansi kokulawulwa yi-United States, wawususuka ohlelweni olumaphakathi olubuswa izwe elilodwa ukuya kolunye olwalunokuncintisana kakhulu. Ngawo-1980, ukuncintisana okwandayo kwakuqhamuka ezinkampanini ezivela kwamanye amazwe okuthiwa asathuthuka. Lezi zindlela ziqhubekile nokuthuthuka. Futhi, eqinisweni, esikubonile kamuva kokubili ukuncintisana ngokumelene nokusebenzisana namafemu aqhudelanayo kwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ezivela emazweni ayengamakoloni ngaphambili.
Uma abasebenzi sebeqonda ukuthi bekuwukuhlelwa kabusha kwebhizinisi—emizamweni enzima yokuthola amanani abo enzuzo emikhakheni emikhulu yezomnotho—okuqalwa ngabaphathi bezinkampani ezisezingeni eliphezulu ababalahlekisela ngemisebenzi yabo hhayi abasebenzi baphesheya kwezilwandle, lokho kuvula ingxoxo ekwakheni ubumbano lwabasebenzi nabasebenzi. emhlabeni jikelele.[21] Lokhu kunamazinga amabili: phakathi kwalabo abasenayo imisebenzi, nalabo abangenayo.
Iqiniso manje ezinkampanini eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi lezi zinkampani zidinga ukubambisana kwezisebenzi emhlabeni wonke ukuze zenze, zihlanganise, zithuthe (kuhlanganise nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi emazweni ombuso, bese zithumela ezwenikazi lonke bese zisakaza ezitolo zokuthengisa ngazinye), futhi zidayise. ngamunye wemikhiqizo yabo. Uma kwenzeka noma yisiphi salezi zigaba sivalwa, sithinta labo abasezikhundleni ezingaphezulu komfula, futhi kuthinta imisebenzi kanye nenzuzo yenkampani yonke.[22] Ngokunokwenzeka, kunamandla amangalisayo kulokhu kuqonda. Nokho, kuyadinga ukuqonda komhlaba wonke, ukuzimisela ukuhlela ukuze ukwazi ukumisa ukukhiqizwa kwendawo, kanye nokuzimisela ukufuna nokuxhumana nabasebenzi abanenhlangano ezimweni ezifanayo ngaphakathi kwefemu emhlabeni jikelele. Uma lokhu kungenziwa enkampanini ngayinye, abasebenzi bazoqina kakhulu ngokumelene nabaphathi. Futhi, vele, lapho ubumbano olwengeziwe phakathi kwabasebenzi kuwo wonke amafemu embonini yabo efanayo, ngayinye izoqina.
Manje, kusekhona labo basebenzi abake basebenza kulezo zinkampani abangasenayo imisebenzi. Ngokusobala, ukubuyisela imisebenzi enkampanini efanayo, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, kungaba ngcono kakhulu.[23] Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi abaningi abaye balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo ngeke baphinde bayithole; futhi labo abasasebenzayo bahlale bebhekana nesimo esifanayo. Into eyodwa, ikakhulukazi uma ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kwenziwa endaweni, ukuthi labo abalahlekelwe yimisebenzi basungule ukuxhumana nabanye abasebenzi abadiliziwe/abaxoshiwe; uma kungekho okunye, ukusekelwa komphakathi kokudutshulwa-ikakhulukazi uma isisindo hhayi ngenxa "yomuntu" -kubalulekile kubantu abaphindaphindayo kanye nokugcina impilo yabo, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Nokho, ukuhlala ndawonye kubaluleke ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle yomuntu ngamunye, njengoba kubalulekile kumuntu ngamunye. Kufanele siqale ukukhuluma ngekusasa.
Futhi iqiniso—futhi ngikusho lokhu ngemva kokucwaninga nokucabanga ngalezi zindaba ngombono wesisebenzi iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-40 (bona i-Scipes, 1984, 2023a)—yilokho lolu hlelo lwezomnotho wonxiwankulu alukwazi futhi ngeke luphinde lunikeze imisebenzi nezinga lokuphila abantu baseNyakatho Melika ababhekana nalo phakathi kuka-1947-1973. Period.
Futhi yebo, ngiyazi, osopolitiki bendabuko bangena ebhokisini lensipho basho ukuthi bazokubuyisa kanjani ukukhiqiza, lapho imisebenzi eminingi engcono yabasebenzi ibigxile kakhulu ngokwesiko, kanye nohwebo lwezakhiwo. Okokuqala nje, kunomkhawulo wokuthi yimalini engathengiswa yizinkampani, futhi ngeke zibeke engcupheni yokudlula lokho ngokukhiqiza okuningi, kungaba okwasekhaya noma phesheya kwezilwandle. Okwesibili, noma ngabe bahlela ukutshala kabusha emazweni ombuso, bazosebenzisa imishini eminingi, amarobhothi, namakhompyutha ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokusebenza kwabantu (bona Harris, 2020). Ngakho, ukwakha izitshalo ezintsha akusho ukuthi ukuqashwa kwenyusa noma yini njengakudala. Futhi osopolitiki ngeke bakutshele lokhu, kodwa ngizokutshela! Kuwumkhonyovu ukwenza abasebenzi bahlale ngokuthula ezimbongolo zabo—bayeke osopolitiki basiphathele yona— kuyilapho izinkampani zisebenzisa osopolitiki ukuze baphule intela, amalungiselelo okusetshenziswa komhlaba avumayo, amandla okuthutha athuthukisiwe, njll., konke okuzovela kubakhokhi bentela’ ifihla ukusiza ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yenkampani ngayinye. Futhi okuholela ekutheni abasebenzi bajike.
Uma sesikubonile lokhu—futhi ngizokuqinisekisa lokhu—khona-ke kufanele siqale ukucabanga ngokuthi hlobo luni lomhlaba esilufunela thina nenzalo yethu. Manje, lokhu futhi kufanele kwenzeke ngaphakathi kweqiniso lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo (bona, phakathi kokunye, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Cox, 2020; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2022b). Kufanele siqale ukukhuluma nozakwethu, abangani, omakhelwane, njll., bese sicabanga ukuthi singahlela kanjani ndawonye ukuze siqale ukulwela umhlaba ongcono.
Okuboshelwe kukho konke lokhu, wukuqaphela ukuthi bayanda abantu abacwaninga, abahlaziya, futhi baxoxisane ngokwenzeka emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwabasebenzi nezinhlangano zabo. Futhi singakubona lokhu ocwaningweni olushicilelwe, okunye engikubala ngezansi. Iphuzu ukuthi sifunda kabanzi ngokwenzeka emhlabeni, kanye neqhaza lamazwe ethu kulo mhlaba wembulunga yonke, futhi kufanele sikusebenzise. Okungcono kakhulu kwalo msebenzi kumayelana nendlela esakha ngayo emhlabeni wonke lokhu kuqaphela nokuqonda komhlaba wonke, kodwa futhi ukuqonda ukuthi singayinqoba kanjani imizamo yokufeza imizamo yethu.
Intuthuko ebalulekile kulesi sikhathi sesibili, kusukela ngo-2011 (yize ezinye zandulela lowo nyaka) zihlanganisa:
- Umsebenzi kaPeter Waterman (1988a) wezokuxhumana kwezabasebenzi emhlabeni jikelele.
- Incwadi ka-Beverly Silver ka-2003 ekhuluma ngabasebenzi nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.
- Ucwaningo lwango-2008 lwemboni yomhlaba wonke “yempahla emhlophe” ngu-Edward Webster, uRob Lambert, kanye no-Andries Bezuidenhout.
- Inqwaba yezincwadi ezibheka abasebenzi ngokwesifunda (Latin America) noma ngokubuka umhlaba wonke zifaka u-Anner (2011), u-Bacon (2004), u-Hathaway (2000), u-Kay (2011), uLuce (2014), kanye no-Taylor no-Rioux (2018). ). Futhi bheka incwadi kaThomas Collombat (2011) engashicilelwe ye-PhD, eqhathanisa ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi eMexico naseBrazil.
- Inani lama-athikili acabanga mayelana nezabasebenzi kusukela kusifunda (Latin America/Africa/Asian) noma umongo womhlaba wonke zifaka u-Anner (2015), Bacon (2016), Burawoy (2009), Brookes and McCallum (2017), Dobrusin (2014, 2016), Evans (2010, 2014), Herod (2003), Johns (1998), Jungehülsing (2016), McElroy and Croucher (2013), McQuinn (2020), Munck (2010), Scipes (2020d),2003 Stillerman (2008) ), kanye noWaterman (XNUMX).
- Amaqoqo amaningana ahleliwe ethula izifundo eziyisibonelo futhi axoxe ngentuthuko ezingeni lesifunda noma lomhlaba jikelele ahlanganisa u-Alimahomed-Wilson kanye no-Ness, ama-ed. (2018), u-Bieler no-Lundberg, abahleli. (2011), Bieler, Lundberg, and Pillay, ed. (2008), Bronfenbrenner, ed., (2007); I-Hale ne-Will, ed. (2007), Hutchinson and Brown, ed., (2001), Nowak, Dutta, and Birke, ed. (2018), Ovetz, ed. (2020), kanye ne-Scipes, ed. (2014, 2016).
- I-akhawunti yokuthi i-Worker to Worker Solidarity Committee yakha kanjani ukuqwashisa ngokuthi i-AFL-CIO ibisebenza kanjani emhlabeni jikelele (Scipes, 2012a).
- Iqoqo lango-2013 lika-Robert Waters, Jr., kanye no-Gert van Goethem lizame ukwenza ukuqonda okusha kokusebenza kwe-AFL-CIO phesheya kwezilwandle; Nokho, bona isibuyekezo sika-Scipes (2014a), esibekela inselele imizamo yabo.
- UKim Scipes ubuyekeze umsebenzi wakhe phakathi nalesi sikhathi: emisebenzini yangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO (2012a, 2012b, 2014a, 2016a, 2018c, 2020c, 2022a, 2022c); ekwakheni ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke (2012a, 2014b, 2015, 2019, 2020a, 2020c, 2021); ku-KMU Labor Center yase-Philippines (2018a, 2018b); ngombono wobumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke (2014c, 2016b, 2016c); futhi waqala ukubhala ngomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu (2017a, 2022b). I-Scipes iphinde yahlela isigaba sobumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke Ukusebenza I-USA ngo-2014 (Scipes, ed., 2014), kanye neqoqo lezincwadi elihleliwe ngo-2016, elihlanganisa inani lokuhlaziya lokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke (Scipes, ed., 2016).[24]
- U-Peter Dicken (2015) uqhubekile nokuhlolwa kwakhe kokushintsha noma ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza emnothweni womhlaba.
- Incwadi ka-Immanuel Ness ka-2016 ekhuluma ngabasebenzi yahlola imizamo yabasebenzi e-China, India, naseNingizimu Afrika, kanti ngo-2016 I-Encyclopedia ye-Imperialism kanye ne-Anti-imperialism, ehlelwe ngokuhlanganyela noZak Cope, yahlola lezo zinkinga ngokujulile. UNess uphinde wahlela incwadi kanye no-Jake Alimahomed-Wilson (2018) mayelana nezindawo eziminyanisa amanethiwekhi omhlaba jikelele.
- Sibone imisebenzi eminingi kubasebenzi baseShayina kanye nemizabalazo yabo; phakathi kwabanye bheka u-Bieler no-Lee (2017a, 2017b); Chan (2014); Chan, Selden, and Ngai (2020); Friedman, (2014); Lambert and Webster (2017), Lee (2007); Pringle (2011), Pun (2005), Pun, et. al., 2016); Ren, ed. (2016), Zhang (2014); futhi ubone uNess, 2016: 107-147.
- Umsebenzi kaKatharine Nastovski ugxile ekwakheni ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke; Incwadi yakhe ye-PhD yango-2016 yahlola i-imperialism yezabasebenzi yenhlangano yabasebenzi baseCanada, futhi ubezama ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ubumbano lwabasebenzi “lwamazwe ngamazwe” (Nastovski, 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2019, 2020).[25]
- Incwadi ka-Katy Fox-Hodess ka-2018 ye-PhD yahlola ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwabasebenzi bemikhumbi. Uqhubekile nokuthuthukisa ucwaningo lwakhe ngabasebenzi bemikhumbi emhlabeni jikelele (Fox-Hodess, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).
- URonaldo Munck ushicilele imisebenzi ethokozisayo ngo-2010, nango-2018a, 2018b, egxile kakhulu e-Latin America emhlabeni womhlaba wonke.
- U-Ron Cox (2019) ushicilele incwadi ngesidingo senhlangano ehlangene yabasebenzi ekuphonseni inselelo izinhlangano ezihweba ngembulunga yonke.
- U-Rob O'Brien ushicilele incwadi nge-SIGTUR (Southern Initiative on Globalization and Trade Union Rights), inethiwekhi yezinhlangano zabasebenzi ikakhulukazi e-Global South, ngo-2019. Bona isibuyekezo se-Scipes sika-2019, kanye nalokho ka-Framil Filho (2021) .
- UJeff Schuhrke (2019, 2020) uqhubekile nokuhlola izici zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO futhi unencwadi azokhuluma ngayo ngo-2024.
- U-Jörg Novak (2019) wenze ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa olusha phakathi kwemizabalazo yabasebenzi e-Brazil nase-India. Bona isibuyekezo se-Scipes sika-2020b.
- U-Edward Webster noRobert O'Brien bacabange ngeminyaka eyi-10 yokuqala I-Global Labor Journal.[26]
- Ngo-2021, iScipes yashicilela iqoqo lezindatshana eziningi ayezibhalile eminyakeni edlule, zahlanganiswa endaweni eyodwa, zombili ezicubungule umsebenzi esikhathini esedlule ngenkathi zibeka isisekelo salena yokugcina (Scipes, 2021).
- Ngo-2022, uRob McKenzie washicilela incwadi yakhe ethi, El Golpe: I-US Labor Movement, i-CIA, kanye ne-Coup e-Ford eMexico, echaza kabanzi nge-AFL-CIO, i-CIA, kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi eziphiko lwesokudla e-Mexico, okuholela ekubukelweni phansi komsebenzi oqhubekayo wase-Mexico ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Lesi yicala elinemininingwane eminingi esinalo kuze kube manje lomthelela wemisebenzi yangaphandle ye-AFL-CIO kubasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe, ukudlula i-akhawunti ye-Scipes' (1996: 116-125) yasePhilippines. (Bona isibuyekezo se-Scipes' 2022a sencwadi kaMcKenzie).
- Entwasahlobo ka-2022: izishoshovu zesikhathi eside zezisebenzi ezivela ezinyunyaneni eziningi kulo lonke elase-US nase-Canada nabasekeli bazo bahlangana ndawonye ukuze baqalise i-LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on the AFL-CIO's International Operations) (Scipes, 2022c). Iwebhusayithi ye-LEPAIO i https://aflcio-int.education. Bethule ingqungquthela yezemfundo e-Washington, DC ngo-Ephreli 2022, futhi yalandelwa enye ingqungquthela yezemfundo kanye nokubhala i-National AFL-CIO Convention e-Philadelphia ngoJuni 2022. Bethule i-webinar yamalungu e-UAW ngo-April 2023 encwadini ka-Rob McKenzie ngemicimbi yango-1990. endaweni yokuhlanganisa iFord ngaphandle kwaseMexico City. Isebenzisana nabasebenzi baseChile nabalingani babo, i-LEPAIO yethula enye ingqungquthela yezemfundo eWashington, DC ngoSepthemba 10, 2023, yabe isibamba umbhikisho ngaphandle kwekomkhulu le-AFL-CIO, ikhumbula ukulahleka kwempilo nomthelela eChile ngesikhathi sokuketula umbuso ngo-1973. awu 50th isikhumbuzo senyaka yokuketula umbuso eChile, ngenkathi igxeka indima ebalulekile ye-AFL-CIO ekuketulweni umbuso. (Ingqungquthela yezemfundo kaSepthemba 2023 iku-inthanethi ngo https://youtu.be/eL7Z2uhxaFc.) I-LEPAIO iphinde yaxhasa i-webinar yangoJanuwari 27, 2024 ku-“Zionism, the Histadrut, AFL-CIO, and South Africa” (LEPAIO, 2024).
- Amanothi Abasebenzi (https://www.labornotes.org/), ijenali eqondiswe kuzishoshovu zabasebenzi kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, ibambe ingqungquthela yaminyaka yonke yezishoshovu, ezobanjwa ngokulandelayo e-Chicago ngo-Ephreli 19-21, 2024. Lo mbhali usanda kuthola nge-imeyili uhlu lwazo zonke izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ezigxile emhlabeni wonke. kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelelwe ingqungquthela: lolu hlu lwamaseshini agxile emhlabeni wonke nasemhlabeni jikelele ludlula kude yonke ingqungquthela yangaphambilini Yamanothi Ezabasebenzi, lo mbhali aseke waya kuyo abaningi. Nakuba abanye bethu sebeneminyaka besebenzela lokhu, kubonakala sengathi ukuhlasela kuka-Israyeli kokuqothula abantu basePalestine nasePalestine kukhuthaze ukuqonda okusha sha ubumbano lomhlaba wonke phakathi kwabasebenzi.
Esikubonayo kulolu hlu ukuthi inani lezindatshana ezibhaliwe, uhla olubanzi lwezindaba kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi okugxilwe kuzo, futhi ngeqoqo elibanzi lababhali ukuthi ukuphendukela ekubumbaneni kwezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke akuzange kugcinwe kuphela kodwa empeleni kuyasabalala. I Amanothi Abasebenzi Ingqungquthela—yayinkulu kangangokuthi ukubhaliswa kwadingeka kunqanyulwe kusasele inyanga ngaphambi kwengqungquthela—kuyinkomba yokuthi lokhu kugcizelela ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke ngeke kuqhubeke ukusabalala, kodwa empeleni kuzosheshisa eNyakatho Melika yonkana.
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— 2022a. “Njengoba Abasebenzi Benqoba EMexico, Kubalulekile Ukukhumbula Imishini Edlule Emelene Nabo” (ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi kaRob McKenzie El Golpe). I-Covert Action Magazine, February 28. Online at https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/02/28/as-workers-win-victories-in-Mexico-its-important-to-remember-past-machinations-against-them .
— 2022b. "Okukuphela Kokujwayelekile Okungajwayelekile: Ukubhikisha Okuqhubekayo Kwaphakathi No-1980, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke Okusuka Ngezansi, Ukucekelwa phansi Kwemvelo, Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, kanye Nokubuza Ngempucuko Yezimboni." Ikilasi, uhlanga namandla ebhizinisi, Vol. 10, Isb. 1, Isigaba 4 (April). Ku-inthanethi ku- https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol10/iss1/4.
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Ama-Endnotes
[1] “Imingcele yomphakathi wezepolitiki” kwakuwumqondo owasungulwa nguJan Nederveen Pieterse (1989); kwaxoxwa ngokucacile kakhulu yi-Scipes (2010b). Kusivumela ukuthi sifake encazelweni yethu yama-imperialism abomdabu kanye namanye amaqembu afakwe ngaphakathi kwamazwe ombuso, awanakiwe kakhulu abanye abahlaziyi.
Njengoba kuzobonakala ngokushesha, ngibika kakhulu futhi ngithembele emsebenzini kaKim Scipes. I-Scipes ibilokhu ibambe iqhaza kakhulu futhi ngokujulile emizamweni yokwakha ubumbano lwezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-1983. Ube ngumbhali oshicilele kakhulu, eshicilela izincwadi ezimbalwa, izindatshana eziningi, kanye nenani elikhulayo lama-akhawunti evidiyo omsebenzi awenzile, eyedwa futhi abanye, e-US nakwamanye amazwe amaningana. (Ukuze uthole uhlu oluku-inthanethi lwezincwadi zakhe, eziningi ezinezixhumanisi zama-athikili angempela, yiya ku https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications.) Sicela uxolele ukucashunwa ngokungelingani komsebenzi wakhe, kodwa imvelo ebanzi yezincwadi zakhe kanye nenani elikhulu lazo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye kufuna lokhu kuqashelwa.
[2] Ngiyawenqaba amagama athi “athuthukayo” kanye “namazwe athuthukile” ngoba bafihla izinqubo eziholela kulokhu kwehluka; Ngiphikisa ukuthi lokhu kwehluka kwakusekelwe ku-imperialism (bheka uNederveen Pieterse, 1989). Ngokunjalo, manje sengibiza amazwe “athuthukile” njengamazwe “asebukhosini”, kuyilapho ngibiza amazwe “athuthukayo” ngokuthi “amazwe abuswa amakoloni phambilini”; ngokwazi kwami, wonke amazwe ase-Afrika, e-Asia, eLatin America, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi aqoqwa amazwe ombuso ngo-1915, ngaphandle kwase-Ethiopia, Iran (eyayiyiPersia ngaphambili) kanye neThailand (Siam) kuphela. ; abaningi kamuva sebethole ukuzimela kwezombusazwe.
[3] Lesi sigaba sivela ku-Scipes, 2021: ix-xi. Amanye ama-endnote angeziwe kanye namazwana enziwe kule nguqulo. Ukuze uthole uhlu olubanzi lwezincwadi, ezethulwa ngendlela ehlukile, bheka i-Scipes, 2020a.
[4] Lokhu akusho ukuthi i-AFL-CIO kanye ne-TUC bebengasebenzi ngaphandle kwamazwe abo; kade. Abazange nje babazise abaholi abaningi benhlangano yezabasebenzi—begcina lolu lwazi kulabo abasebenza ezinhlelweni zabo zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle—futhi abazange bazise amalungu ezinhlangano ezibambisene nabo, ngokuqaphela begcina le misebenzi iyimfihlo. Isizathu salokhu kuyimfihlo ukuthi empeleni babesekela umbuso wezwe labo ngokumelene abasebenzi emazweni ayekade ephethwe amakoloni, bekhaphela izimiso zenhlangano yezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke ababememezela obala ukuthi bayayisekela. Bheka ikakhulukazi uRadosh, 1969; I-Scipes, 2010a; Sims, 1992; UThomson noLarson, ngo-1978.
[5] Lokhu kugcine kuholele ekusungulweni kwe-CUT (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) isikhungo sabasebenzi ngo-1983 (bona i-Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010).
[6] UThomson kamuva wadlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni iphephabhuku elizinze eBrithani, Imibiko Yezabasebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe (bona i-Scipes, 2021: 43-57), eyethulwe ngoJanuwari 1984.
[7] Ukuze uthole ukubuyekezwa okufudumele kwefa likaWaterman elihlaba umxhwele-ushone ngo-2017-bona uChhachhi, 2019.
[8] I-FOSATU, eyathuthuka yaba isikhungo sabasebenzi esiqinile, esinentando yeningi, kamuva yabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekusungulweni kwe-COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Unions) ngasekupheleni kuka-1985 (bheka u-Baskin, 1991).
[9] Okuwukuphela kwencwadi kuze kube manje esifunde i-KMU ezweni lonke yi-Scipes (1996). Lonke leli bhuku lifakwe ku-inthanethi mahhala: go to https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/ futhi isixhumanisi singezansi kwezincwadi ezibonisiwe.
[10] U-Marissa Brookes no-Jamie McCallum (2017) ngokuyisisekelo baphikisana ngokuthi izifundo ezintsha zezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke azizange ziqale kuze kube ngu-2000, ngokusobala-futhi ngokungalungile-zishaya indiva lokho okwethulwe ngenhla.
Incwadi kaMoody ka-1997, nakuba ibalulekile ikakhulukazi e-US, ngokuqaphela ayizange iyifake i-KMU kuma-akhawunti akhe ezikhungo zemisebenzi ezisafufusa zomhlaba. Lokhu kuxoxwe ngakho ku-Scipes, 2014c, inothi lokugcina 15.
[11] Izihloko zokuqala kule mpikiswano mayelana nezinyunyana zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle kwakunguLambert noWebster, 1988; Scipes, 1992a, 1992 b; kanye no-Waterman, 1988b kanye no-1993. [I-athikili yango-1992 yaphinde yashicilelwa njenge-Scipes, 2021: 101-117 (ingxenye yethiyori) kanye ne-131-142 (ingxenye ye-empirical).] I-Scipes ilandele izindatshana zakhe ngesifundo esisemthethweni, sobude bencwadi se-KMU owathuthukisa ngokunamandla izimpikiswano zakhe zethiyori (Scipes, 1996). Bheka futhi no-Munck, 1988. Futhi-ke, ngemva kokudideka okukhulu engxoxweni, u-Scipes wangena kabusha engxoxweni futhi waxazulula inkulumo-mpikiswano: bheka i-Scipes, 2014c, ephinde yashicilelwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esihlukile ku-Scipes, 2021: 231-262.
[12] Kuphikiswana ngokuthi i-athikili ye-Scipes ka-2014c iyingxoxo ebaluleke kakhulu yethiyori yezinyunyana futhi kufanele ifundwe yibo bonke abasebenza kulo mkhakha. Kusukela ngomhlaka-28 Mashi 2024, inguqulo ka-2014c isilandwe izikhathi ezingu-4,075 emhlabeni jikelele!
Lokhu kuphelisa isigaba esivela ku-Scipes, 2021.
[13] Ngicabanga ukuthi kunenqwaba yezinye intuthuko engizigejile; ezinye zalezi zingase zibe sezincwadini engizishalazele, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kunenqwaba yemizabalazo okungakaze kubhalwe ngayo. Ngilindele ukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sizofunda kabanzi nokuningi. Ngiyaxolisa kusengaphambili nganoma yikuphi engikuphuthele. Ngithemba ukuthi njengoba kubikwa okwengeziwe, bazonezelwa abanye kulesi sihloko.
[14] I-Scipes ibhale kabanzi ngomsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe we-KMU, iphikisana ngokuthi kuningi okumele kufundwe kulaba basebenzi. Ukuze uthole ukuphawula okufushane komsebenzi wobumbano wamazwe ngamazwe we-KMU, bheka i-Scipes, 1996: 199-201; ngengxoxo yethiyori yalo msebenzi wobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokugxila okukhethekile ku-ISA, bheka i-Scipes, 2000a; ukuze uthole umbiko wokuthi i-KMU yakha kanjani ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, bheka i-Scipes, 2014b; ngombiko we-ISA ka-2015, bheka i-Scipes, 2015; ukuze uthole ingxoxo ethuthukisiwe yetiyori, bheka i-Scipes, 2021: 205-229.
I-ISA yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-2020, lapho yamiswa okwesikhashana ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-Covid-19; kusamele iqale kabusha. Lo mbhali wabamba iqhaza ku-ISA ngo-1988 nango-2015. Ngokwazi kwami, lolu hlelo luhlukile emhlabeni wonke; Kade ngasho ukuthi ifanele ukuphindwa nakwamanye amazwe.
[15] Lo mbhali usebenze njengommeleli wayo waseNyakatho Melika kusukela ngo-1984 kuya ku-1989.
[16] Lesi sigaba sisuka ku-Scipes, 2021: xi-xii, futhi sithathelwe ku-Scipes, 2020a.
[17] Ukufingqa ngokushesha: phakathi kokunye, i-AFL yabamba iqhaza ekuketuleni uhulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi eGuatemala (1954), kwathi i-AFL-CIO eyahlanganiswa ngaleso sikhathi yabamba iqhaza ekuketuleni ohulumeni abakhethwe ngentando yeningi eBrazil (1964), naseChile (1973) , futhi basekela imizamo yokuketula umbuso eVenezuela (2002). Baphinde basekela omashiqela emhlabeni wonke, babukela phansi imizamo yabasebenzi yokuhlela nokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabo kanye nenhlalakahle yabo, kanye nenqwaba yeminye imisebenzi elimazayo eNingizimu Yomhlaba. UJeff Schuhrke uzobuyekeza konke lokhu encwadini ezoshicilelwa ngoSepthemba 2024.
[18] Lesi sigaba somsebenzi ka-Cox ekuqaleni savela ku-Scipes, 2023a.
[19] Ucaphuna uPrechel (1997:414), ebhala “... njengoba kubonakala ekwehleni okukhulu kwezinga lenzuzo phakathi nalesi sikhathi ezinkampanini eziphezulu ezingu-500 zezimboni kusukela kumaphesenti angu-7.7 kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-1981 kuya kumaphesenti angu-4.8 kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-1986…” (Cox , 2012:18).
[20] Isitatimende esisodwa esitatimendeni sika-Cox sidinga ukunakwa: ubhekisela ezizweni ezikhulayo zezimboni zase-Asia. Ngokuka-Scipes, “Okokuqala, ngokusobala, le ntuthuko yaqala futhi/noma yazuza eMpini Yomshoshaphansi yase-US ngokumelene 'nobukhomanisi,' futhi kamuva uthi, "lokhu kuthuthukiswa komnotho kwakuklanyelwe ukumisa noma ukumisa kabusha ubukhosi bonxiwankulu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. amazwe kanye nobukhosi base-US esifundeni…” (Scipes, 2020d: 1216). Okuxakayo ukuthi ngokuhlinzeka “ngezizinda zokutshalwa kwezimali” ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe, lokhu kunikeze iziza ezengeziwe okungenzeka ukuthi izinkampani zase-US zingathuthela kuzo zisuka e-US, kwacekela phansi izigidi zemisebenzi eyayizinze e-US.
[21] Leli yiphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu elidinga ukuhlanganiswa nezinqubo zemfundo yezabasebenzi: kwakuwukuhlelwa kabusha kwebhizinisi—ngezinqumo ezenziwa amazinga aphezulu okuphathwa kwebhizinisi—okwacekela phansi izigidi zemisebenzi ezinze e-US, hhayi abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe.
[22] Njengoba i-United Auto Workers (UAW) yabonisa ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sesiteleka sayo sase-Fall 2023 ngokumelene nezinkampani zezimoto "Big 3" e-US. (Phakathi kwezindatshana ezimbalwa ku Amanothi Abasebenzi ngalesi sikhathi, isishoshovu se-UAW esinesikhathi eside uFrank Hammer sithumele isifinyezo esihle kakhulu sesiteleka ku-inthanethi seWorkers' International Network ngo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ivH1q0GE5k.)
[23] Esitelekeni sika-Fall 2023, i-UAW ikwazile ukuphoqa i-Stilantis, inkampani engumzali yakwa-Chrysler, ukuthi ivule kabusha imboni yayo yokuhlanganisa evaliwe eBelvidere, e-Illinois.
[24] I-athikili yakhe ethi, “Multiple Fragments” (Scipes, 2016c) kuleyo volumu ehleliwe yachaza kabanzi imizamo eminingi yokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, yaphinde yaveza ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke.
[25] Nakuba ezama ukuqonda ngokuyisisekelo into efanayo, lo mbhali ucabanga ukuthi ukwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke kuyigama elibanzi, elibandakanya wonke umuntu kunokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe; “Okwamazwe ngamazwe” kungasho nje ukuwela imingcele yamazwe amabili ambalwa ngenkathi umhlaba wonke uhlanganisa abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke.
[26] Nakuba kubalulekile ukucabangela I-Global Labor Journal njengomthombo wemibhalo ephathelene nezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke kanye nezifundo “ezintsha” zezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ungavaleli ukucabanga komuntu ukuze ucabange ukuthi kuwukuphela komthombo ophathelene nendaba, njengoba laba babhali basikisela. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe encwadini yami yezincwadi, kunenombolo yezinye izitolo ezihlanganisa Ijenali Yezabasebenzi Nenhlangano (kokubili ngaphansi kwaleli gama kanye nomanduleli walo, Working USA), Critical Sociology, futhi Ikilasi, uhlanga namandla ebhizinisi ezinyathelisa umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu, futhi kukhona neminye.
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Nikela