Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, kwaqhuma ibhomu elolini edolobheni laseLibya iZliten. Udlame lwaseLibya lusezingeni kangangokuthi bambalwa abebengayiqaphela le ndaba. I-“Libya” iza kaningi ngamagama anjengokuthi “udlame”, “isiphithiphithi”, “ukuhlasela”, kanye “nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu”. Lokhu kuqhuma kwebhomu kwenzeke esikhungweni esidala samasosha e-al-Jahfal, manje okuyisikhungo sokuqeqesha amaphoyisa. Kwabulawa okungenani abantu abangu-50. I-Islamic State (IS) ayizange isho ngokuqondile ukuthi inesibopho, kodwa imithombo yezindaba ehlobene nayo, i-Aamaq, yenza lokho egameni layo. I-IS ithi kunengxenye enkulu yeLibya, egxile enhlokodolobha yayo iSirte, idolobha lasekhaya iMuammar Qaddafi. Lokho kuhlasela cishe kwaqala lapho.
E-Iraq nase-Syria, i-IS ihlaselwe kanzima yiziteleka zomoya futhi—okungenani e-Iraq—ngesisindo samasosha ase-Iraqi kanye namasosha ahlangene nawo. Kepha eLibya, i-IS izizwa ingasatshiswa. Amaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukene ahlukene kakhulu, naphezu kokuphokophela ubumbano kweNhlangano Yezizwe, kangangokuthi ngokuvamile baxabana komunye nomunye esikhundleni sokukhathazeka ngama-IS Jets avela e-United States ahlasele iLibya ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze azame ukubulala abaholi be-Al Qaeda kanye ne-IS. . Lezi ziteleka azikho emthethweni—azifikanga ngemvume kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni okhona. Nazo bezingasebenzi. AmaNtaliyane namaBritish azimisele ngokuthumela amasosha eLibya ukuze alwe ne-IS Ngenxa yalokho adinga ukusungulwa kukahulumeni. Lowo kube ngumsebenzi we-UN. Akukaqedwa.
Kusukela ngo-2011, izindaba ezinhle ezivela eLibya beziyivelakancane. Izinxushunxushu bezilokhu zihamba phambili. Ngemva nje kokuphela kokuqhuma kwamabhomu eNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), amabutho ahlukene ayelwa nohulumeni kaQaddafi aqala ukulwa wodwa. Ukushuba kwesimo kwahlala kuphakeme. Izingxenye zalabo bavukeli ababenezizinda zobuSulumane—amaningi anezimpande e-Al Qaeda—babambe izingxenye zasempumalanga ukuze bazuze. Ukubulawa kwezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu, izintatheli kanye nosopolitiki abakhululekile kwaba yinsakavukela. Ukwesaba kwahlasela izwe njengoba ukuqhuma kwezibhamu kuba umsindo ojwayelekile endaweni yonke. Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kwehla futhi ababaleki baphuthuma bebheke esiqhingini sase-Italy iLampedusa ukuze bayokhosela.
“Ngingathanda ukuhamba,” intatheli yaseTripoli yatshela lo mbhali ngo-2013, “kodwa ngizoyaphi? Izwe lami leli.” Lona kwakuwumuzwa ovamile phakathi kwalabo ababekwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukubalekela izwe. Abanye, uquqaba olukhulu, babenethemba lokuthula nokujwayelekile. Abaningi basho ngamafuphi ukuthi bayazisola ngokuvukela umbuso ngo-2011. “Okungenani bekunokuthula ngaleso sikhathi,” kusho udokotela owayengenandaba nepolitiki futhi otshale imali enkulu enhlalakahleni yabantu baseLibya. Akekho kulaba bantu—ngaleso sikhathi—owayezizwa ekhululekile ukucashunwa. Ukuphindisela kubonakala kuseduze. Ummeli uSalwa Bugaighis, owakhuluma ngokusobala, wadutshulwa wabulawa ngo-June 25, 2014. E-Bani Walid, umholi wezombangazwe u-Amina Mahmoud Takhtakh wacasha lapho esongelwa oshayasibhamu. Laba besifazane abanesibindi benqaba ukuthuliswa. Omunye wabulawa, omunye kwadingeka acashe.
Amandla angaphandle angenelela empilweni yezepolitiki yaseLibya. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga ayeseka izingxenye zephalamende laseLibya, amalungu abalekela emadolobheni asempumalanga iTobruk neBayda lapho asungula khona uhulumeni wawo. Khonamanjalo, enhlokodolobha iTripoli amasosha aseTurkey-Qatari abambelele ngokuqinile. ILibya manje isinohulumeni ababili. Kodwa lokhu kwakunganele. Ujenene okhohlakele, u-Khalifa Hifter, onomlando omxhumanisa ne-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), waqala impi ngokumelene namaqembu ahlukene amaSulumane edolobheni elisempumalanga yeBenghazi. Ubebonakala esesekwa yi-Egypt ne-United Arab Emirates (UAE). Kube nzima nakulabo abebeyibhekile iLibya ukuthi balandelele ukuguquguquka nokuhilizisana nezimbangi zezifunda ezadla izwe. Ohulumeni ababili basabise ngokudala amabhange amakhulu kanye nezinkonzo zikawoyela ezabo. Izinkampani zikawoyela zenze izixhumanisi nezinhlangothi zombili. Amanani aphansi kawoyela kulesi sikhathi asho ukuthi izinkampani zijabulile ukulinda kuze kuphele le nkinga.
Maphakathi noZibandlela wezi-2015, ohulumeni ababili baseLibya nabanye abaholi bezepolitiki bahlangana eSkhirat, eMorocco, ukuze basayine isivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla. Lesi kwakungesinye salezo zikhathi zethemba ezidlulayo. Njengoba ihlukene phakathi kwedolobha laseTripoli nelaseTobruk, lab’ ohulumeni ababili benqabile ukuvumelana kusukela ngo-September 2014. Kwaba mnyama ezweni lonke. Uhulumeni ngamunye wayenabasekeli bangaphandle, ababengazimisele ngokufanayo ukuyekethisa ngenxa yezwe. Lesi sikhala sivumele amabutho ezombusazwe asabekayo ukuthi aqhamuke, okuhlanganisa ne-IS Isivumelwano se-UN sokwabelana ngamandla saphakamisa indlela yokuphuma kulolu gibe, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi abantu nhlangothi zombili zokwehlukana benqaba ukubhekana nanoma yisiphi isivumelwano. Iqiniso lokuthi isithunywa se-UN uBernardino Leon ubekade exoxisana ne-UAE ngomsebenzi ngenkathi ebonakala evumela inzuzo ukuthi iye kuma-proxies alelo zwe alizange livimbe ithemba.
I-Islamic State
Kulesi siphithiphithi ngonyaka odlule, ukusuka phesheya komngcele waseTunisia-Libya kanye nasezifundazweni ezisempumalanga yeLibya kwafika izilwi ezivela ngaphandle kwezwe kanye nomakadebona beLibyan Islamic Fighting Group kanye ne-Ansar al-Shariah. Bashaqe uSirte ngoMeyi. Laba balwi badonswe ku-IS ngobuhlakani bayo. Amaqembu abo abonakala emancane uma eqhathaniswa nemiklamo emikhulu ye-IS In Dernah, empumalanga, ukushisekela ngokweqile okwakugxilile kwakuzodingeka kususwe ukuze i-IS izinze. Ngisho naseSirte, izibalo zeziphathimandla, ezifana nomfundisi waseSalafi uKhaled Ferjani, kwadingeka babulawe. Ukuvukela kwabalandeli bakaFerjani ngokumelene ne-IS kwachotshozwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngo-August 2015. I-mosque kaFerjani yaqanjwa kabusha ngo-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, iqhawe laseJordani elasungula i-Al Qaeda e-Iraq, ukhokho we-IS KUNEsizathu sokususa bonke ababephikisana nayo ngaphakathi kwedolobha. Kuphinde kwavumela abanye ababengabalandeli bakaQaddafi ukuthi bajoyine, hhayi ngoba belandela imibono ye-caliphate kodwa ngoba beyibona (njengoba umthombo utshele lo mbhali) njengendlela yokuphuma ngaphandle kwabo. Kube lula ukusho ukuthi i-IS e-Sirte yenziwe ngabangaphandle. Lokhu akunjalo ngokuphelele. Omunye wabaholi bayo abakhuluma kakhulu u-Hassan al-Karami, ovela e-Benghazi futhi wayebandakanyeka lapho ne-Ansar al-Sharia.
I-IS ayikwazanga ukulawula ukufakwa kukawoyela okugcwele ugu lwaseLibya. Ngezinyanga zokugcina zika-2015, i-IS yazama ukucekela phansi iziteshi zokumpompa uwoyela eMabruk, Dahra, Ghani, Bahi nakwezinye izindawo. Kanye nokuhlaselwa kweZliten ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kwafika ukuhlaselwa kwamachweba kawoyela e-Es Sider naseRas Lanauf, bobabili bavaliwe kusukela ngoDisemba 2014. I-IS yaqhumisa amathangi kawoyela kukho kokubili ukufakwa, yacekela phansi izinkulungwane zemiphongolo yamafutha angcolile. I-National Oil Corporation (NOC) yaseLibya ikhiphe umyalezo othi, “Asikwazi ukusiza futhi akukho esingakwenza ukulwa nalokhu kucekelwa phansi kukawoyela ngamabomu. I-NOC inxusa bonke abantu abathembekile nabahloniphekile bakuleli zwe ukuthi baphuthume ukuhlenga okusele ezinsizeni zethu kungakephuzi kakhulu.” Lo mlayezo awuthunyelwanga ngokukhethekile. Bambalwa abangenza noma yini ngakho.
Izikhulu ze-NOC zibukele njengoba i-IS idudula amadolobha asemaphethelweni ogwadule oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSirte, ibavulela indlela ecacile yokubamba amachweba amakhulu. Ukuthathwa kukaBin Jawad ngasekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kuthumele uphawu lokuthi i-IS isilungele ukuya emadolobheni kawoyela. Onogada bale mikhakha bahlakazekile. IPetroleum Defence Guards yasungulwa ngo-2012 nguhulumeni ngesikhathi ihlangene. Laba nogada sekuphele izinyanga bengaholile. Ukuziphatha kwabo kuphansi ngokumangalisayo. Umholi wabaqaphi, u-Ibrahim Jadhran (umfowabo oku-IS), usebenzise ngobuhlakani ohulumeni ababili ukuzakhela amandla akhe. Kuthiwa uyathinteka ekushushumbiseni uwoyela ephuma eLibya. I-IS kanye ne-Jadhran phambilini bake bazama ukwenza isivumelwano ngokulawula uwoyela. Abazange baphumelele ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa akunangqondo ukuthi bangase bafinyelele esivumelwaneni ngesikhathi esithile.
Amafulegi amnyama e-IS ayaphaphazela endaweni aqhunyiswa ngamabhomu e-NATO kungekudala. I-Libya ayikalulami kulokho "kungenelela kosizo". Inxusa elisha le-UN, uMartin Kobler, kanye nomkhandlu kamongameli kaHulumeni omusha we-National Accord bacele ubumbano ngokumelene ne-IS Lokhu kusendaweni yezinkulumo. Imiphongolo kawoyela eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-48 isengozini. Linjalo nekusasa leLibya.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela