Isihloko esikhulu sivusa inkanuko: “Imizamo Ye-Kremlin Yokusabalalisa Ngokuyimfihlo Ukwaziswa Okubulalayo ELatin America.” Lokhu kwakuyi-a isitatimende kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezifundazwe wase-US, eyafakwa ngo-November 7, 2023. Uhulumeni wase-United States wasola izinkampani ezimbili—i-Social Design Agency kanye ne-Structura National Technologies—ngokuba amanxusa ayinhloko alokho okwakusolakala ukuthi kuwukungahloniphi ulwazi olusekelwe eRussia. Isitatimende sibize izinhloko zazo zombili lezi zinkampani, u-Ilya Gambashidze we-Social Design Agency kanye no-Nikolay Tupkin we-Structura. NgoJulayi 28, 2023, i-European Union kugunyaziwe abantu abambalwa baseRussia namafemu, okuhlanganisa i-SDA ne-Structura. I-European Union isola lezi zinkampani ezimbili ze-IT “ngokubandakanyeka emkhankasweni wokubulala ama-digital oholwa yiRussia” ngokumelene nohulumeni wase-Ukraine. Isitatimende soMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika manje sithi lezi zinkampani ze-IT zibandakanyeka kuphrojekthi ye-disinformation eLatin America.
I-European Union noma uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika awunikezi ubufakazi ezitatimendeni zabo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi. Umbhalo wase-US, nokho, ubhekisa ku-2023 Annual Threat Assessment ye-US Intelligence Community, okuyinto uthi okulandelayo: “Abalingisi abanethonya baseRussia baye bashintsha imizamo yabo yokufihla izandla zabo ngokwandayo, bathungaza imiyalezo abayithandayo besebenzisa uhlelo olubanzi lwezemvelo lwamawebhusayithi abamba iqhaza eRussia, abantu ngabanye, nezinhlangano ezibonakala ziyimithombo yezindaba ezimele.” Lapha, sithola ikakhulukazi indlela yokusebenza-ulwazi lokukhwabanisa ngamawebhusayithi e-proxy-kunanoma yibuphi ubufakazi obuqinile.
Ngomhla zi-3 kuNhlaba wezi-2023, iKomidi Lezangaphandle lase-US labamba a kokuzwa kwesithi “Izimpi Zolwazi Lomhlaba Wonke: Ingabe I-US Iyawina Noma Iyalahlekelwa?” Isikhulumi esikhulu ekulalelweni kwakungu-Amanda Bennett, iSikhulu Esiphezulu se- I-US Agency for Global Media (I-USAGM), ithimba eliyisambulela eliqhuba amaphrojekthi amaningi wezindaba kahulumeni wase-US ukusuka e-Europe (Radio Liberty) kuya emazweni aseMelika (Ihhovisi Lezokusakaza LaseCuba) ngesabelomali saminyaka yonke esingu-$810 million. Bennett, owayengumqondisi kuhulumeni waseMelika Izwi leMelika, utshele izigele ukuthi uma uhulumeni wase-US ehluleka "ukukhomba ukutshalwa kwezimali ukuze kuvikelwe ukungena eRussia, [People's Republic of China], kanye ne-Iran eyenzayo, sisengozini yokulahlekelwa impi yolwazi yomhlaba wonke." Lawa mazwe amathathu, wathi, "asebenzise" i-United States eLatin America, okuyithuba athe lidinga ukunqotshwa ukugxambukela kwe-US kwabezindaba zaseLatin America.
Indima ye-RT
ELatin America, uJessica Brandt weBrookings Institute utshele AmaSenenja, abezindaba baseRussia bathole inzuzo ewujuqu. Amaqiniso awenzile kubalulekile ukucatshangelwa: “Kuyo yonke ikota yokuqala ka-2023, ama-akhawunti amathathu kwezinhlanu eziphinde zabhalwa kabusha zezindaba zombuso waseRussia ku-Twitter athunyelwa ngeSpanishi, kanti amahlanu kwayishumi akhula ngokushesha aqondiswe ezilalelini zolimi lweSpanishi. Ku-YouTube, i-RT en Español iphinde yafakazela ukuthi iyakwazi ukwakha izethameli eziningi, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kwale nkundla eziteshini zemidiya ezixhaswa uhulumeni waseRussia. Ku-TikTok, i-RT en Español iphakathi kwemithombo yezindaba edume kakhulu yolimi lwesi-Spanish. Ukuthandwa kwayo okuyizigidi ezingama-29.6 kuyenza idume kakhulu kuneTelemundo, Univision, BBC Mundo, ne-El País. Ngokufanayo, ku-Facebook, i-RT en Español njengamanje inabalandeli abaningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye umsakazi wamazwe ngamazwe olimi lwesiSpanishi.” Ngamanye amazwi, i-RT ngokwayo isibe enye yezindawo zemidiya ezinethonya kakhulu eLatin America. Amaqiniso kaBrandt amukelwa kabanzi, kufaka phakathi a umbiko eyanyatheliswa ngoMashi yi-Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism ebizwa ngokuthi “Naphezu kokuvinjelwa kwaseNtshonalanga, inkulumo-ze kaPutin iyachuma ngeSpanishi kumabonakude kanye nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana” cwaningo kusukela ku-Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab kusukela ngo-2022.
RT (owayekade eyi-Russia Today) uphethwe yi- I-TV-Novosti, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo eyasungulwa uhulumeni Ria Novosti ngo-2005. I-RT ivinjelwe noma ivinjelwe eCanada, European Union, Germany, United States, nakwamanye amazwe amaningana aseNtshonalanga. Eqinisweni, ekulalelweni kweSigele, kwaba nengxoxo encane mayelana nayo yonke iwebhu yamaphrojekthi we-RT. Bekugxilwe “ekuhlanzweni” kwe “disinformation”.
'Kungacishe kwenzeke'
Okumangazayo ngesitatimende soMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ukuthi siqamba amaphrojekthi wezindaba amabili asebenza e-Latin America njengalawa “ma-proxies” ngaphandle kobufakazi kodwa anolimi olungabazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika uthi ingxenye yomkhankaso waseRussia iwukuhlakulela iqembu lezintatheli “okungenzeka kakhulu eChile,” kodwa akunjalo. Lokhu kunqikaza kubalulekile ukudwebela ngoba izigaba ezimbalwa kamuva, ukungabaza kuyanyamalala: “Ngenkathi imisebenzi yenethiwekhi ikakhulukazi yenziwa ngekhonsathi nezitolo zolimi lwesiSpanishi. I-Pressenza futhi El Ciudadano, inethiwekhi ebanzi yemithombo yezindaba iyatholakala eqenjini ukuze liqhubeke nokukhulisa ulwazi.”
I-Pressenza, eyasungulwa ngo-2009 eMilan, e-Italy, yaphuma ezingxoxweni nasezingxoxweni ezicutshungulwe yiKhomishini Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokucwaninga Kwezinkinga Zokuxhumana (eyakhiwe yi-UNESCO) kanye nombiko wayo, Amazwi Amaningi, Umhlaba Owodwa noma Umbiko we-MacBride (1980). Umbiko weMacBride ngokwawo wakhela ezingxoxweni mayelana nentando yeningi yabezindaba ezaholela ekwakhiweni, ngo-1964, I-Inter-Press Services, kwathi kamuva ePressenza. I-El Ciudadano yasungulwa ngo-2005 njengengxenye yenqubo yentando yeningi eChile ngemuva kokuwa kobushiqela bezempi ka-Augusto Pinochet ngo-1990.
Zombili izitolo zinqatshiwe (in isiZulu futhi Spanish) ukuthi baxhaswa uhulumeni wase-Russian noma ukuthi bathungela ulwazi lukahulumeni waseRussia. Esitatimendeni sabo esihlanganyelwe, esisayinwe nguDavid Andersson (umhleli wePressenza) kanye noBruno Sommer Catalán (umhleli we-El Ciudadano), bathi, “Sikholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuhlasela lunonya, futhi siyaphikelela ukuthi uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ukuhoxise lokhu kusolwa. futhi axolise esidlangalaleni kithi ngokungcolisa isithunzi sethu.” Esitatimendeni esihlukile, intatheli yase-Italy u-Antonio Mazzeo (ophumelele umqhudelwano Giorgio Bassani umklomelo ngo-2010) wathi: “Lolu daba luyangikhathaza ngoba lungalungiselela isinyathelo esilandelayo, ukwakhiwa kohlu lokuvinjelwa ... ukubeka bonke labo abangavumi ukuthi bacabange ngempi kuphela futhi ngenxa yalokho babe yingozi futhi kufanele bathuliswe.”
Lesi sihloko sakhiwe ngu I-Globetrotter.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela