“Okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu, izinhlangano ezithandwayo ziye zagxila ekuzabalazweni ngenxa yezikweletu—lokhu kwakuyiqiniso ngaphambi kokuba ubunxiwankulu bubekhona. Kunesizathu salokhu. Isikweletu siyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu eyake yadalwa ukuthatha ubudlelwano obuncike kakhulu odlameni nokungalingani okunodlame futhi bubonakale bulungile futhi bunokuziphatha okuhle kuwo wonke umuntu othintekayo. Lapho iqhinga lingasasebenzi, yonke into iyaqhuma. Njengoba kunjalo manje. Ngokusobala, isikweletu sizibonakalise siyiphuzu lobuthakathaka obukhulu kakhulu besimiso, iphuzu lapho siphuma ngaphandle kokulawulwa yinoma ubani. Iphinde ivumele amathuba angapheli wokuhlela.”
UDavid Graeber, "Ithemba Ngokuvumelana" - Znet, 5/21/09
U-David Graeber uveza ukugxeka kwesikweletu sesikhathi eside esihlanganisa kokubili isikweletu esikhulu sezomnotho (uhulumeni kanye nesifunda, ikakhulukazi esihlobene nempi) kanye nezikweletu ezincane (zebhizinisi nomthengi, ikakhulukazi ezihlobene nokungalingani). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxeka kukaGraeber kufaka phakathi izici zangaphambi konxiwankulu kanye nezonxiwankulu.
Ukucatshangelwa okugxile kwesikhashana esikweletini kuzocatshangelwa-ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule-okokuqala, izinqubomgomo zokusebenzisa imali ye-Keynesian macroeconomic "pump-priming" ye-quarter-century ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II; okwesibili, izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal macroeconomic eziqala ngawo-1970, ikakhulukazi mayelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhweba mahhala" kanye nenkinga yebhalansi yezinkokhelo eyenze i-U.S. yaba yisikweletu samazwe ngamazwe; futhi ekugcineni, ukwanda kwezikweletu zasendlini (impahla yendlu, ikhadi lesikweletu, umfundi) njengengxenye yezomnotho emaphakathi ye-neoliberal globalization, nayo ehlanganise ubunxiwankulu “obuholwa yizimali,” ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, amaholo amile, kanye nokungalingani okukhulayo.
Labo bethu abakade bekhona kusukela ngeSivumelwano Esisha, noma okungenani kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, singathethelelwa isifiso esithile mayelana nendima yokusetshenziswa kwemali engaphansi kombuso ekunxephezeleni ukwehla okujikelezayo kwesidingo sabathengi ngaleso sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, ukuchuma kwangemva kwempi kwakuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemali eshodayo ehlobene nezempi, futhi ukukhula kombuso wezokuvikela kanye nezwe lokuphepha phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi akuzange kuhambe kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinyunyana zabasebenzi noma isigaba esikhulu sabasebenzi baseMelika.
Izinhlangano ezidumile ngeminyaka yawo-1960s azikwazanga nje kuphela ukubhekana nokungabi nabulungiswa kwezomnotho, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ziye zakhungathekiswa ukugcwala okungapheli kwengcebo yezomnotho namandla phakathi nenkathi ye-neoliberal, izinqubomgomo eziyisisekelo ezakhiwa ngokuqaphela kakhulu izikhulu zezomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe ziqala. maphakathi nawo-1970, njengoba kufakazelwa yiKhomishana Yamazwe Amathathu.
Ngakho ephepheni labo lango-2008 elithi “Consumer Debt at the Center of Finance-Led Capitalism,” uRobert Guttman noDominique Philon babhala:
“Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kube wuhlelo lomhlaba wonke olwaqalwa e-US nase-UK ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 ukusuka lapho kwasakazekela khona ngezigaba ezehlukene kuya kwamanye amazwe amakhulu ezimboni. Ukwehliswa kwemithetho (yamabhange), ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye emisha yezezimali ibambe iqhaza elikhulu kule nqubo yokuhlangana komhlaba wonke ukuya konxiwankulu obuholwa yizimali. IFrance yayingelinye lamazwe aseYurophu lapho izinguquko zazijule kakhulu futhi zishesha kakhulu. … Umbuso omusha uyabeka izisusa zezimali, amathuluzi, nezimakethe maphakathi nenqubo yokukhula kwayo. … Banguamandla amathathu ahlobene ngemuva kwalolu shintsho olubalulekile kumodus operandi of capitalism—ukwanda kokuthembela esikweletini kulo lonke uhla lwemisebenzi yezomnotho, ukugqugquzelwa kokuxhaswa ngezikweletu okunjalo ngokusungula izinto ezintsha zezimali, kanye nokuhwebelana kwezezimali njengamandla adlulele kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwezimali kwamanye amazwe.. "
I-Keynesianism yezempi yama-1950s kanye nama-60s, nayo eyayibonakala ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwangempela ngokocwaningo nengqalasizinda, inikeze indlela "i-Keynesianism yabathengi" yamashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule, ngokuyinhloko maqondana nezimo zokuqagela zebhamuza le-dotcom ngawo-1990 kanye nebhamuza lezindlu zeminyaka eyishumi edlule. Nakuba inqubomgomo yangaphambili ibikhuthaza kokubili ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kanye nezamabhizinisi, inqubomgomo yakamuva iye yancika kakhulu ekubolekeni kwemizi, okungakunaki ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizeni okwengeziwe.
Ukwenyuka kokubolekwa kwemindeni kuhlobene ngokuhlelekile namaholo amile wama-80% aphansi kanye nesabelo esinyukile sokusetshenziswa kwangasese (kunokuchitha imali yomphakathi noma utshalomali oluzimele) njengephesenti le-GDP, lisuka ngaphansi kwama-65% ngo-1980 liya ngaphezu kwama-70% okwamanje. . UFred Moseley ku I-International Socialist Review ifingqa le nqubo:
“Abasebenzi bebeboshelwa amaholo amile futhi bebemagange ukuboleka imali yokuthenga umuzi noma imoto entsha, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezidingongqangi. Izinkampani zezimali zazilokhu zigxila kakhulu kubasebenzi njengabathengi bazo ababolekayo, ikakhulukazi ezikweletini zezindlu. Iphesenti lokubolekwa kwezindlu ngamabhange lenyuka lisuka kumaphesenti angama-30 ngo-1970 laya kumaphesenti angama-50 ngo-2006. Isamba semali mboleko yezindlu siphindeke kathathu phakathi kuka-1998 no-2006. 60 kuya ku-1970 amaphesenti ngo-100. Lokhu kwakuwukwanda okungavamile kwezikweletu zasendlini, okungakaze kubonwe emlandweni wase-U.S. "
Ukubolekwa kwemizi akubanga nje kuphela indlela yokulondoloza ukusetshenziswa lapho kubhekwa amaholo amile, kodwa kube yindlela yokukhiqiza inzuzo emkhakheni wezezimali. Isazi sezomnotho esiqinile uRichard Wolff sigomela ngokuthi “Eqinisweni, ubungxiwankulu base-US ngaleyo ndlela bashintsha imali ebolekiwe ekhuphukayo ngokukhuphuka kwamaholo kubasebenzi. Kwabathatha kabili: okokuqala, insalela yomshikashika wabo waveza; okwesibili, inzalo yemali enqwabelene yababuyisela kubo.”
Nakuba ukubolekwa kwezindlu kuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezikweletu zasendlini, ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo phakathi kwebhamuza lezindlu nesikweletu sekhadi lesikweletu buyingqikithi, nangaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikweletu sekhadi lesikweletu sibanjwe ngokunganaki kanye nesikweletu sendlu. Njengoba izintengo zezindlu zikhuphuka futhi abanikazi bezindlu bezibona njengabacebile kakhulu phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, inani lemakethe nokulingana kunikeze isisekelo “esinengqondo” (okungukuthi, "umthelela wengcebo") wokwenyuka kokubolekwa kwezimoto nakumakhadi esikweletu. Ngokusobala konke lokhu kwehle ngo-2008.
Okunye okubili okuphawuliwe kusiza ukuqedela isithombe: Okokuqala, njengoba noma ubani ojwayelene nokungalingani kwezomnotho angase abikezele, abantu abaphansi abangamaphesenti angama-90 banabanikazi abangu-19% womcebo, kodwa u-73% wesikweletu. Okwesibili, abaqashi bayingxenye yeqembu cishe abacebile njengabanikazi bezindlu, futhi banezikweletu kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nemali engenayo, naphezu kokuntula kwabo isikweletu sendlu.
Ngakho-ke ukuncika okuhlelekile konxiwankulu be-neoliberal obuholwa yizimali esikweletini sabathengi kanye nokukhuthazwa kwaso ngokunganaki (kanye nokuvikeleka budedengu okwalandela) ngokukhula kwezinkampani zezezimali ezibusayo kuveza ngokucacile noma iyiphi indima ephusile “yokubophezeleka komuntu siqu” kule nkinga yethu yamanje—ngaphandle kwengxenye yokaputeni. wezezimali. Njengoba uJohn Bellamy Foster esho, ukwanda kwethu kwezomnotho kwakamuva (kanye nenzuzo enqwabelene ehambisana nakho) “kuthengiwe ngesikweletu somthengi.” UWolf uphetha ngokuthi: “Ezezimali ziye zaphathwa kabi kakhulu inhlangano yenhlangano ngaphansi kokulawulwa umthetho: yingakho kwaba nenkinga. Ukusabela kuleli qiniso kudinga okungaphezu kokulawula kukahulumeni. Kudingeka futhi siguqule inhlangano ngezindlela eziyisisekelo ezingagwema noma zilungise ukungaphathwa kahle kwezimali.”
Ku-“99%”, lezi zinto ezingokoqobo neziqhutshwa ngezigaba, ingqikithi yazo yomlando, nokuphuthuma kwazo okubonakalayo konke kudala “amathuba angapheli okuhlela.” Noma ngabe yiziphi izimpendulo ezisebenzayo kanye “nezingokoqobo”, zingase ziqale ngesiphetho sokuthi ohlelweni lwamanje, izikweletu zazo zonke izinhlobo zinzima kakhulu njengethuluzi lempi yezigaba.
UDavid Green ([i-imeyili ivikelwe]) uhlala e-Urbana, IL.
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