Esihlokweni se-athikili yamagama angu-8000 ku- New York Times Magazine (Agasti 18th), uRobin Marantz Henig uyabuza: “Kuyini Ngama-20-somethings? Kungani abantu abaningi kangaka abaneminyaka engu-20 bethatha isikhathi eside kangaka ukukhula?” Imibuzo nezimpendulo zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Clark University uJeffrey Arnett olunikeze isisekelo “sesigaba sentuthuko” esisanda kuthandwa “sobudala obusafufusa.” Udumo luka-Arnett nengcebo kwaqala ngesihloko esithi "seminal" 2000 Isazi Sezengqondo saseMelika. “Ukukhula okusafufusa” manje sekungokwezinjongo zemfundo ezingokoqobo ezigunyazwe njengesigaba esivamile sokuthuthuka komuntu, nendikimba yayo yocwaningo kanye nezinkomfa zaminyaka yonke.
Izingxabano zami ezinkulu ekukhulumeni nalolu cwaningo ziphindwe kathathu: Okokuqala, ngale kwemizamo yayo yokuchaza (okusekelwe kulesi sihloko, nokho ayenele), lena isayensi yezenhlalo ekhohlisayo engenasisekelo esizwakalayo sethiyori ekuthuthukisweni komuntu, kwengqondo, noma isayensi yezenhlalo. . Okwesibili, kuyisayensi yezenhlalo embi impela ngoba igwema lokho okungase kuyenze ibe nengqondo futhi isebenzise isayensi yezenhlalo—ukucatshangelwa kwe-neo-liberalization yezomnotho ye-post-adolescence kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu kuya kwamane edlule. Okwesithathu, ukuphakamisa “ubudala obusafufusa” njengesinye isigaba esihlale sijule kakhulu futhi “esibalulekile” sokukhula kwentsha ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo kusiza ukususa ezombusazwe lokho ekugcineni “okuyisiteji” sempilo, okuthi uma kukhona, sithonywe yipolitiki enonya. kanye nemibono nezinqubomgomo ze-volitional elite.
U-Arnett uthi esihlokweni sakhe sango-2000 ukuthi ngokwenhlalo, “iminyaka yabantu abadala abasafufusa ibonakala ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlukahlukana kwabantu nokungazinzi, okubonisa ukugcizelelwa koshintsho nokuhlola. Kusenkathini yokushintsha kusukela ekubeni umuntu omdala kuya ekubeni umuntu omdala osemusha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amabili lapho ukuhlukahluka kuyancipha futhi ukungazinzi kudambise, njengoba abantu abasha benza izinqumo ezihlala njalo othandweni nasemsebenzini.” U-Henig uchaza i-psychology yabantu abadala abasafufusa ngokuthi “ukuhlola ubuwena, ukungazinzi, ukugxila kuwena, ukuzwa phakathi kanye nesici esisankondlo (Arnett) esibiza ngokuthi ‘umuzwa wamathuba’.”
Nasesikweni elidabukisayo le-ideologicalist yesayensi yezenhlalo yaseMelika esebenza ngesakhiwo, lokhu kuyinto efiphele, eshelelayo, futhi eziqondisayo. “Ukukhula okusafufusa” ngokusobala emphakathini kubonakala kuphela ngokuhlukahluka kweqembu lakho—ukuphila okufile “okungabonakali” nhlobo. Kodwa uma sifisa ukubhekisisa kabanzi izimo zezomnotho nezigaba ezingashiwongo ze-20-somethings, ngokuqinisekile sizothola amaphethini okuziphatha abonisa ukuhlukana okuyisisekelo komphakathi-konke, ngezindlela ezihlukene kodwa ezihlelekile, eziye zathonywa ngokomlando yi-neoliberalism jikelele. futhi manje silolongwa umnotho we-recessional neoliberal wamanje ikakhulukazi.
Kodwa kusayensi yezenhlalo “ehloniphekile”, ezomnotho zinikeza isizinda esithathwa njengokunqunywa kwezobuchwepheshe, esingenakugwenywa, futhi esithuthukisa ngokukhululekile—ekugcineni enkonzweni yenqubekelaphambili yomphakathi nengokomzwelo yawo wonke umuntu. Ngakho-ke “inqubekela-phambili” enjalo igujwa ngokujwayelekile ngesimemezelo semfundo “entsha” yezinga lokuthuthuka—ngokomzwelo, ngokwengqondo, futhi ekugcineni sinqobe ngokwenhlalo ngesikhathi amaqenjana ayo ayisiboshwa nadidekile efika eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu.
Emhlabeni wangempela, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 ukukhetha kweshumi lesithathu leminyaka yokuphila kuye kwathonywa kakhulu amandla afanayo e-neoliberal alolonge umnotho wethu kanye nomphakathi, okuholele ekwenyukeni kokungalingani engcebweni nasemalini etholwayo, imali engenayo enganyakazi emaphesentini angama-80 aphansi. abasebenzi, izinga lokungasebenzi liphezulu ngokwesakhiwo, kanye nokwehliswa kokwesekwa komphakathi emikhakheni eyahlukene. Izinganekwane “zethuba elilinganayo” eceleni, ukuhlukana kwezigaba nezinhlanga kuleli qoqo akuhlukile kunanoma yiliphi elinye, futhi kuphinde kwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa singazichaza kanjani ngokuqondile izinqubomgomo zenhlalo ye-neoliberal kanye nobudlelwano bazo nosizi lweqembu elihlukahlukene mhlawumbe lentsha yaseMelika eyizigidi ezingama-50 ephakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-30? Ukusebenzisa amagama aphathekayo nachazayo: izingane zethu zitshelwa (ngokukhululekile) ukuthi kufanele zincintisane nalezo zakwamanye amazwe ngamakhono ezobuchwepheshe; izikole zisezingeni futhi ziyamakethwa, kodwa zihlala zingalingani kakhulu; kukhona abawinile nabahluliwe emqhudelwaneni wamathuba emfundo ephakeme, okunqunywa kakhulu isizinda sabazali babo nemali engenayo; bonke abafundi batshelwa ukuthi imfundo “ephakeme” engeziwe iyisihluthulelo sekusasa labo, kunoma yiliphi izinga, nangesikweletu (esinenzuzo enkulu kubabolekisi) uma kunesidingo—imalimboleko eyengeziwe kanye nokwesekwa kukahulumeni okungaqondile kuyatholakala; mincane imisebenzi yezinga lokungena etholakalayo kwabathweswe iziqu, kanye namaholo amile; izinketho ezivame kakhulu kwabangenalo ilungelo elincane ukungasebenzi, ukungaqashwa, imisebenzi emincane yamaholo, ijele, kanye nezempi; izingane zesigaba esiphakathi ziqhudelana ngemisebenzi yesevisi kuyilapho imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ekhokhelwa kahle ikhishwa ngaphandle noma iqedwa—hhayi ngesisekelo samakhono okuqhathanisa abasebenzi; phakathi neminyaka yabo yabafundi abathole iziqu kanye neziqu, abanelungelo elilinganiselwe bayakhuthazwa-ngenxa yentuthuko yomsebenzi-ukuba banikeze umsebenzi oshibhile osezingeni eliphansi ngendlela yokusiza, ama-internship, kanye nezinye izivivinyo "zamavolontiya", njenge-elitist Teach for America. ; futhi-ke, ukungabi bikho kokunakekelwa kwezempilo komphakathi kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi emihle enezinzuzo kusho ukuthi naphezu komthetho wakamuva ovumela abazali ukuba bavikele izingane zabo kuze kube yiminyaka engu-26 ubudala, abaningi abanalo usizo lwezempilo oluhloniphekile.
Sekukonke, esinakho lapha intsha, enempilo, enamakhono aphezulu, futhi inqwaba yabasebenzi abasalayo abaswele ngokwezomnotho. Lokhu kuhlomulisa izinhlangano, izikhungo zemfundo, ama-NGO, umkhakha wezinsizakalo ezikhokhelwa kancane, amasosha, kanye nezizinda zamajele. Kunjalo, naphezu komoya womhlaba wokuncintisana onzima, abawinile nabahluliwe basalokhu bebikezelwa bebonke ngesisekelo sesizinda sabo sezomnotho, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okuphawulekayo okuqinisa umthetho. Konke lokhu kwakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-meritocracy” enkathini ye-neoliberal.
Ngizophetha ngamazwana ambalwa mayelana nezici ezingokwengqondo nezokuthuthuka okusolwayo zesigaba esinqunyiwe "sokukhula okukhulayo." Kuyena Times uHenig uyabhala: “Iminyaka yawo-20 ifana ne-stem cell yokukhula komuntu, isikhathi sokwanda lapho noma yimuphi wemiphumela eminingana ungaba khona. Izinqumo nezenzo ngalesi sikhathi zinemiphumela ehlala njalo. Iminyaka yama-20s yilapho abantu abaningi beqongelela cishe yonke imfundo yabo esemthethweni; lapho abantu abaningi behlangana nabashade nabo besikhathi esizayo nabangane abazobagcina; lapho abantu abaningi beqala emisebenzini abazohlala nayo iminyaka eminingi. Kulapho izigigaba, ukuhlola, uhambo, ubudlelwano kuqaliswa ngokulahlwa okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke kuphinde kwenzeke.” Lokhu kubonwa kusobala kwelinye izinga, kanye ne-doggerel kwelinye. Isimangalo sokuthi ukukhetha nokuziphatha kwalabo abaseminyakeni yawo-20 kubaluleke kakhulu kunobuntwana basebancane ngakolunye uhlangothi noma izimo zezomnotho ezingaguquleki ngakolunye akukona nje kuphela ukusekelwa okungasekelwe ngokomthetho, kodwa kushoda kunoma yikuphi ukwakheka kwethiyori okuwusizo, okukholekayo noma okunye.
Ngokufanayo, ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isiko lentsha” ngeminyaka yawo-60, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo nezokuhlalisana kwabantu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zazisekela noma zigxeka lezi zenzakalo—zazinenani elincane lethiyori elihlala njalo lokufaka isandla maqondana nesimo sokukhula komuntu phakathi nesigaba sokuphila okwaba khona. ibizwe ngokuthi “ubusha.” Ngokwengxenye enkulu, babenokuncane ababengakwenza ekukhanyiseni izimo ezibonakalayo nezombangazwe “zempucuko yentsha” ngaleso sikhathi eyayilolongwa ukuceba, ukuhlukaniswa, ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe, impi, umbono ophelele, kanye nekhono lokusungula izinto. Okuyisisekelo kwakungatholakali “ekuthuthukisweni komuntu” kwendawo yonke kodwa ezimweni zezombangazwe, nasesimweni sokuziphatha komuntu kunoma yiliphi izinga lentuthuko.
Noma kunjalo, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kuleso sikhathi somlando abanye ongqondongqondo baqagela kulesi sigaba sempilo nesiko laso elivusa amadlingozi nelikhulayo amathemba abo okuqonda komuntu okuguqukile. Bengingasikisela ukuthi bekungaphezu kokuthola ithuba lezemfundo, kodwa ifa lenhlakanipho elingalingani likaMarx, Freud, Dewey, nabanye.
Ngeke ngisho okufanayo kubagqugquzeli “bobuntu obudala obusafufusa.” Inomuzwa ongcolile, ongajulile womlando wososayensi bezenhlalakahle baseMelika ngokuphika ubuqiniso bezingxabano zomphakathi kanye nokuqinisekisa isimo esikhona, kuyilapho benikeza umbono "wokuthuthukiswa komuntu" ohluke ngokukha phezulu kodwa ohambisana ngokujulile futhi ongenakuqhathaniswa. Kulokhu kugcizelelwa "enqubweni" yabantu abaneminyaka engu-30 ubudala "ukuqhubeka" nempilo yabo, sithola uhlobo olukhethekile lwezemfundo lwe-reactionary elitism phakathi nokuguquguquka kwezomnotho okunzima kwenkathi ye-neoliberal. Ngokubikezela, kuza ngaphandle kwezwi mayelana nenkinga kanye namathemba okuqaphela kwezombusazwe phakathi kwentsha ngokwayo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi intando yeningi yeningi.
UDavid Green ([i-imeyili ivikelwe]) uhlala e-Champaign, IL.
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