Phakathi kwezindatshana zikaGeorge Orwell ezihlala njalo kukhona โiPolitics and the English Languageโ yakhe. Ecabanga ngokusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele kwegama elingukhiye laseNtshonalanga elihlonishwayo elithi โidemokhrasiโ (njengakuthi โintando yeningi yabantuโ noma elithi โcapitalist democracyโ), u-Orwell waphawula ukuthi โamagama alolu hlobo avame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yokungathembeki. Okusho ukuthi, umuntu ozisebenzisayo uneyakhe incazelo yangasese, kodwa uvumela olaleleyo ukuba acabange ukuthi usho okuthile okuhluke ngokuphelele.โ
Uma isikhulumi siyisikhulu esiholayo sombuso kanye nesebhizinisi futhi โozwayoโ engumphakathi wonkana, ukususa ikhodi umehluko phakathi kwencazelo efihliwe (โeyimfihloโ) nencazelo yomphakathi eyakhiwe ngokuzenzisa kusho imibono ebandakanyayo, inkulumo-ze, kanye nencazelo. ukusetshenziswa kabi kolimi ukuze kuvame ukubusa kwesigaba nokungalingani komhlaba wonke.
Futhi lapho isikhulumi singowayeyinhloko yoMlando wase-Yale uGeorge [Noma] uW[ellian] Bush, igama elingukhiye umphakathi okungenzeka ulizwe elithi โinkululeko.โ
Ngikhuluma neqembu labafundi bomlando ngesonto eledlule, ngibeke umugqa othi โngaphezulu-ngaphansiโ (ukubheja) wokuthi uBush II uzosebenzisa kangaki igama elithi โinkululekoโ (kanye/noma iwele layo โinkululekoโ) esiFundazweni sangoLwesibili oludlule. inkulumo yeNyunyana ngeshumi nanhlanu.
Akukubi. UBush wasebenzisa โinkululekoโ izikhathi eziyishumi nanhlanu kanye โnenkululekoโ kathathu.
Angazi noma uBush II usesebenzise leli gama kaningi yini kunomongameli uReagan, Carter, noma uKennedy, kodwa ukunamathela kwakhe kulawa magama amangalisayo kodwa angaba yingozi (bona ngezansi) kubonakala kunamandla ngendlela engavamile. Funda noma yiziphi izinkulumo zakhe ezinkulu kule minyaka embalwa edlule futhi uzobona ukuthi ngiqonde ukuthini.
Akuyona ingozi, yebo, ukuthi uBush II uncike kakhulu โenkululekweniโ-inkulumo. โAwukho umqondo,โ njengoba isazi-mlando saseMelika esihlakaniphile nesihlakaniphile siphawula, โubaluleke kakhulu ekuzizweni kwamaMelika njengabantu ngabanye nanjengesizwe kunenkululeko. Igama eliyinhloko olimini lwethu lwezepolitiki, inkululeko - noma inkululeko, elisetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokushintshana - ligxiliswe ngokujulile emlandweni wethu kanye nolimi lwempilo yansuku zonke."
Ubani ongayisekeli ngokusobala โinkululekoโ eMelika yanamuhla? Akekho ofisa ukuthathwa ngokungathรญ sina endaweni yezepolitiki yaseMelika ongazibiza ngokuthi uyisitha โsenkululekoโ kanye โnenkululeko.โ
Kodwa qaphela. UFner uyasikhumbuza: โYona kanye ingqikithi yomqondo wenkululeko, ingadukisa. Inkululeko,โ uyeluleka, โayisona isigaba esingashintshi, esingaphelelwa isikhathi esinencazelo eyodwa engaguquki. Ngempela, umlando we-United States, ngokwengxenye, uyindaba yezinkulumo-mpikiswano, ukungaboni ngaso linye, nokulwela inkululeko.โ Ngaphezu kwalokho: "Phakathi nomlando wethu, inkululeko yaseMelika ibilokhu iyinganekwane - iqiniso eliphilayo lezigidi zabantu baseMelika, inhlekisa kwabanye."
Phakathi nomlando wabo omude, onezingxabano, nogcwele izingxabano, uFoner uyasikhumbuza, abantu baseMelika baye bahileleka ezingxabanweni ezinkulu eziphindaphindiwe โ(1) ngezincazelo zenkululeko; (2) izimo zezenhlalo ezenza inkululeko ibe khona; kanye (3) nemingcele yenkululeko enqumayo ukuthi ubani onelungelo lokujabulela inkululeko nokuthi ubani ongafaneleโ ( Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume I [2005], p. xxiii).
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1960, ukunikeza isibonelo phakathi kwabaningi, abantu baseMelika bezizinda ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo nezengqondo ababhekana nazo (1) ukuthi ingabe ukuhlasela okukhulu kwe-US eVietnam kwakuhambisana nomqondo ophusile futhi olungile (waseMelika ngempela) "wenkululeko; โ (2) ukuthi izimo zenhlalo yasekhaya zazivumela zonke izakhamuzi zaseMelika ukuba zijabulele izibusiso โzenkululekoโ; futhi (3) ababefanelekela ukuthola izipho zenkululeko.
Kokufel' ukholo kwezenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nesishoshovu esimelene nempi uMartin Luther King, Jr., isimangalo saseMelika sokuba i-ejenti ehamba phambili kanye nomfanekiso wenkululeko yomuntu emhlabeni asizange sibe nengqondo kuyo yomithathu imigqa. Ngeke ukwazi ngolimi oluthambile olusetshenziswa iziphathimandla zezepolitiki nezamasiko zaseMelika ekungcwelisweni kwenkumbulo yenkosi ecakwe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa umholi wamalungelo omphakathi owawa akazange ahlabeke umxhwele ngezinga inhlangano yakhe eyanqoba ngayo maphakathi nawo-1960. phezu kobandlululo oluseningizimu kwase kunwetshiwe inkululeko kuso sonke isizwe. Wabheka izenzo zamalungelo okuvota kanye namalungelo omphakathi njengezinto ezifeziwe zonxiwankulu ezikhuthaza ngokuyingozi iMelika evamile ukuba icabange ukuthi izinkinga zesizwe zobuhlanga โzazixazululwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.โ Wabona lokhu kunqoba kwasekuqaleni njengokusilela emgomweni wakhe โwenkululekoโ ejulile: ukuthuthukisa ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezombangazwe, nezobuhlanga kanye nenkululeko esizweni sonke (kuhlanganise namadolobha asenyakatho, anezibazi ze-ghetto) kanye (nokwanda okubalulekile kuye sekwephuzile. empilweni) emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaleyo ndlela walandela ngokushesha ukunqotshwa okubalulekile kwenhlangano yokucwasa ngokwebala eNingizimu โngokujikela eNyakathoโ ngomzamo wokuthatha โumzabalazo wenkululekoโ awubeke kwelinye izinga. Kwakuyinto eyodwa, uNkosi etshela ozakwabo, ukuthi abamnyama bathole inkululeko yokuhlala endaweni yokudla kwasemini. Kwakungenye into kubantu abamnyama nabanye abantulayo ukuthola imali eyayibanikeza inkululeko yokuthenga ukudla kwasemini ngempela.
Kwakuyinto eyodwa, iNkosi yaphikisana, ukuvula iminyango yamathuba omnotho kwabanye abambalwa nabanelungelo lokuqhathaniswa nabaseMelika baseMelika. Kwakungenye into ukususa izigidi zabantu abamnyama kanye nabanye ababencishwe amathuba ekucindezelweni komnotho kanye nobushiqela. Kwakungenye futhi into ehlobene nokuhlakaza imijondolo kanye nokunqoba izithiyo ezijulile zesakhiwo kanye nezenhlalo zenkululeko kanye nokulingana okwaqhubeka ngemva kokuba ubandlululo lomphakathi lwehliswa isithunzi kanye nokucwasa okusobala sekungekho emthethweni.
Ngaphansi kokugunyazwa okusemthethweni kweNkosi (i-pacifist enkulu empeleni ithole indiza esemthethweni ye-US Air Force nge-King Day), bambalwa abantu baseMelika abaziyo ukuthi iNkosi eyaxhumanisa inkululeko yobuhlanga nenhlalo ekhaya kuze kube sekupheleni kwengcindezelo (yaseMelika) yama-imperialist kanye nokwehlukana kwezenhlalo phesheya. , egxeka lokho akubiza ngokuthi โububi obuphindwe kathathu obuhlobeneโ: โubuhlanga, ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho [ubunxiwankulu], nempi.โ
Endleleni, iNkosi yamemezela i-US "umhloli ophambili wobudlova emhlabeni" futhi yamemezela ukuthi iMelika ayinalo ibhizinisi elithi "ukulwela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkululeko yabantu baseVietnam ngenkathi singafaki ngisho neyethu [inkululeko]). endlini ukuze.โ
Kunezinye izibonelo eziningi, ezibuyela emuva ngaphambi kweNguquko yaseMelika futhi ziholela eminyakeni yawo-1960 nangale kwalokho, okubonisa ukuthi โinkululekoโ kanye โnenkululekoโ bekulokhu kungamagama futhi ahlala ephikiswana kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.
Ngeke ukwazi lokhu, nokho, emlandweni wethu enkulumweni kamongameli omkhulu "yeSimo SeNyunyana."
Umongameli angase athande ukukhuluma โngenkululeko,โ kodwa akalokothi abeke into ekha phezulu ohlakanipho lwegama elingukhiye alithandayo.
โKulo nyaka onqumayo,โ esho ngoLwesibili, โsizokhetha ukwenza ngokuzethemba ekuphishekeleni izitha zenkululeko - noma ukuhoxa emisebenzini yethu ngethemba lempilo elula.โ
Akukho ncazelo edingekayo: izitha โzenkululekoโ ziyizitha zaseMelika ngoba (i-American corporate-plutocratic America, โintando yeningi engcono kakhulu engathengwa ngemaliโ futhi ephethe izinga lokuboshwa eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni) ngokusobala iyizwe โlenkululeko.โ Sizoxosha izitha zamaphekula zenkululeko.
โKukude nokuba yiphupho elingenathemba,โ kusho uBush, โukuthuthuka kwenkululeko kuyindaba enkulu yesikhathi sethu. Ngo-1945, kwakunemibuso yentando yeningi cishe eyishumi nambili emhlabeni. Namuhla, bangu-122. Futhi sibhala isahluko esisha endabeni yokuzibusa - nabesifazane abahlele ukuvota e-Afghanistan, kanye nezigidi zabantu base-Iraq ezimaka inkululeko yabo ngoyinki onsomi, abesilisa nabesifazane kusukela eLebanon kuya eGibhithe. ukuphikisana ngamalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye nesidingo senkululeko. Ekuqaleni kuka-2006, abantu abangaphezu kwesigamu somhlaba bahlala emazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi labantu. Futhi asikhohlwa enye ingxenye - ezindaweni ezifana neSyria neBurma, iZimbabwe, iNorth Korea, ne-Iran - ngoba izimfuno zobulungiswa, nokuthula kwaleli zwe, zidinga nenkululeko yabo."
Lapha โinkululekoโ ilinganiswa kalula nesenzo esisemthethweni sokuvota, ukuba khona kwabameleli abakhethwe ngokusemthethweni, kanye nokutholakala kwenkululeko yomphakathi eyisisekelo. Akukho ukukhathazeka okudingekayo (ala King) ngokuthengwa โkwentando yeningiโ ngamandla ezomnotho agxilile, isigaba kanye/noma ukuhlonza ngokobuhlanga kanye ne-ajenda yabameleli abathile abakhethiwe, noma umphumela okhawulelayo wokungalingani kwezomnotho nokunye komphakathi kulokho okuphusile โ inkululekoโ namandla omphakathi eningi.
Inhloso โyamaphekula amaSulumaneโ, kusho uBush ngoLwesibili olwedlule, โiwukuthatha amandla e-Iraq, futhi ayisebenzise njengendawo ephephile yokuhlasela iMelika nomhlabaโ futhi ngaleyo ndlela โsiphule intando yethu, sivumele abanobudlova ukuba badle ifa lezwe. Umhlaba. Kodwa banephutha: Siyayithanda inkululeko yethu, futhi sizolwela ukuyigcina.โ Lapha โinkululekoโ ngokusobala isho ukulondeka kwabanye โabanobudlova,โ abafuna ukusihlasela. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ubani ongafuni ukukhululeka ekuhlaselweni okunjalo, nakuba kungase kudingeke ukubalula ukuthi abantu abaningi base-Iraqi nabanye balandela iseluleko sikaMartin King ngokuzibuza ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika โbanodlameโ โabadla ifa lomhlabaโ futhi baphawule lokho. siyaliphika ilungelo lama-Iraqi lokutholakala ngaphansi kwale ncazelo โyenkululekoโ njengoba sesikhulule izinkulungwane (isibalo esinembile somzimba siyindaba yempikiswano) yazo emthwalweni wokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo.
"IMelika iyakwenqaba ukunethezeka okungamanga kokuzihlukanisa," kumemezela uBush, enezela ngokuthi "siyisizwe esasindisa inkululeko eYurophu." I-Europe isindiswe, okungukuthi, kusukela ku-European fascism-Nazism.
Akukho ongakucabanga lapha, vele, iqiniso lokuthi abenzi benqubomgomo base-US ngesikhathi sezimpi (1919-1939) baphetha ngokuthi ukuhlangana kweMelika (amanga) kwenkululeko nonxiwankulu kwakudinga ukuthi bashweleze futhi bavumele ukukhuphuka kobufascism baseYurophu. Njengoba kubonakala ezincwadini zomlando ezifanele, i-US yabuka ngemvume njengoba ubumnyama bobufascist buqala phezu kweYurophu. Abenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika babone isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi, isiJalimane nezinye izinhlobo ze-European fascism njengezibali ezamukelekayo zosongo (kubo) usongo โlwenkululekoโ: ubungozi baseSoviet (empeleni ukubonakaliswa kweRussia okwenziwe ngamathuba ohlelo lwezwe lonxiwankulu lwesimanje) kanye nokulwa -capitalist social democracy ngaphakathi kwezizwe zaseYurophu.
"Siyaqhubeka nemizamo yokwakha kabusha, futhi sisiza uhulumeni wase-Iraq ukuthi alwe nenkohlakalo futhi akhe umnotho wesimanje," kusho uBush, "ukuze bonke abantu base-Iraqi bathole izinzuzo zenkululeko."
Lapha elithi โinkululekoโ ibhekisela emnothweni โwesimanjeโ wezepolitiki, ngokucatshangwa ukuthi (kuphephile ngempela ukucabanga) inkampani-yombuso-capitalist (okuchazwa amanga ngokuthi โimakethe yamahhalaโ ekusetshenzisweni okuvelele kwezicukuthwane) kanye โnokwakhiwa kabushaโ kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okunophawu lokuphikisa. -inkohlakalo iphonswa phakathi. Akukho gumbi ekusetshenzisweni okunjalo ngezinga elikhulu lapho umnotho โwesimanjeโ (okwamanje osomabhizinisi/umbuso wobungxowankulu) ulahlekisele inqwaba yabantu emhlabeni ekuphucweni izinto ezibonakalayo, ubumpofu (un-freedom), kanye izinhlobo ezihlobene zengcindezelo emakhulwini eminyaka okubusa konxiwankulu emhlabeni. Asikho isidingo sokuqonda ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni kwama-Iraqi mayelana nezinga elibalulekile lapho inkululeko yabo yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, nepolitiki ihlaselwa kakhulu uhlobo โlomnotho wesimanjeโ olwenziwa yizinkampani zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezizinze e-US. khulula ukuthenga umnotho wase-Iraqi - ukuthi "inkululeko-"umalume uSam onothando ugcizelela ukuthi ama-Iraqi awamukele. I-Sticklers ingathanda ukukhumbuza umongameli ukuthi into esemqoka i-Iraq edinga "ukwakhiwa kabusha" kusuka kumonakalo omkhulu owenziwe yi-US eqhubekayo kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. "Sihlasela amaphekula ngesikhathi siqeqesha amasosha ase-Iraq asekwazi ukunqoba isitha," kusho uBush. "Ama-Iraqi akhombisa isibindi nsuku zonke, futhi siyaziqhenya ngokuba ngabalingani babo emzamweni wenkululeko."
Lapha โinkululekoโ isho nje ukwehlula ukuphikiswa kombuso wama impiriyali waseMelika. Lokhu kumelana โyisithaโ esifaniswa โnobuphekulaโ nalokho uBush akuchaza ngokuthi โumbono wamaSulumane aqinileโ โwokwesaba nokufaโ kanye โnokulawula ngobushiqela.โ Asikho isikhala kulokho kusetshenziswa kokuqaphela izinga elibalulekile lapho abantu base-Iraqi abaningi abangenalo udlame nabangewona โamaphekulaโ babona ukuhlala ezweni labo ngokungemthetho ngamandla ezempi ayingozi kakhulu emlandweni (i-US) njengesitha esikhulu โsenkululekoโ yabo.
โImibuso yentando yeningi eMpumalanga Ephakathi,โ kumemezela uBush, โngeke ibukeke njengeyethu, ngoba izobonisa amasiko ezakhamuzi zawo siqu. Nokho inkululeko iyikusasa lazo zonke izizwe zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ngoba inkululeko iyilungelo nethemba laso sonke isintu.โ
โKuzakhamuzi zase-Iran,โ uBush wathi โiMelika iyanihlonipha, futhi siyalihlonipha izwe lenu. Siyalihlonipha ilungelo lakho lokukhetha ikusasa lakho futhi uzizuzele eyakho inkululeko.โ
โSisonke, masivikele izwe lethu,โ kusho uBush, enezela: โseseke amadoda nabesifazane abasivikelayo, futhi siholele lo mhlaba enkululekweniโ - okubhekiselwa kumasosha ezempi yase-US.
"IMelika ingamandla amakhulu enkululeko nokuchuma," kusho umongameli. โNgaphambi kokuba umlando ulotshwe phansi ezincwadini,โ kuphawula uBush ekuphetheni, โubhalwa ngesibindi. NjengabaseMelika abangaphambi kwethu, sizobonisa leso sibindi futhi sizoqeda kahle. Sizohola phambili kwenkululeko.โ
Bush akazange achaze kabanzi ngencazelo yomqondo wakhe โwenkululeko.โ Umongameli wenelisa ukuvala lokho ababhali abacophelelayo abakwaziyo ukuthi kuwukugunyazwa okucebile kanye nemizwa ephikisanayo mayelana (1) nokuthi โinkululekoโ isho ukuthini ngempela; (2) โizimo zomphakathi ezenza kwenzeke;โ kanye (3) โnemingcele yokuthi ubani onelungelo lokuwujabulelaโ nokuthi ubani ongawujabuleli. Kumjabulisa kakhulu โukuvumela omzwayo acabange ukuthi usho okuthile okuhluke ngokuphelele.
Wavula ikheli lakhe, ekugcineni, ebhekisela "empilweni enhle" ye-Coretta Scott King esanda kudlula, emfisela "ukuhlangana kabusha okujabulisayo nomyeni owathathwa kudala." Yena nabaphathi babejabule kakhulu, nokho, ukusishiya ebumnyameni lapho abaphathi bemi khona ngempela maqondana โnobubi obuthathu obuhlobeneโ bokubulala inkululeko kaMartin King.
Yiqiniso, ukungaqondi okunjalo ilona phuzu. Uma iningi labantu baseMelika belibambe ngokugcwele izinga lomhosha we-Orwellian phakathi (a) kwezincazelo namagugu agcinwe ngasese amandla โeliteโ kanye (b) nenkulumo enethunzi ekha phezulu eyenzelwe ukuphambukisa, ukudideka, kanye nesakhamuzi. "ukusetshenziswa" komphakathi, mhlawumbe sizoba nenye Inguquko YaseMelika ezandleni zethu*kanye nokushintshashintsha okusha emzabalazweni oqhubekayo waseMelika kanye nohlobene nawo mayelana nencazelo yamagama athi โinkululekoโ kanye โnenkululeko.โ UPaul Street ([i-imeyili ivikelwe]) unguSolwazi Ovakashile Womlando WaseMelika eNyuvesi yaseNyakatho Illinois. Ungumbhali we Empire and Inequality: America and the World Since 9/11 (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2004, order at www.paradigmpublishers.com); Izikole Ezihlukanisiwe: Race, Class, and Educational Apartheid in the Post- I-Civil Rights Era (New York, NY: Routledge: 2005); futhi Kusahlukanisiwe, Akulingani: Ubuhlanga, Indawo, Inqubomgomo, kanye Nesifunda SaseBlack Chicago (Chicago, IL: Chicago Urban League, 2005).