Njengoba eLondon TimesUMichael Smith ubelokhu ebika ezindaweni eziningi (isb., "Impi Ngaphambi Kwempi, " New Statesman, May 30, 2005), umthombo ongcono kakhulu otholakala esidlangalaleni okwamanje wobufakazi bezinga lomkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu wangaphambi kwempi owethulwa amasosha aseMelika nawaseBrithani cishe engxenyeni yesibili ka-April, 2002 kuya ku- โfaka ingcindezi"Embusweni wangaphambili e-Baghdad uchungechunge "lwezimpendulo ezibhaliwe" "zemibuzo ebhaliwe" eyabhalwa egameni le-Scottish Liberal Democrat kanye nelungu le-House of Commons, USir Menzies Campbell.
(Abafundi abathambekele ekuphakamiseni amakhala abo ezindaweni ezigcina umlando we-elekthronikhi bangase babheke iPhalamende laseBrithani Ukucinga Okuthuthukile Ikhasi futhi babone ukuthi yini enye abangayithola.โYilona thuluzi engisanda kulisebenzisa ukuze ngihlanganise ukwaziswa okulandelayo.)
NjengoShadow Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, uSir Menzies ubelokhu ethumela isethi yemibuzo emihle kakhulu embusweni kaBlair iminyaka eminingana โ futhi ikakhulukazi, kuNobhala Wezokuvikela Wezwe, emibili yokugcina kube nguJohn Reid (kodwa kuphela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule), nangaphambi kwakhe, uGeoffrey Hoon. (Khumbula ukuthi kwakunguGeoff Hoon okwathi, emhlanganweni wangomhla zingama-23 kuJulayi, 2002 kaNdunankulu namalungu akhe aphezulu ekhabhinethi kanye nabeluleki, basho amazwi abuhlungu โspikes of umsebenzi," njengokuthi "i-US yayisivele isiqalile โizigigaba zomsebenziโ ukufaka ingcindezi kuhulumeni.โ Ubunjalo kanye nesilinganiso salezi โzigigaba zemisebenzi,โ lokhu kuhlasela kwamabhomu endaweni yase-Iraq, okungesinye sezahluko endabeni yodlame lwaseMelika nolwaseBrithani okusamele lubhalwe, nokuthi ngeke kusilimaze. ukuveza ngokunemba okukhulu ngendlela esingayala ngayo.)
Ngokuvamile, imibuzo ebhaliwe kaSir Menzies ithathe ifomu elifana naleli elilandelayo (House of Commons, February 6, 2002):
Ukubuza uNobhala Wezwe Wezokuvikela ukuthi zingaki izikhathi (a) izindiza zomfelandawonye kanye (b) nezindiza zase-UK ezizulazula endaweni eseningizimu e-Iraq (i) zithole ukwephulwa kwezindawo okungezona impukane, (ii) ngokuqondile usongo ezindizeni zomfelandawonye kanye (iii) nemithetho ekhishwe, engxenyeni ngayinye kusukela ngoJanuwari 1999 kuze kube manje esho ngekota ngayinye umthamo wezinto ezikhishwe; ngokwephesenti bekuyini (A) uhlobo lokwephulwa okutholiwe, (B) uhlobo losongo olutholiwe kanye (C) nesigaba salokho okuhlosiwe okuhlaselwe; futhi uma ezokwenza isitatimende.
Ngokulinganayo okujwayelekile, okungenani kulezo zimo lapho izimpendulo ezibhaliwe zithuthukiswa ngobude, uMnyango Wezokuvikela ubuya nempendulo efana nale (futhi February 6, 2002):
Konke okuhlosiwe okuhlaselwe ekuzivikeleni yizindiza zomfelandawonye ezigada ezindaweni ezingandizo ziyingxenye yezempi ye-Iraqi Integrated Air Defence System.
Ezikhathini ezingavamile lapho i-ordnance yehlulekile ukushaya okuhlosiwe, cishe njalo ihlala endaweni evulekile. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola umonakalo owenziwe yisibambiso, noma izinombolo zabantu abalimala ngenxa yensalela, naphezu kokuhlola okubuhlungu kwe-Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) umfelandawonye okwenziwa ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kukhishwa umthetho. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi izimangalo eziningi zase-Iraq zomonakalo wesibambiso kanye nokulimala kwezakhamuzi azilona iqiniso. Isibonelo, kube nezimo eziningi lapho abantu base-Iraqi bethi kwalimala izakhamuzi lapho izindiza zomfelandawonye zingandizi, noma lapho i-BDA iqinisekisa ukuthi bekuhloswe impi kuphela. Ngempela, kunobufakazi obuhle bokuthi, ezikhathini ezimbalwa lapho uSaddam enze izimangalo zokubulawa kwabantu, kuye kwabangelwa amagobolondo ezikhali noma imicibisholo yase-Iraq, eqhunyiswa budedengu ezindizeni zomfelandawonye, โโyawela emhlabeni ezindaweni ezakhiwe.
Kuzo zonke izimo zokwehluleka ukushaya okuhlosiwe nge-ornance ekhishwe ezindizeni zase-UK, ukwehluleka kubangelwe ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-ordnance. Asinalo ulwazi lozakwethu bomfelandawonye.
Izindiza zomfelandawonye zihlasela kuphela izinhloso zezempi ukuze zizivikele. Senza yonke imizamo yokukhetha okuhlosiwe futhi sisebenzise izikhali eziqondisiwe ezinembayo ukuze sinciphise amathuba okuba khona komonakalo wesibambiso kanye nokulimala kwezakhamuzi. Naphezu kwale mizamo, ngokudabukisayo, ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi izakhamuzi ziye zahlupheka ngenxa yomsebenzi womfelandawonye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuzogwenywa ngokuphelele uma ama-Iraqis eyeka ukuhlasela izindiza zomfelandawonye.
(Ngakho-ke, uma omunye wenu engathola impendulo lapho okuhloswe khona ukuhlasela kwaseMelika noma kweBrithani hhayi kubikwe ukuthi uhlaselwe "ngokuzivikela" futhi ngezinhloso ezidingekayo kakhulu ngokwezempi nezilingana, qiniseka ukuthi ungazise. Ngoba mina angikaze ngiyithole.)
Ukubuyela odabeni lwaleso sikhathi, okuwubufakazi โbemisebenzi yangaphambi kwempiโ phezu kwe-Iraq: Phakathi โkwemibuzo ebhaliweโ uSir Menzies ayibuza ngoFebhuwari, 2002, kwakungombiko โwokudedelwa kwamathaniโ endaweni yase-Iraq. ngezindiza zempi zaseMelika nezaseBrithani engxenyeni ngayinye yonyaka wekhalenda kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2001. (โIzindawo Okungandiza kuzo (Iraq),โ House of Commons, February 6, 2002.)
Impendulo ebhaliwe yalo mbuzo othize ivele kuMnu. Ingram, futhi yagomela okulandelayo mayelana โnenani elikhulu lezinto ezikhishwa izindiza ezihlangene endaweni okungeyona impukane, ngekotaโ:
- 1999 -
โโโโโ Coalition / U.K.
Ikota yokuqala - 120.5 / 31.5
Ikota yesibili โ 79/21
Ikota yesithathu - 135 / 23.5
Ikota yesine - 45 / 12.5Ingqikithi โโโ- 379.5 / 88.5
- 2000 -
โโโโโ Coalition / U.K.
Ikota yokuqala - 35 / 3.5
Ikota yesibili โ 45.5/6
Ikota yesithathu - 42.5 / 5
Ikota yesine - 32 / 6Ingqikithi โโโ- 155 / 20.5
- 2001 -
โโโโโ Coalition / U.K.
Ikota yokuqala - 50.5 / 8.5
Ikota yesibili โ 11.5/2.5
Ikota yesithathu - 39 / 13
Ikota yesine - 6 / 1Ingqikithi โโโ- 107 / 25
Ukukufingqa: Ezinyangeni ezingama-36 ngaphambi Onyakeni ka-2002 owaziwayo manje, "umfelandawonye", "umfelandawonye" (okugcwele kakhulu amaNgisi namaMelika - mhlawumbe ngokuthinta iTurkey ephonswe endleleni ukuze uthole isinongo esincane) 641.5 amathani amabhomu endaweni yase-Iraqi, okuyiyona 134 amathani awiswa izindiza zempi zaseBrithani, cishe wonke asele 507.5 amathani awiswe izindiza zempi zaseMelika. Lokhu kulinganiselwa 17.8 amathani amabhomu ngenyanga, nyanga zonke, kusukela ngoJanuwari, 1999 kuya ku-December, 2001. Yiqiniso, siyazi ngokwehlukana kwekota okubikwe ngenhla ukuthi ingxenye yokuqala neyesithathu ka-1999, ummemezeli kunekota yesibili neyesine ka-2001. Noma kunjalo. Lezi zilinganiso ziveza kahle, ngicabanga. Abasibonisa kona ukuthi at cha isikhathi eside phakathi nezinyanga ze-51 ngaphambi kokwethulwa kokuhlasela komhlaba ngo-March, i-2003 yayingabantu base-Iraqi abangenalo usongo noma ukwehla kwamabhomu endaweni yabo. Futhi nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-tonnage yamabhomu ehle phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi nje kokuba ukuhlasela komhlaba kubonise "ama-spikes of activity" ngokuhlobene ne-avareji yenyanga nenyanga iyonke, ngokusobala ayizange imele ukwamukelwa kohlobo olusha. yenqubomgomo ebhekiswe e-Iraq (isb., udlame lwezwe ngaphansi kombuso kaBush, ngokuphambene nokuthula ngaphansi kukaClinton)โizindiza zempi zaseMelika nezaseBrithani zephule i-Iraqi airspace futhi zaqhumisa amabhomu indawo yase-Iraqi ngokungapheli iminyaka eyi-12 edlule.
NgoMashi 11, 2002, uSir Menzies wabuza imibuzo efanayo (โIraq," House of Commons, March 11, 2002), kodwa manje izama ukungena ngamabhomu awela endaweni eseningizimu "No-Fly" yizindiza zempi zaseMelika nezaseBrithani phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili ezedlule zikaJanuwari noFebruwari, 2002.
Impendulo kaMnu. Ingram: โIzindiza zomfelandawonye eningizimu ye-NFZ zakhulula amathani angu-9 ezikhali ngo-January, futhi azikho ngo-February.โ
Bese futhi uqhubeke November 27, 2002, futhi, ekugcineni, kuqhubeke Mashi 10, 2003, uSir Menzies wabuza imibuzo efanayo. Izimpendulo eziqoqiwe zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemibuzo zinikeze idatha leyo UMichael Smith ubelokhu ebika. Kodwa ngivumele ukuba ngizethule kuwo wonke umuntu lapha njengesethi eyodwa ehlanganisiwe, ngivuma ukuthi ngendlela agcinwe ngayo kungobo yomlando ngefomethi yemibuzo nezimpendulo ebhaliwe ye-House of Commons, ahlanganisa izimpendulo ezibhaliwe ezingekho ngaphansi kwezintathu ezihlukene.
- 2002 -
โโ- Umfelandawonye
NgoJanuwari: 9
February: 0
Mashi: 0
Ephreli: 0.3
Kwangathi: 7.3
Juni: 10.4
Julayi: 9.5
Agasti: 14.1
Septhemba: 54.6
Okthoba: 17.7
Novemba: 33.6
Disemba: 53.2- 2003 -
โโโ Umfelandawonye
NgoJanuwari: 23.9
February: ayitholakali
Esikuboniswa yilezi zinombolo ukuthi, uma sithatha ngokunganaki uMeyi, 2002, njengendawo yokuqala yokuhlola "ama-spikes of activity" yangaphambi kwempi esibhakabhakeni sase-Iraq, bese kuba izingxenye ezintathu ezingezona ezekhalenda ezihlanganisa lezi 9. izinyanga (okungukuthi, ngoMeyi, 2002, kuze kufike kuJanuwari olandelayo, 2003), isamba 224.3 amathani amabhomu ajikijelwa phezu kwe-Iraq, isilinganiso 24.9 amathani ngenyangaโikakhulukazi Ngaphansi i-tonnage isiyonke kunaleyo eyayina izulu elivela esibhakabhakeni esigcwele iMelika neBrithani phezu kwe-Iraq phakathi nonyaka wekhalenda ka-1999, nakuba kusobala ukuthi angaphezu kokuphindwe kabili inani ngo-2001.
Ngaphandle kwamarekhodi amasosha ase-US ohlobo esingakwazi ukufinyelela kulo njengamanje-yize amalungu eCongress angathanda, ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisa amandla awo e-subpoena-amarekhodi omphakathi abanzi kakhulu omsebenzi wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu wangaphambi kwempi yaseMelika neyaseBrithani esikwazi ukufinyelela kuwo (a) imibhalo yase-Iraq efakwe kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN kanye noNobhala-Jikelele (okuwukuthi, bheka "Ayikho Imemo Edingekayo,โ i-ZNet, Julayi 1; kanye "'Izici Zomsebenzi',โ ZNet, Julayi 4); kanye (b) izimpendulo ezibhaliwe zohlobo engisanda kuzithatha kuNobhala Wezwe WaseBrithani Wezokuvikela ziya ku-Menzies Campbell weNdlu Yezikhulu. Ngokungangabazeki, kunezinye zesigaba sakamuva ezitholakalayo. Mhlawumbe isihogo sokunye okuningi.
Okwamanje, nokho, esikudingayo ngamalungu eCongress (kanye nePhalamende) anamandla okuthola amarekhodi ezempi ase-US (noma e-U.K.) okuphulwa kwe-American and British airspace yase-Iraqi, kanye nokuhlasela kwangaphandle nangaphandle kwendawo yase-Iraq.
Ukhona okhona โungabanganeโ oyedwa noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme?
Ukucinga Okuthuthukile Ikhasi, iPhalamende laseBrithani
I-House of Commons I-Hansard Izimpendulo Ezibhaliwe Zemibuzo Ebhaliwe KaSir Menzies Campbell, Februwari 6, i-2002
I-House of Commons I-Hansard Izimpendulo Ezibhaliwe Zemibuzo Ebhaliwe KaSir Menzies Campbell, Mashi 11, i-2002
I-House of Commons I-Hansard Izimpendulo Ezibhaliwe Zemibuzo Ebhaliwe KaSir Menzies Campbell, November 27, 2002
I-House of Commons I-Hansard Izimpendulo Ezibhaliwe Zemibuzo Ebhaliwe KaSir Menzies Campbell, Mashi 10, i-2003Khuthaza Bonke, ZNet, Novemba 13, 2004
Isikhathi sikaBlair, ZNet, Ephreli 30, 2005
I-Downing Street Memos, ZNet, Juni 15, 2005
Ayikho Imemo Edingekayo, ZNet, Julayi 1, 2005
"Izici Zomsebenzi", ZNet, Julayi 4, 2005
Amarekhodi aseBrithani mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Iraq ngaphambi kwempi, ZNet, Julayi 5, 2005
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela