Abangane: NgoZibandlela wezi-2009, ngangicele abahleli ku- The Times waseLondon (isb., Sally Baker) ukuthi banikeze u-Edward S. Herman kanye nami indawo yewebhu yokuthumela ibhulogi yesikhathi esisodwa ukuphendula okunye The TimesUmholi-umbhali kanye ne-blogger u-Oliver Kamm amakhalomu amaningi ngokumelene nathi, uKamm ngaleso sikhathi abekade ebhala elandelanayo encwadini yakhe. Times-blog esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu.
Kunjalo, The TimesAbahleli abakaze baphendule esicelweni sami; nakweyodwa eyalandelayo Times-blogs, uKamm kamuva wakhuluma iqiniso lokuthi ngenzile lesi siphakamiso The Times, kodwa waxoshwa ngaphandle kwesandla.
Ukuze uthole irekhodi, ngithumela lapha ikhophi yempendulo mina no-Ed ebesingayithumele The Times, ukube bebesinikeze isikhala sokuphendula, kunokusiqhumisa.
"Isithombe Esiqhubeka Sikhohlisa Umhlaba" sibhekisela ezithombeni ezidumile zendoda yaseBosnia yamaSulumane uFikret Alic, kanye nokuhlangana kwakhe okubuhlungu neqembu lezintatheli zaseBrithani naseSerbia ezivakashele ikamu laseTrnopolje enyakatho-ntshonalanga.
UDavid Peterson
EChicago,
Isithombe Esiqhubeka Sikhohlisa Umhlaba
Ngokusho kwe-speculator yezezimali eyake yaba yi- Times womgqugquzeli Weqiniso waseLondon, u-Oliver Kamm, wethu "Incwadi Evuliwe Eya Ku-Amnesty I-International's London and Belfast Offices, ngesehlakalo se-Noam Chomsky's Belfast Festival Lecture, Okthoba 30, 2009"[1]
"izimangalo eziphindaphindwayo ezahlulelwa njengokwehlisa isithunzi eNkantolo eNkulu ngo-2000, lapho i-ITN imangalela ngempumelelo. Ukuphila kweMarxism (LM) umagazini. LM babethi u-Ed Vulliamy, kanye no-Penny Marshall kanye no-Ian Williams be-ITN, babenokukhwabanisa ekubikeni ikamu lase-Trnopolje
Kamm akulungile. Akukho ndawo esinqumweni sango-March 2000 ecaleni lokungalaleli elabekwa yi-ITN LM ngokushicilela bese wenqaba ukuhoxisa incwadi kaThomas Deichmann ethi "The Picture that Fooled the World"[3] wenza ijaji yenqaba isimangalo esiyiqiniso esiphikisayo sika-Deichmann kanye LM ukuthi ngesikhathi kuhlangana okokuqala phakathi kwalezi zintatheli zaseBrithani noFikret Alic namanye amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia ngo-August 5, 1992, kwakunguMarshall, Williams, Vulliamy, kanye nomthwebuli we-ITN uJeremy Irvin ababemi. Ngemuva ucingo olugugile okwakwenziwa ngalo inhlolokhono kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe. Njengoba uDeichmann aphikisana futhi engakaze aphikiswe, le ngxenye yocingo lwenkukhu, ingxenye yocingo oluhlabayo yazungeza futhi yakha indawo ehlobene nezolimo ekugcineni eningizimu yesiza esikhulu kakhulu esihlanganisa isikole somphakathi nesikhungo somphakathi, kodwa wabe esesebenza njengekamu labantu abaxoshwa kanye neziboshwa phakathi nezimpi zombango eBosnia-Herzegovina. Enkabeni yalesi sibaya kwakumi isibaya, uthango olwakhiwe ngaphambi kwezimpi zombango ukuze luvale isibaya nezinto ezihlobene naso. Kodwa lolu thango aluzange luvimbezele noma luvalele amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia emi ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalo ezintathelini zaseBrithani, ngaphandle i-compound esheshayo lapho izintatheli zamaNgisi zazimi khona.
Njengoba uDeichmann abhala:
"Ngesikhathi uMarshall, uWilliams kanye noVulliamy bengena enkompolo eseduze nekamu, ucingo oluhlabayo lwaluvele ludabukile ezindaweni eziningi. Abazange basebenzise isango elivuliwe, kodwa bangena eningizimu ngesikhala sothango. Basondela eduze kothango. ohlangothini olusenyakatho [yalesi sakhiwo], lapho ababaleki abanelukuluku ababehlangana khona ngokushesha Ngaphakathi ekamu, kodwa phezu ngaphandle yendawo ebiyelwe ngocingo oluhlabayo. Kube ngocingo oluhlabayo ngalesi sikhathi lapho kuthathwe khona izithombe ezidumile zikaFikret Alicโฆ.[4]
Noma ubani obuka umbiko wokuqala ka-Marshall ka-August 6, 1992 we-ITN kusukela cishe kumaki angu-2:37 kuya ku-2:58 uzobona u-Marshall ehamba ngesivinini ebheke othangweni ("Sasingakulungele lokho esikubonile nesikuzwile lapho" (2:37- 2:44)), wabe esesika uFikret Alic efinyelela ocingweni oluhlabayo ukuze axhawule noMarshall (โUnesikhathi esingakanani elapha?โ (2:45-2:51)), kwase kuba omunye wanqamula waze wayovala. -up of the Fikret Alic ezacile ithwebule ngocingo oluthatha cishe imizuzwana eyisikhombisa iyonke (2:52-2:58).[5] Le mizuzwana engama-20-21 yezithombe idlulisa ngokusobala umbono weziboshwa zimile Ngaphakathi or Ngemuva indawo ebiyelwe ekamu i-voiceover kaMarshall eyichaza njenge-Trnopolje. Imizuzwana eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa yezithombe ezigxile ku-Fikret Alic iyodwa idlulisa ngokuqine nakakhulu umbono wendoda ehlukunyezwe kanzima okufana naleyo etholakala emakamu okuhlushwa nawokufa ngesikhathi samaNazi. Ngakho,
Isikhundla sangempela sezintatheli zaseBrithani vis-ร -vis la madoda angamaSulumane aseBosnia sadluliselwa ngokwethembeka yiRadio Television.
Ukuma kwezintatheli zaseBrithani lapho zixoxisana futhi zithwebula amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia ngo-August 5, 1992, kwachazwa ngisho nanguJustice. UMorland weNkantolo eNkulu yaseBrithani yezoBulungiswa, eQueens Bench Division, kulokho uDavid Campbell akubiza ngokuthi "ukufingqa kukaMorland" ngasekupheleni kwecala lecala, washo ngokusobala nakulungile.:
"Kusobala ukuthi u-Ian Williams noPenny Marshall kanye namaqembu abo kamabonakude babenephutha ngokucabanga ukuthi babengavalwanga ngocingo oludala oluhlabayo, kodwa ingabe kunendaba?"[7]
Umbuzo othi "kodwa kunendaba?" kwakubhekiselwa kumthetho wenkululeko waseBrithani, lapho "ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wobufakazi," njengoba
Ngakho-ke icala lika-March 2000 lokungathembeki elaphikiswa i-ITN LM wenza hhayi thola ukuthi kwakungamadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia abema ngemuva kocingo phakathi nalokhu kuhlangana, futhi kwenzeka hhayi thola ukuthi izithombe ezidumile zikaFikret Alic namanye amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia amelela ngokwethembeka ubuqiniso balokhu kuhlangana, kodwa LM ayikwazanga ukuma kulawa maqiniso ekuzivikeleni kwayo ngokumelene necala lokungathembeki: LM kwakudingeka ukufakazele hhayi kuphela ukuthi uMarshall noWilliams kanye nabahleli be-ITN babenephutha ngokumelela amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia njengoba ayemi ngemva kocingo, kodwa futhi nokuthi ngamabomu or uyazi ihlehlisiwe kabi lokhu kuhlangana. Ngomnotho wezinsiza kanye nofakazi i-ITN engasebenzisa, LM kwaba mancane amathuba okuba anqobe. Abameli be-ITN baze babiza udokotela waseBosnia Muslim u-Idriz Merdzanic, owayeboshwe e-Trnopolje, wasebenza lapho njengodokotela wekamu, futhi wayekade exoxiswane nezintatheli zaseBrithani ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwabo kokuqala. UMerdzanic unikeze ubufakazi mayelana nezenzo zonya ekamu ezashukumisela amajaji ukuthi avune i-ITN kodwa lokho kwakungahlangene nemibuzo mayelana nesizinda sezolimo, uthango, lapho izintatheli ze-ITN zazimi khona, nokuthi izithombe ezizithwebule zala madoda zazimelela kanjani amadoda. njengoba emi ngemva kocingo. Ikhono le-ITN lokunqwabelanisa idekhi LM kulandele kusuka
Noma kunjalo, ukugomela kukaJustice Morland ukuthi izintatheli zaseBrithani "babenephutha ngokucabanga ukuthi bebengavaliwe" (okungukuthi, babenephutha ngokumela amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia njengoba ayemi ngemva kocingo, kunokuba amelele izintatheli ngokwazo) awehlukaniseki ekuphikiseni okuyisisekelo kukaDeichmann, LM, kanye noPhillip Knightley encwadini efungelwe ayilungiselela LMukuzivikela kodwa okungavunyelwe ebufakazini ecaleni- futhi nathi empilweni yethu "Vula incwadi eya ku-AI."
Ingoma kaThomas Deichmann ethi "The Picture that Fooled the World" yayiyi-debunking eqinile yesithombe sikaFikret Alic esaqoshwa eTrnopolje yizintatheli zaseBrithani ngo-August 5, 1992, ezinezithombe zala madoda angamaSulumane aseBosnia cishe zanikezwa umhlaba wonke njengezimi. ngemuva kocingo oluhlabayo, kanye no-Alic isithonjana "sabafileyo abaphilayo" e-Trnopolje, ubufakazi bonya lwenkathi yamaNazi olwavuswa emhlabathini waseYurophu ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50 ngamaSerb, njengoba nje izintatheli zaseBrithani zathumela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBosnia-Herzegovina okulindeleke ukuthi kutholakale. . Njengoba uKnightley echaza encwadini yakhe efungelwe egameni lika LM:
"Ucingo oluhlabayo lubonakala lungokomfanekiso kuphela. Ingabe zonke iziboshwa bezibulawa indlala? Cha. U-Fikret Alic ubehlukile. Ngisho phakathi
"Lapho...umbiko we-ITN wanconywa njengesithombe esihle, uma ngabe iqembu lisukumile lathi, 'Heyi, hlala kancane. Bekungenjalo impela'. Ezweni elikahle, yeboโฆ. izingcindezi zezohwebo ze-TV yesimanje kanye neqiniso lokuthi ukukhuluma kwakungeke kubenze bathandeke abasebenzi be-ITN kubaqashi babo futhi kungase kufake ngisho nemisebenzi yabo engozini, kuyaqondakala kodwa akuthetheleleki ukuthi akekho owakhetha ukwenza kanjalo."[9]
Akukhona nje ukuthi akukho noyedwa wezintatheli zaseBrithani owasukuma wathi "Linda kancane." Kodwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nanye bevakashele okokuqala eTrnopolje futhi bamelela kabi uFikret Alic namanye amadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia njengoba ayemi ngemva kocingo, uPenny Marshall waqhosha Sunday Times mayelana namandla alezi zithombe "ukuhambisa umbono wezwe." Ngemuva kombiko wakhe wangomhla ziyisi-6 ku-Agasti nge-Trnopolje ye-ITN, "amaphephandaba aseBrithani ayefuna ukungenelela kwezempi," waqhubeka; "kungakapheli nemizuzu engu-20 umbiko [we-ITN] usakazwe kabusha kumabonakude waseMelika, uGeorge Bush uthembise ukuthi uzocindezela isinqumo seNhlangano Yezizwe esigunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla."[10]
Manje eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-17 kamuva, akuthetheleleki kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuthi abalingiswa abafana no-Oliver Kamm basabambelele futhi bavikele lokhu kungamanga, nokho okuwujuqu, okuvela ekuhlakazweni kweYugoslavia, ukuhlanekezela kabi isimo sesinqumo ecaleni lika-2000 kwe I-ITN v. LM, nokusebenzisa ibhulogi yakhe ku I-Times Online ukukhipha izinsongo ezingezona ezicashile kweminye imithombo yezindaba yaseBrithani athi "ishicilela izinkulumo ezinenhlamba ku-inthanethi, njengoba kwenza iMedia Lens," ngaso sonke isikhathi ezenza "i-near-absolutist ekukhulumeni ngokukhululeka."[11]
Edward S. Herman,
UDavid Peterson,
โ- Amanothi Okugcina โ-
[1] Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson, "Incwadi Evuliwe Eya Ku-Amnesty I-International's London and Belfast Offices, ngesehlakalo se-Noam Chomsky's Belfast Festival Lecture, Okthoba 30, 2009," MRSine, Novemba 22, 2009,http://www.monthlyreview.org/mrzine/hp221109.html>. Bheka futhi isihloko sethu esithi "Ukudilizwa kweYugoslavia," Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga, October, 2007, esp. Isigaba 10, "Iqhaza Labezindaba Nongqondongqondo Ekuhlakazweni," <http://www.monthlyreview.org/1007herman-peterson4.php>.
[2] Oliver Kamm, "I-anatomy yokuphika ubugebengu bempi," I-Times Online, Disemba 21, 2009,http://timesonline.typepad.com/oliver_kamm/2009/12/the-anatomy-of-war-crimes-denial.html>.
[3] Thomas Deichmann,"Isithombe esakhohlisa umhlaba," LM97, February, 1997,http://www.srpska-mreza.com/guest/LM/lm-f97/LM97_Bosnia.html>. Bheka futhi i-Deichmann's "'Njengoba kwenzekile ngempela'?" LM100, May, 1997,http://www.srpska-mreza.com/guest/LM/lm-100/LM100_Bosnia.html%20>.
[4] Deichmann,"Isithombe esakhohlisa umhlaba,"http://www.srpska-mreza.com/guest/LM/lm-f97/LM97_Bosnia.html>. Lapho ufunda ukuhlaziya kukaDeichmann, qiniseka ukuthi ufunda umdwebo onesihloko esithi "Uhlelo lwesayithi lwe-Trnopolje, olusekelwe
[5] Ukuze uthole ikhophi yombiko kaPenny Marshall ka-Agasti 6, 1992 we-ITN, bheka iwebhusayithi kaDavid Campbell, "I-Atrocity, inkumbulo, izithombe: ukucabangela amakamu okuhlushwa aseBosnia, Amavidiyo,"http://www.david-campbell.org/photography/atrocity-and-memory/videos/ >;
[6] U-Petar Makara noJared Israel, Ukwahlulela: Icala 'lase-Bosnia 'Lokufa': I-Exposรฉ, Izingubo zoMbusi, 2000 kanye no-2008, ngokuqondile Ingxenye Yesibili kusukela ngo-4:44,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eOjxauzsn8&feature=related>, kanye Ingxenye yesithathu kuze kushaye ihora lesi-3:00,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yg9ZQP6CGZU&feature=related>. Kulabo kini abangathandi i-voiceover ye-RTS, noma abakholelwa ukuthi i-voiceover ayilungile futhi iyadukisa, mane ucime umsindo, futhi ubuke lezi zingxenye ngamehlo enu: Noma yimiphi imibuzo esele mayelana nokuthi yiluphi uhlangothi locingo Izintatheli zaseBrithani namaSulumane aseBosnia babemi bebukana lapho lokhu kungqubuzana kokuqala kwenzeka ngoAugust 5, 1992, kuzophendulwa.
[7] In UDavid Campbell, "I-Atrocity, inkumbulo, izithombe: ukucabangela amakamu okuhlushwa aseBosnia-icala le-ITN ngokumelene Ukuphila kweMarxismIngxenye ye-1," Ijenali Yamalungelo Abantu, March, 2002, k. 21,http://www.david-campbell.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/part1.pdf>.โKufanele sengeze ukuthi ukuhlaziya okude kukaCampbell ezindabeni ezimbili ezihlukene zalokhu Journal wenqaba okusobala: Ukuthi kwakuyi- Izintatheli zaseBrithani ezazimi ngemuva kocingo lapho behlangana okokuqala noFikret Alic kanye namadoda angamaMuslim aseBosnia kwenzeka. KuCampbell, iqiniso lokuthi ucingo olwake lwazungeza inqolobane lwase lubhidlika futhi lungaphelele kwenza kungenzeki ukusho ukuthi izintatheli zaseBrithani zazimi ngaphakathi "esivalweni" noma "indawo," kungasaphathwa "ngemuva kocingo." Ngokumangalisayo,
[8] UJo Glanville et al., Inkulumo Yamahhala Ayithengiswa, Umbiko we-English PEN kanye ne-Index on Censorship, Libel Reform Coalition, November 10, 2009,http://libelreform.org/the-report?showall=1>.
[9] Ukuze uthole ikhophi eyingxenye ye-afidavithi ka-Phillip Knightley, bheka
[10] UPenny Marshall, "UPenny Marshall we-ITN utshela ukuthi wawuvusa kanjani umhlaba," Sunday Times, Agasti 16, i-1992.
[11] Bona u-Oliver Kamm, "Ukubuyela emuva kwe-Srebrenica Deniers," I-Times Online, Disemba 10, 2009,http://timesonline.typepad.com/oliver_kamm/2009/12/retreat-of-the-srebrenica-deniers.html>. Isitatimende esiqine kakhudlwana sokuphikisa ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nabezindaba kungaba nzima ukutholakala.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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