Umthombo: Kulezi Zikhathi
Abaphathi be-Biden baveze ukungathรญ sina kwabo ngokuthatha izinyathelo zomhlaba wonke zokuqeda i-Covid-19 ubhubhane. Kodwa isifinyezo sangoFebhuwari 22 umhlangano woMkhandlu we-TRIPS, owengamele imithetho yempahla yengqondo ye-WTO, ubonisa ukuthi i-United States ibamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezivaliwe zokukhululwa kwempahla yengqondo ezinqume ngempumelelo ukuthi noma yisiphi isivumelwano sokugcina, uma sivunyiwe, sizosebenza kuphela. emithini yokugomaโโโngaphandle kokuxilonga kanye nokwelapha.
Ukushiywa ngaphandle kuqhamuka ngenxa yezidingo zezinhlangano zomphakathi zomhlaba wonke, ezicele ukuthi kudedelwe impahla yengqondo kuwo wonke ama-Covid-19 imikhiqizo, kusukela emithini yokugoma kuya kuma-antiviral kanye nokuhlolwa. Izikhulu zase-US zona ngokwazo zikugcizelele ukubaluleka kwama-antivirals kanye nokuhlolwa kwabantu bazo, la maqembu ayaphikisana, pho kungani lezo zindlela zokwelapha zingabalulekile ekubhekaneni ne-Covid-19 emazweni ngamazwe?
Abameli bezempilo yomphakathi bakhathazekile ngokuthi bobabili i-United States kanye ne-European Union bafuna imigomo emincane kangako yesivumelwano sokugoma somhlaba wonke sokuthi izinzuzo zanoma ikuphi ukuhlelwa kokugcina zizokhawulelwa kakhulu.
Isifinyezo somhlangano woMkhandlu we-TRIPS, owavalwa kwabezindaba, sabhalwa osomaqhinga abazinze e-Geneva. Ibeka ngamafuphi amazwi abahlanganyeli emhlanganweni. Isifinyezo siphawula ukuthi i-United States, European Union, India kanye neNingizimu Afrika bezibambe izingxoxo eziyimfihlo mayelana nokuyekwa kwempahla yengqondo.
India kanye neNingizimu Afrika ehlongozwa ekuqaleni ukukhishwa ngo-Okthoba 2020, ngenhloso yokuvumela ukufinyelela ku-Covid- eshibhile, ejwayelekile19 ukwelashwa, futhi isiphakamiso selokhu saqoqwa 65 cosponsors, neGlobal South imelelwe kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Lesi siphakamiso sifuna ukuhoxiswa kwempahla yengqondo"maqondana nokuvikela, ukunqanda noma ukwelashwa kwe-Covid-19.โ Imemezela ukuthi imithetho yempahla yengqondo akufanele i"ukudala imigoqo ekufinyeleleni ngesikhathi emikhiqizweni yezokwelapha ethengekayo okuhlanganisa imithi yokugoma nemithi noma ukukhushulwa kocwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha ebalulekile ukulwa ne-Covid-19.โ (Isiphakamiso saba ibuyekeziwe ngoMeyi 2021 ukucacisa ukuthi ukuyekelela kusebenza kuyo yonke imithi yokugoma, ukuxilonga, ukwelashwa kanye nempahla yezokwelapha.)
I-European Union, umholi wayo oyinhloko yiJalimane, ikuphikisa ngokuqinile ukuhoxiswa, icaphuna ubukhulu bemithetho yempahla yengqondo, njengoba kwenza i-United States ngaphansi kukaMongameli wangaphambili uTrump. Lesi siphakamiso siphinde siphikiswe kakhulu imboni yekhemisi.
NgoMeyi 2021, abaphathi be-Biden wathi ingasekela ukuhoxiswa kwempahla yengqondo yohlobo oluthile, kodwa, empeleni, ihudule izinyawo ekusekeleni leso silinganiso, futhi inqatshiwe ukusekela isiphakamiso se-India-Ningizimu Afrika njengoba sinjalo. (I-United States ayikaze isekele ngokusobala ukuyekwa kwempahla yengqondo kunoma yini ngaphandle kwemithi yokugoma.) Izingxoxo bezimile, ngisho naphakathi ukungalingani okukhulu komhlaba ekufinyeleleni emithini yokugoma nokwelashwa. Njengoba ukuhoxiswa kwe-TRIPS kwahlongozwa ekuqaleni ngo-Okthoba 2020, 4.6 abantu abayizigidi emhlabeni jikelele babulawa i-Covid-19.
Njengoba inqubekela phambili ihlehla, abanye babeka isitoko ezingxoxweni phakathi kwabasekeli abakhulu nabaphikisi balesi siphakamiso. Ngokwesifinyezo sangoFebhuwari 22 Umhlangano, iPhini likaMqondisi-Jikelele we-WTO u-Anabel Gonzรกlez uthe"ukuxhumana phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika, i-India, i-United States kanye ne-European Union kube nzima kodwa kuhamba ngendlela efanele.โ UGonzรกlez waphawula ukuthi lezi zingxoxo ziye"kwaqina emasontweni nasezinsukwini ezedlule,โ futhi unethemba lokuthi"ekuvumelaneni kungafinyelelwa maduze.โ
Izishoshovu zomhlaba wonke zigcizelele ukuthi noma yikuphi ukwehliswa kwempahla yengqondo kumele kusebenze kuwo wonke ama-Covid-19 zokwelapha, hhayi nje imithi yokugoma. NgoFebhuwari 16, Ngaphezu kwe 200 izinhlangano zomphakathi ezivela emhlabeni wonke zabhala a Incwadi kubuholi be-WTO obufuna kuphasiswe ukuyekelela kwe-TRIPS okubandakanya"zokuxilonga, imithi yokwelapha kanye nemithi yokugoma.โ Incwadi ithi,"Ukuhlola nokufinyelela ekuxilongweni, ikakhulukazi ukuhlola okusheshayo kwe-antigen kubalulekile elwazini lwabantu ngesimo sabo sezempilo, ukuthobela izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nokwelashwa kanye nokunakekelwa.โ
Incwadi, abasayini bayo abahlanganisa i-AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa, Indonesia for Global Justice, kanye ne-Mรฉdecins Sans Frontiรจres (MSF) Access Campaign, iphawula ukuthi i-United States inezindinganiso ezihlukile zabantu bayo:
UDkt Anthony Fauci, umeluleki omkhulu wezokwelapha kuMongameli wase-USA kanye noMqondisi we-NIAID uthe"Ama-antiviral amasha avimbela i-Covid-19 ukugula nokufa, ikakhulukazi izidakamizwa eziphuzwayo ezingaphuzwa ekhaya ekuqaleni kwesifo, kungaba amathuluzi anamandla okulwa nalolu bhubhane nokusindisa izimpilo,โ kuyilapho uDkt. David Kessler, oyiChief Science Officer ye-Biden Administrationโs Covid-19 Impendulo yathi,"Umuthi osetshenziswa kalula osetshenziswa ngomlomo ungaba yingxenye ebalulekile yenqolobane yethu yokwelapha engagcwalisa impumelelo enkulu yemizamo yethu yokugoma.โ
Uma ukuhlola nokuxilonga kubalulekile kubahlali base-United States, incwadi ithi, ngokuqinisekile kubalulekile nakulabo abangaphesheya kwemingcele yase-U.S.
Nokho, amazwi kaGonzรกlez asikisela ukuthi ukwelapha okunjalo kakade sekukhishiwe kulezi zingxoxo. ."U-DDG Gonzรกlez uphinde wakhumbuza ukuthi kwenziwa umsebenzi mayelana nokuphathelene nemithi yokugoma, ngethemba lethrekhi yesibili yokubhekana nokuxilonga nezokwelapha,โ isho. Kodwa abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukubambezeleka kwengxoxo yokudedelwa kwempahla yengqondo ukuze bathole ukuxilonga nemithi yokwelapha kungase kusho ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke nhlobo, noma kufike sekudlule isikhathi .
"Kukhona ingozi yokuthi kungenzeki. Izishoshovu eGlobal South zikhathazekile. Bayazi ukuthi i-WTO isebenza kanjani, futhi bakhathazekile ukuthi ngeke bathole lutho,โ u-Burcu Kilic, umqondisi wocwaningo wohlelo lwe-Public Citizenโs Global Access to Medicines, inhlangano egadayo, uyatshela. Kulezi zikhathi.
Leso sifinyezo esifanayo sembula ukuthi i-United States isagxile ekuyekisweni kwempahla yengqondo kuphela emithini yokugoma:"Sishilo ukusekela kwethu ukudedelwa kokuvikelwa kwempahla yengqondo ye-Covid-19 imigomo, futhi sizoqhubeka nokuxhumana namalungu ukuze sibheke izindawo zokuhlangana ezingaholela ekuxazululweni, futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubamba kwethu iqhaza ezingxoxweni zoMqondisi-Jikelele, isithunywa sase-U.S.
I-United States ibilokhu icela ukuyekwa kwempahla yobuhlakani ukuze kuhlobane kuphela nemithi yokugoma. Lapho iNxusa Lomele Uhwebo lwaseMelika uKatherine Tai eqala ukumemezela ukwesekwa kwempahla yobuhlakani, ethize kakhulu:"I-Administration ikholelwa kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwempahla yengqondo, kodwa enkonzweni yokuqeda lolu bhubhane, isekela ukuhoxiswa kwalezo zivikelo ze-Covid-19 imigomo."
Ukuthi ingxoxo yemithi yokugoma ihlukanisiwe engxoxweni yokuxilonga nokwelashwa kulezi zingxoxo kuveza ukuthi i-United States ithola isifiso sayo.
Izinkampani kumele zenze inzuzo enkulu ngokwelashwa okungagonyelwe i-Covid-19. NgoFebhuwari 2022 umholo wokuhola nabatshalizimali, abaphathi be-Pfizer bagcizelele ukubaluleka kokwelashwa kwe-antiviral Paxlovid ngenzuzo yenkampani. ."Ku-Paxlovid, silindele ukuthengiswa okungaba ngu-$22 billion,โ kusho isikhulu esiphezulu sezezimali uFrank DโAmelio. (U-Pfizer ungumphikisi onolaka wesiphakamiso sokuyekwa se-TRIPS.) Umuthi wagunyazwa ukusetshenziswa okuphuthumayo e-United States ngoDisemba. 2021, futhi kukhona kakade izimpawu ukuthi i-Pfizer yakha imigoqo yelungelo lobunikazi yokwelashwa.
Ngokuhambisana nokukhishwa kwezindlela zokuxilonga nokwelashwa, izishoshovu zezempilo emhlabeni wonke zizwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi isivumelwano sokugcina sizoba nesifiso esingakanani njengoba sihlobene nemigomo. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, Daniel Marans kubika ngoba I-HuffPost ukuthi i-European Union ibicindezela ngolimi ukuthi"iveza izinqubo amazwe angase azisebenzise ukuze akhiphe amalayisense ayimpoqo,โ esikhundleni sokuyekelela impahla yengqondo. Abagxeki bathi umzamo we-European Union wokushintsha ingxoxo e-WTO ibe yimpoqo yokunikeza ilayisense yethula umgoqo ekuyekweni okuhlongozwayo kwempahla yengqondo. ."Isiphakamiso esiphikisayo se-EU isu lokulibazisa elingaklanyelwe ukuxazulula inkinga kodwa ukuvimbela noma isiphi isisombululo esisebenzisekayo,โ kusho uGraham Dutfield, uprofesa wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe eNyuvesi yaseLeeds, utshele. I-HuffPost.
Kunezimpawu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zokuthi imikhawulo yendawo iyantanta. Intatheli ezinze eGeneva uPriti Patnaik kubika ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, ngokusho kuka"imithombo,โ i-United States yaphakamisa i-"isiphakamiso sokungabandakanyi i-India ne-China kububanzi bendawo bokusetshenziswa kokuyekelela okungaba khona.โ Ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kungaba okukhulu, njengoba i-India inomkhakha omkhulu wemithi.
Ngokusho kwesifinyezo, uGonzรกlez uvumile ukuthi"alukho uhlangothi olulodwa, abasekeli noma abangasekeli, abazojabula ngokupheleleโ ngomphumela wezingxoxo.
Futhi amazwi avela ku-European Union aphakamisa ukuthi ubuholi bayo buphokophela ekuvumelaneni okuhluke kakhulu esiphakamisweni sokuqala esivela e-India naseNingizimu Afrika: "Ngokombono we-EU, amalungu e-WTO angathola ibhuloho phakathi kwalawo malungu amelela ukuhoxiswa kanye nalawo akholelwa ukuthi Isivumelwano se-TRIPS sinikeza ukuguquguquka okwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimfanelo ezivumelayo zempahla yengqondo ecatshangelwayo zingasetshenziswa ngendlela ephezulu.โ
Khonamanjalo, amazwe angazibambi iqhaza kulezi zingxoxo asaphikisana nokuhoxiswa kwempahla yobuhlakani. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona iSwitzerland, ecashunwe esifingqini njenge"egcizelela ukuthi [impahla yengqondo] idlale indima enhle ekulweni nalolu bhubhane ngokuphumelelayo.โ
Abasekeli besiphakamiso sokuqala bazwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-United States ibikade ingaphusheli ngokwanele i-European Union ukuthi ixhase ukukhululwa kwempahla yokugoma, okuyinto abaphathi beBiden abathi bayayisekela. ."Asiqondi ukuthi kungani bengayifuni,โ kusho uKilic. ."Uma befuna ukuyekwa ubunikazi bempahla emithini yokugoma, kungani bengakutholi ukuyekwa kwempahla eqanjiwe emithini yokugoma? Akekho owenza okuthile ukuvimba i-EU.โ
Abasekeli bokuyekwa bayaqaphela ukuthi kunezinga eliphezulu lokuthola okuthile ngokushesha. Amanothi afingqiwe,"INingizimu Afrika iphinde yagcizelela ukuthi ukubambezeleka ekugunyazeni ukuhoxiswa kwe-TRIPS kuphazamisa imizamo yokuhlukanisa ukukhiqizwa okufanele kwemithi yokugoma, nokubhekana nokungalingani kwemigomo. E-Afrika, sisabhekene nokungalingani kokugoma njengoba 80I-% yabantu base-Afrika isazoyithola imithi yokugoma.โ
Sarah Lazaro ungumhleli wewebhu kanye nentatheli ye-In These Times. Ubhala kuTwitter ku @sarahlazare.
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