Umthombo: Kulezi Zikhathi
NgoLwesibili, ngemuva konyaka nengxenye yezingxoxo mayelana nokuhoxiswa kwempahla yengqondo yemikhiqizo ehlobene ne-Covid, i-United States, i-European Union, i-India kanye neNingizimu Afrika kubikwa ukuthi bafinyelele isivumelwano ngokuhoxiswa kwesikhashana kwemithetho yelungelo lobunikazi emithini yokugomela i-Covid.."Inqubo enzima futhi ethathe isikhathi eside iholele kumphumela wokuyekethisa onikeza indlela ethembisa kakhulu ekufinyeleleni umphumela ophathekayo nonengqondo,โ kusho umkhulumeli we-US Trade Representative u-Adam Hodge esitatimendeni. Izishoshovu zezempilo emhlabeni wonke, nokho, zigxeka isivumelwano esimisiwe ngokuthi asaneli nje kuphela, kodwa siyisithiyo esingaba khona, ngoba asifaki ukuhlolwa nokwelashwa, sihlanganisa i-carveout yaseChina, futhi sethula imigoqo emisha yokukhiqizwa kwemithi ejwayelekile engase ibe nomthelela odlula kude. inkinga ye-Covid.
"Asikho isivumelwano esingaba ngcono kunesivumelwano esibi,โ kusho uMelinda St. Louis, umqondisi wophiko lwePublic Citizen's Global Trade Watch, okuyinhlangano eqaphayo. Kulezi zikhathi. A."Lokhu kungahunyushwa kabi futhi kube kubi kakhulu kunalutho. Lesi isibonelo sesivumelwano esiphansi kakhulu sokuhlenga ubuso.โ
Isivumelwano, kubikwe kuqala by I-Politico, kuwumphumela wezingxoxo eziyimfihlo phakathi kwabakwa-"i-quadโ - igama eliqondise kuma-blocs amane ahilelekile: i-United States, i-European Union, i-India kanye neNingizimu Afrika - okuhloswe ngayo ukuzuza inqubekela phambili ngemuva kokuma okukhungathekisayo eNhlanganweni Yomhlaba Yezohwebo. Umbhalo wokuvumelana okuhlongozwayo, okuye kwaba ligcwele, ngokulandelayo izoya kumalungu e-WTO namazwe angamalungu e-EU ukuze ivunyelwe.
Ngo-Okthoba 2020, India kanye neNingizimu Afrika ehlongozwayo ukuyekwa kwemithetho ebalulekile yempahla yengqondo ehlobene nemithi yokugomela i-Covid, ukwelashwa kanye nokuxilonga, ukuze unike amandla ukufinyelela ezinguqulweni ezishibhile, ezijwayelekile. Lesi siphakamiso ngokujwayelekile sibizwa ngokuthi ukuhoxiswa kwe-TRIPS, okubhekiselwa kuyo esivumelwaneni se-WTO mayelana Nezici Ezihlobene Nohwebo Zamalungelo Empahla Yengqondo, esinquma imithetho yempahla yengqondo (futhi ikakhulukazi sasiyimpahla eqanjiwe). okwenyanga yimboni yezemithi).
Umgomo wokwandisa ukufinyelela kumajenerikhi usukhule uphuthuma kakhulu phakathi ukungalingani okumangalisayo emhlabeni jikelele ukufinyelela emithini yokugoma, ukwelashwa kanye nokuhlolwa, kanye nenani lokufa elikhuphukayo โโ4.98 abantu abayizigidi emhlabeni jikelele babulawa yi-Covid-19 selokhu kwethulwa isiphakamiso. Uhlelo lwe-India-South Africa luthole ukwesekwa kwe 65 amazwe, lapho iGlobal South imelwe kakhulu phakathi kwawo.
Nokho lesi siphakamiso siphikiswe kakhulu yi-United Kingdom, Switzerland kanye ne-European Union, eyethula esayo. isiphakamiso esiphikisayo. Umphathi weBiden wathi ngoMeyi 2021 ukuthi kuzohlehlisa ukuphikisa kukaMongameli wangaphambilini uTrump ekuhoxisweni, kodwa selokhu kwafika ngaphansi komlilo ngokwehluleka ukuphusha ngenkani isivumelwano esiphusile. Abasekeli balesi siphakamiso bebenethemba lokuthi izingxoxo ezithathe izinyanga phakathi kwe-quad zingathola indlela yokuxazulula le ngxabano.
Isivumelwano siyagunyaza"ukusetshenziswa kwesihloko esinelungelo lobunikazi esidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe nasekuhlinzekweni kwe-Covid-19 imigomo ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi welungelo ngokwezinga elidingekayo ukubhekana ne-Covid-19 ubhubhane,โ isikhathi esingaba iminyaka emithathu noma emihlanu (amathuba amabili anikeziwe kulo mbhalo).
Isivumelwano siphinde siyeke imfuneko yokuthi amalayisense ayimpoqo - lapho uhulumeni ekhanyisa amalambu aluhlaza ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi welungelo lobunikazi - angasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ekhaya kuphela. Lokhu kungavula umnyango wokukhiqizwa kwe-Covid-19 imigomo ezothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, into enamandla okuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa okwengeziwe emazweni aseNingizimu yeGlobal.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona amaphutha abalulekile izishoshovu ezithi zibukela phansi lezi zimiso. Ukuyekwa kusebenza kuphela emithini yokugoma, hhayi ezivivinyweni nasezintweni ezilwa namagciwane, okubonisa ukuphathwa kweBiden. isikhundla. Ulimi oluputshuziwe luyakubeka ukuthi,"Kungakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha kusukela osukwini lwalesi Sinqumo, Amalungu azonquma ngokunwetshwa kwaso ukuze ahlanganise ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Covid-19 zokuxilonga kanye nokwelapha.โ Kodwa ongoti bathi, uma kubhekwa umlando we-WTO, ukubambezeleka kwalolu hlelo kufana nokuwucwilisa.
Izishoshovu ezivela emhlabeni wonke zithi izivivinyo kanye nama-antiviral kubalulekile ekuqukethe ubhubhane lwe-Covid lomhlaba wonke. Ngo-February, ngaphezu 200 izinhlangano zomphakathi zomhlaba zishicilele incwadi evulekile Incwadi egcizelela ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuyekwa kwe-TRIPS kufaka phakathi โukuxilongwa, imithi yokwelapha kanye nemithi yokugoma,โ ukuze amazwe akwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke izici zalo bhubhane. "Ukuhlola kanye nokufinyelela ekuxilongweni, ikakhulukazi ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-antigen, kubalulekile elwazini lwabantu ngesimo sabo sezempilo, ukuhambisana nezinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi, ukuxhumana nokwelashwa nokunakekelwa," kusho incwadi.
Abaphathi beBiden ngokwabo babambe iqhaza elibalulekile elingadlalwa ukuhlolwa kanye nezidakamizwa ezilwa namagciwane ekuphenduleni ubhubhane, amaqembu ayaphawula, kungani lelo zinga lingasebenzi kwamanye amazwe?."Ama-antiviral amasha avimbela i-Covid-19 ukugula nokufa, ikakhulukazi izidakamizwa eziphuzwayo ezingaphuzwa ekhaya ekuqaleni kwesifo, kungaba amathuluzi anamandla okulwa nalolu bhubhane nokusindisa izimpilo,โ kusho uDkt Anthony Fauci, umeluleki omkhulu wezokwelapha kuMongameli uBiden, ngoJuni. 2021. Ukufinyelela komhlaba wonke ekwelashweni okunjalo, kanye nokuhlolwa nemithi yokugoma, nakho kubalulekile ekumiseni ukusabalala kwezinhlobonhlobo zesikhathi esizayo.
UBrook Baker unguprofesa weNyuvesi yaseNyakatho-mpumalanga ophinde asebenze njengomhlaziyi wenqubomgomo ophezulu we-Health GAP, inhlangano yezobulungiswa bezempilo. Uyatshela Kulezi zikhathi ukuthi, noma ngabe imithi yokugoma bekuwukuphela kwayo okwakucatshangwa, ukweqa amalungelo obunikazi kukodwa akwanele. (Isiphakamiso esivela e-India naseNingizimu Afrika sifuna ukuhoxiswa kwempahla yengqondo โmaqondana nokuvimbela, ukuvimbela noma ukwelashwa kwe-Covid-19.")"UModerna uthembise ukungena 2020 ibingeke iphoqelele amalungelo obunikazi, kodwa yenqaba ukunikeza izimfihlo zayo zezohwebo, ulwazi lokukhiqiza, noma ulwazi lwangemuva olugcinwa luyimfihlo ngaphansi komthetho wezimfihlo zohwebo,โ uyachaza.."Akukho embhalweni omusha ophoqa izinkampani ukuthi zidalule lolu lwazi.โ
U-Baker uyaphikisana,"Bekufanele kube nesivumelwano sokuthi amazwe ayengakweqa ukuvikelwa kolwazi oluyimfihlo nezimfihlo zohwebo, ezidinga ukudalulwa ezinkampanini noma ukuvumela ukudalulwa kweziphathimandla ezilawula izidakamizwa zokukhiqiza kanye nolunye ulwazi oluthunyelwe kubalawuli ngezinjongo zokugunyazwa ngokomthetho. Kungaba kuhle uma umbhalo ucacisa ukuthi amazwe angabelana ngalolo lwazi oluyimfihlo nabanye abakhiqizi.โ
Lesi sivumelwano siphinde sibeke imikhawulo yendawo, ibeka ukuthi ukuhoxiswa kuzosebenza kuphela"noma yiliphi ilungu lezwe elisathuthuka elithumele ngaphansi kuka 10%okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe kwe-Covid-19 imithamo yokugoma ku 2021.โ Nakuba i-India neNingizimu Afrika izofakwa ngaphansi kwalesi sambulela, i-China ngeke. (I-China ithathwa njengezwe elisathuthuka, ngokwezindinganiso ze-WTO.)
"I-China inamandla okukhiqiza okungenzeka ukuthi asetshenziselwe ukwenza imikhiqizo yamazwe angakwazi ukuzenzela wona,โ kusho u-Baker.."Ukukhipha leli zwe ekubeni yingxenye yalo mdlalo kubonakala kuwubuwula. Kungani sizobopha ingalo ngemuva kwethu?"
Wonke amazwe asethuthukile nawo azokhishelwa ngaphandle, okungase kuthikameze ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amajenerikhi.
Imingcele phakathi kwamazwe asethuthukile nasathuthuka ayihlali icacile.."Kunokukhathazeka okuthile ngalokho okuyizwe elisathuthuka,โ kusho i-Public Citizenโs St.."Kunamanye amazwe azikhethele wona ukuthi angabe esathuthuka ngokwe-WTO. Ngabe lokho kusho ukuthi abafakiwe?"
Achal Prabhala, umxhumanisi we accessibsa iphrojekthi, ehlose ukwandisa ukufinyelela emithini, itshele Kulezi zikhathi ukuthi i-United States yaphikelela kulokho kukhishwa.."Kufanele babe namahloni ngokusabela okunganele, nokungafaneleki kanjalo,โ usho kanje. Ukubika kwangaphambilini kubonisa ukuthi i-United States ibivumela ukukhishwa kwendawo.
Akukhona nje ukushiywa ngaphandle izishoshovu ezikhathazeke ngakho. Bathi isivumelwano sethula izithiyo ezintsha ku-Article 31 yeSivumelwano se-TRIPS, esinikeza amazwe ukukhetha okuthile ekulawuleni amalungelo obunikazi ukuze kukhiqizwe amajenerikhi. Isivumelwano sesikhashana sithi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi"Ilungu elifanelekile lingakhipha igunya elilodwa lokusebenzisa isihloko samalungelo obunikazi amaningi adingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe noma kuhlinzekwe i-Covid-19 umgomo. Isigunyazo sizobhala wonke amalungelo obunikazi akhavwe.โ
Kodwa u-Baker uthi le mfuneko inzima ngokungadingekile.."Isibopho sokwenza uhlu lwawo wonke amalungelo obunikazi sizodinga ngempela ukuthi othile enze indawo ebanzi yelungelo lobunikazi,โ usho kanje.."Bangu 280 izingxenye zemithi yokugoma ye-mRNA. Othile kufanele enze isheke lelungelo lobunikazi kuyo yonke leyo mikhiqizo, anqume isimo sayo selungelo lobunikazi, azise ngakho. Njengamanje, sinamalungelo obunikazi afakiwe angekho esidlangalaleni, kanye namalungelo obunikazi amaningi afakwa nsuku zonke. Othile kuzofanele aqhubeke ebuka indawo yelungelo lobunikazi kaninginingi. Kuyinqubo yenqubo. "
USangeeta Shashikant weThird World Network, okuyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke yocwaningo nezokumela, uyatshela Kulezi zikhathi ukuthi lolu limi lubonisa isidingo esivela e-EU esengeza i-"umbandela ongeziweโ ku-Athikili 31. A."Zonke lezi yizimo ezingakaze zibe khona ku-TRIPS Agreement,โ kusho uShashikant.."Lokhu kwengeza isimo ebesingakaze sibe khona kwasekuqaleni.โ
I-Public Citizen's St. Louis yabeka iphutha kulokhu kanye nezinye izimo ezinyaweni ze-EU.."I-European Union iye yaba isithiyo esiyinhloko ukuqhubekela phambili ekuyekeni, yize amazwe amaningi angamalungu eseka lesi siphakamiso, futhi iPhalamende laseYurophu ligunyaze izingcingo ezintathu ezisemthethweni zokuhoxiswa okuphelele, "ubhale esitatimendeni esithunyelwe nge-imeyili. Kulezi zikhathi. A."Isikhundla se-EU bekuwukusho kabusha ukuguquguquka okukhona kwe-WTO kumalungelo obunikazi cishe wonke amalungu e-WTO asenawo, kuyilapho idinga imibandela eyengeziwe.โ
Ngocingo, uSt. Louis wacacisa,"Njengamanje kunezimo eziguquguqukayo ku-WTO mayelana nokusebenzisa amalayisense ayimpoqo, futhi lokhu kungase kubeke umkhawulo kulokho abangakwenza njengamanje. Asifuni ukuphinda sikusoke lokho.โ Ubalule ukuthi leyo mikhawulo ingasebenza kumajenerikhi angahlangene ne-Covid-19.
"Umbono wethu wukuthi lokhu kubi kakhulu kunokuhle okwamanje,โ kugcizelela yena.."Kodwa akusona isivumelwano esenziwe, ngakho-ke isikhundla sethu ukuthi badinga ukuqhubeka nokusebenza. โ
Sarah Lazaro ungumhleli wewebhu kanye nentatheli ye-In These Times. Ubhala kuTwitter ku @sarahlazare.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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