Ngomhla zingama-25 kuMbasa 1974 izikhulu ezincane ze-Armed Forces Movement (MFA) zakhipha umbiko emsakazweni: 'Amasosha asePutukezi anxusa izakhamuzi zedolobha laseLisbon ukuthi zihlale ezindlini zazo futhi zizole.' Kodwa izisebenzi zaseLisbon azizange zihlale ekhaya. Lolu kwakuwusuku lokuqala lweNguquko yamaPutukezi. Ngeminyaka engama-50 yeNguquko, Raquel Varela,umbhali we Umlando Wabantu Wenguquko YamaPutukezi, ukhuluma nabakwa-rs21 ngalokho okwenzeka ngokulandelayo.
Ngo-1974 iPortugal yayingelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu eYurophu. Sasinamaholo aphansi kakhulu. Abesifazane babengakwazi ngisho ukuya phesheya ngaphandle kwemvume yabayeni babo. Kwakukhona umbuso wobushiqela, uphenyo olusemthethweni, namaphoyisa ezombusazwe abopha izinkulungwane zezisebenzi. Izinyunyana zamahhala namaqembu ezepolitiki besekuphele iminyaka engama-48 benqatshelwe.
In Umlando Wabantu wase-Portugal, ebhalwe noRoberto della Santa futhi engakahunyushelwa esiNgisini, sithuthukisa umbono wokuthi ubunxiwankulu bamaPutukezi babuncike kubungxiwankulu baseBrithani, ngomqondo ka-Ellen Wood wobunxiwankulu obuthunyelwa ngaphandle uMbuso WamaNgisi uye emaphethelweni nasemikhawulweni yonke.
Onxiwankulu bamaPutukezi baqala ukwenza eyabo inguquko ukuze basungule ubunxiwankulu futhi baketule ubukhosi ngeminyaka yawo-1820. Kodwa babengakuqeda nje njengenqubo ephikisana nenguquko, ngaphansi kombuso wama-fascist, ngawo-1930. Kungumzamo wokugcina wonxiwankulu ukwakha umbuso wesizwe. Umbuso wobushiqela wawusekelwe emphakathini wasemaphandleni, ompofu, lapho abesifazane kwakudingeka bahlinzekele abasebenzi ngezingane ukuze basekele inqubo yokusungulwa kwezimboni. IPortugal yayinomnyakazo oqinile we-anarcho-syndicalist kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaphansi kombuso wamaFascist iziteleka kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki ayenqatshelwe futhi acindezelwa ngesihluku.
Ingxenye yesithathu yalo mbuso wobushiqela kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi ngempoqo ngezinga elikhulu emakoloni amaPutukezi, ayexhumene ngokuqondile nobandlululo kanye nokuqongelela imali yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho futhi, exhumene kakhulu ne-capitalism yaseBrithani.
Kwakukhona futhi insika yesine yombuso. Kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'i-conditioning' yezimboni. Umbuso wavumela onxiwankulu ukuthi bazenzele owabo amamonopoli ukuze kungabibikho ukuncintisana ezindaweni ezithile. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyisimo esijwayelekile samaBonapartist esasiphethe ibhizinisi lonxiwankulu. Kodwa phakathi neMpi Yombango YaseSpain (1936-39) kwaba nenqubo yokuvukela umbuso yase-Iberia, futhi siyaphikisana ngokuthi. Umlando Wabantu wase-Portugal ukuthi lokhu kwakhiqiza umbuso wamaFascist ngokuqondile ePortugal. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, abantu abangaphansi kwama-20% babekwazi ukuthola amanzi afanele noma izindlu ezifanele; Ama-30% ayengafundile futhi kwakunezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokufa kwezingane eYurophu. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunesiteleka esikhulu sabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe e-Baixa do Cassange e-Angola. Abagadli baphihlizwa yibutho lamaPutukezi, kwabulawa abangu-5,000 10,000, mhlawumbe abangu-1.1 XNUMX, akekho owaziyo ngempela izibalo ezifanele. Lesi isiqalo sezimpi zamakoloni ngokombono wesifunda samaPutukezi, futhi yisiqalo sezimpi ezimelene nobukoloni ngokombono wezenhlalakahle. Impi yamakoloni yigama elisetshenziswa umbuso wamaPutukezi. Sikhuluma nge-anti-colonial revolution. I-anti-colonial revolution yaqala impi yamakholoni. Eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu eyalandela ibutho lamaPutukezi labutha izigidi eziyi-XNUMX ukulwa impi e-Afrika. Lokhu kuvela kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi eziyishumi. Kwakunomphakathi owodwa kuphela owawuhlomile ngaleso sikhathi, okwakungu-Israyeli.
Ukuze ugweme ukwamukela iholo eliphezulu nezimo ezifunwa yizinyunyana eziqinile emazweni ayinhloko ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, futhi lapho kubhekene nokwehla kwenzuzo eminyakeni yamashumi ayisithupha, ukutshalwa kwezimali kugeleza kusuka emazweni ayinhloko kuya ePortugal. Izindawo eziningi zezimboni zenhloko-dolobha yakwamanye amazwe zazigxile eLisbon, iSetubal ne-Oporto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzi abangu-1.5 million baqashwa ePortugal ukuba baye eLuxembourg, Switzerland, France, Britain naseJalimane. Lokhu kwaholela esimweni lapho izisebenzi eziqotho zazisesimweni esiqinile, ngenxa yokuthi abasebenzi ngaphakathi ePortugal base benciphile ngenxa yempi yamakoloni kanye nokufuduka. Futhi-ke phezu kwalokhu saba ne-oil shock, okuthiwa yi-oil shock crisis, okuyinhlekelele yokuphela kokwakhiwa kabusha ngemuva kwempi yezwe yesibili.
E-Portugal onxiwankulu bahlukana ngoba ngaleso sikhathi u-40% wesabelomali sikazwelonke wawungeyempi yamakoloni. Abantu babengenawo amanzi ahlanzekile, kodwa u-40% wesabelomali waya empini yamakholoni. Konke lokhu kungqubuzana kwakhula kakhulu ngemva kukaMeyi 1968 eFrance kanye nokunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi e-US. Inqwaba yabafundi yagqugquzelwa ukuthi ivukele impi. E-Portugal sikubiza ngokuthi 'inhlekelele yezemfundo'. Futhi kwaba nenani elikhulu leziteleka. I-hypothesis yami, engiyisungula encwadini entsha no-Roberto della Santa, ukuthi iPortugal yayiwuhlobo lwenguquko yekhulu lama-21. Ingxenye enkulu yabantu ababebambe iqhaza bebesebenza emkhakheni wezinsizakalo kanye nasemsebenzini wobuhlakani. Odokotela, abahlengikazi, othisha, izisebenzi zikahulumeni, izintatheli; yonke le mikhakha ibibambe iqhaza ezinhlanganweni zamandla amabili, kumakhomishana abasebenzi kanye nenhlangano yokuzilawula yezibhedlela nezikole.
Isikhathi soguquko
Lolu hlelo lwaqala ngeziteleka ezithile ngo-1968 no-1969, kodwa uguquko lwasedolobheni lwaluqhutshwa impi yamakoloni, ikakhulukazi yaseGuinea Bissau, lapho umholi omkhulu, u-Amilcar Cabral, anqoba khona ibutho lamaPutukezi. Kufanele ngigcizelele ukuthi amasosha angama-9,000 amaPutukezi abulawa e-Afrika kanye nezimpi nezakhamuzi eziyi-100,000 ezivela emikhankasweni yenkululeko. Ngakho, lena impi eyinhlekelele enkulu. Iba uhlobo lwesivunguvungu esiphelele ngomqondo kaMarxist wenkinga yezwe yezombangazwe. Onxiwankulu abakwazanga ukubusa, nabasebenzi babengasafuni ukubuswa.
Umhla zingama-25 kuMbasa iqala njengokuketula umbuso kwezikhulu zamasosha ezisezingeni eliphakathi - okapteni. Kodwa ibhebhetheka ngokushesha ngoba bezingekho izinyunyana namaqembu ezepolitiki. Ngokushesha ngosuku lokuketula umbuso, abantu baya ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza futhi uguquko lwentando yeningi lube uguquko emphakathini. Lona ngempela umbono kaTrotsky wokuguquguquka okuhlala njalo ekuhambeni. Abantu baya emsebenzini bethi sifuna ukuphela kwempi yamakoloni, kodwa ngokushesha, ngenxa yokuthi babengabasebenzi, baqala ukufuna ukuphela kwamashifu ebusuku, isinxephezelo samaholidi, amathiyetha amahhala, izindlu. Ngakho kungazelelwe, kuba nesimo samandla amabili. Ngokubona kwami โโkwakuyisimo samandla amabili esiqine kakhulu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili eYurophu. Kwakukhona abantu abayizigidi ezintathu ababehileleke ngokuqondile emandleni ezisebenzi. Onxiwankulu babaleka ezweni ngo-1975. Babaleka ezweni. Amabhange abe ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo. Bekukhona ukulawula kwabasebenzi emkhakheni wamabhange.
Kwaba inqubo enkulu kakhulu kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Futhi ngifuna ukugcizelela ngesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 ukuthi njengamasocialists kufanele sifunde inguquko yamaPutukezi, ngoba iyinqubo emangalisayo yokufanekiselwa kusengaphambili kwe-socialism, yentando yeningi enyakazayo, yama-socialists in motion. Kade sikhumbula iChile (1973), hhayi nje ngoba sifuna ukukhumbula ozakwethu ababulawa eChile kodwa ngoba onxiwankulu bafuna sikhumbule ukuhlulwa hhayi inqubo yokunqoba.
Sengifunde uguquko lwamaPutukezi iminyaka engu-20. Uma ubheka izithombe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuyo yonke imikhakha, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola umuntu ongamomotheki. Lokhu kusiletha emqondweni wokuthi enguqukweni sibuyisana nomsebenzi futhi. Esikhundleni somsebenzi ohlukanisiwe, sibuyisana nathi. Abantu babezabalaza futhi besebenza kunanini ngaphambili ekuphileni kwabo. Babengabomsebenzi wabo. Babenquma ukuthi benzeni futhi benza lokho abakunqumile. Izinto zashintsha ngokuphelele. IPortugal cishe yayingelinye lamazwe adabukisa kakhulu eYurophu. Abantu babegqoke ezimnyama. Kwase kuyiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu yokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kanye neminyaka engu-48 yokubusa kobushiqela. Futhi manje abantu base bemamatheka nje. Lokhu kusibuyisela emuva I-ontology yezenhlalo kaGyorgy Lukacs kanye nomsebenzi wamaSocialists amabili amangalisayo, uRosa Luxembourg noSimone Weil. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi singabuyisa injabulo yethu, injabulo, umuzwa wobuntu; singakwenza ngenqubo yomzabalazo.
I-Counter-revolution
Uguquko lwanqotshwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwaba ukuketula umbuso, okwakuhlelwe yi-Socialist Party, ngokubona kwami, ukuhambisana kweQembu LamaKhomanisi. Ojenene bebutho bathatha izintambo. Kwaboshwa amaphoyisa angaphezu kwekhulu e-Armed Forces Movement, okuhlanganisa no-Otelo Carvalho, amasosha abuyiselwa emakhaya. Ngokwepolitiki kufana kakhulu nalokho okwenzeka ku Barcelona ngo-1937. Njengamanje ngenza ucwaningo ngalokhu. Akukacaci kahle ukuthi yayiyini indima yeQembu lamaKhomanisi. Esikwaziyo ukuthi bebengamelene nokuketulwa umbuso futhi bakhala ngomkhakha wezempi wamavukelambuso. Lokhu sikwazi ngokuqinisekile.
I-coup d'รฉtat yayihlose ukuphula amandla omkhakha wezempi oguquguqukayo. I-Portuguese Socialist Party yasekelwa yi-Socialist Party yaseJalimane, nge-diplomacy yaseMelika neyaseBrithani kanye nemali. U-Mario Suarez, umholi we-Socialist Party, wayesekelwa yizo zonke izinhlaka zakwesokudla ePortugal. Basebenza nezikhulu eziphezulu, izinhlaka zamasosha ngokugcwele, ngokumelene nomnyakazo wesikhulu kanye nemikhandlu yamasosha eyayinamandla kakhulu kwezinye izinkambu.
Futhi ngemva kwalokho, kancane kancane inqubo counter revolutionary wabutha amandla. Ngo-1982 bahlakaza uhlelo lokubuyiswa komhlaba, ngo-1989 bahlakaza umkhakha wamabhange owawufakwe kuzwelonke. Kwakuyinqubo ehamba kancane. Ngo-1979 benza umthetho ophikisana namakhomishana abasebenzi. Ngo-1982 benza umthetho ophikisana nokuphathwa kwentando yeningi ezibhedlela. Kwakuwuhlelo oluhamba kancane lokushintsha intando yeningi eqondile esikhundleni sentando yeningi emele. Kwadingeka banikeze isinxephezelo esikhulu ukuze abasebenzi bafeze lezi zinyathelo, njengoba nje nohulumeni waseFrance ngemva kuka-1945 kwadingeka ukuthi unxephezele ukuphikiswa ukuze bakholwe ukuthi babuyisele izibhamu. Ukunikeza izinsiza eziningi zezenhlalakahle, isevisi yezempilo kazwelonke, kanye nelungelo lokuba nomsebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa emsebenzini wakho. Futhi-ke, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, bakwazi ukunqoba umkhakha omkhulu wenguquko ngesikhathi esifanayo nesiteleka somvukuzi eNgilandi. Ngo-1986 bahlula izisebenzi zasezikhunjini kanye nezinyunyana eziqinile. Futhi emva kwalokho, inqubo ehamba kancane yesivumelwano somphakathi.
Ekugcineni, ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokucasula njengoba umbuso wawubuyisela emuva amandla, saba nohulumeni kwesokunxele (wentando yeningi yeningi) osekelwa IQembu LamaKhomanisi kanye neNxele. Kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2019 kube nomnyakazo omusha omkhulu wezinyunyana neziteleka, ezahlulwa. I-Socialist Party yathumela amasosha ukuba ayothatha imisebenzi yabashayeli bamaloli abatelekile. Ibhulokhi yangakwesobunxele kanye neqembu lamaKhomanisi abazange bakuphikise lokhu. Lokhu kusho ukudangala okukhulu nakakhulu kwesokunxele.
Isimo namuhla
Okhethweni lwalo nyaka ama-neo-fascists aphiko lwesokudla, ahlanganisa isizinda samazwe ngamazwe, awine amavoti ayisigidi, ingxenye enkulu yawo ivela emalungelweni endabuko. Lawa akuwona amavoti amasha ama-neo-fascists. Kodwa ama-fascists anomdlandla kakhulu ngala mavoti ayisigidi. Inxele lidangele kakhulu, futhi ama-neo-fascists agcwele amandla emva kwalolu khetho ngoba manje angazama ukuzakhela njenge-neo-fascist current ngemali evela kuhulumeni. Ukungena ephalamende kusho ukufinyelela emalini enkulu edluliswa nguhulumeni ngokwesekela ngalinye elikhethiwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunenhlangano enkulu, entsha, futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinyunyana engazange ihlulwe. Alizange liphumelele, kodwa alizange lihlulwe. Odokotela besinonyaka owodwa betelekile ngonyaka odlule. Othisha basenyuvesi, unyaka owodwa betelekile. Futhi ngakho, kukhona ukushuba. Onxiwankulu abakwazi ukuletha noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezidingo zabasebenzi. Ukuqongelela akwenziwa ngokutshalwa kwezimali kodwa ngokucekela phansi izinsiza zomphakathi ukuze kukhokhelwe isikweletu somphakathi nokudayiswa kwezindlu zezwe ngenjongo yokuvakasha. Lokhu kuletha izwe esimweni lapho kungenzeki khona ukubusa. Kuneqembu lama-neo fascists, futhi uphiko olufanele luwine ukhetho kodwa kukhona ukungazinzi okukhulu.
Uguquko lukhunjulwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ungubani. Kubasebenzi abaningi ezikoleni, ezibhedlela, emisebenzini yomphakathi, ezimbonini nasemiphakathini yasendaweni umhla zingama-25 kuMbasa wusuku olugujwa kakhulu kulo lonke elasePortugal. Abantu bayacula Grandola Vila Morena, ingoma ye-Carnation Revolution. Abaliculi iculo lesizwe! Embusweni ngokwawo, amademokhrasi omphakathi afuna ukugubha ukuphela kobushiqela kanye nokuketula umbuso, kodwa abafuni ukugubha amandla ambaxambili ekuguqulweni. Bakubheka njengenqubo yesiphithiphithi nokuhlanya lapho abamele intando yeningi balethe khona ukuzinza nomqondo ophusile. Uphiko olungakwesokudla njenge-Liberal Initiative lusho ngokufana nabentando yeningi labantu, ukuthi izwe lalilungile ngemva kokuketulwa umbuso ngo-1975 okwaqeda ukubusa kwamasosha. Ama-fascists athi ngemuva komhla zingama-25 ku-Ephreli konke kwakubi ePortugal. Uma sikhuluma ngokusetshenziswa komphakathi kwenkumbulo, kunesikhumbuzo esikhulu, isibonakaliso e-Afrika, isikhumbuzo se-neofascist ngokuphelele esavulwa eminyakeni engama-30 edlule kodwa asikho nesisodwa itshe lesikhumbuzo sezinhlangano zenkululeko noma ku-Amilcar Cabral, noma kubasebenzi abaphoqelelwe. . U-Otelo Carvalho akabhekwa njengomuntu kazwelonke, kodwa ojenene abaphiko lwesokudla basanda kuhlonishwa ngumongameli weriphabhulikhi.
Bazama ukuqeda inkumbulo yoguquko ngoba kwakuyiphupho elibi kakhulu lesifundazwe sasePutukezi. Besaba ngempela. Futhi balahlekelwa ngempela. Ukuze ube nombono, u-18% womcebo kazwelonke wasuswa enhlokodolobha wayiswa emsebenzini phakathi kuka-1974 kuya ku-1975. Kwakuyisikhathi esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wamaPutukezi.
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