Esinyathelweni esingamangaza abaningi, uJohn Kerry ukhethe uSenator John Edwards ukuthi abe ngumlingani wakhe. U-Kerry umemezele ukukhetha kwakhe ngemuva kokubuya ohambweni lwebhasi lwaseMidwest alubiza ngokuthi "Uhambo Lomoya WaseMelika". Futhi hlobo luni lwabantu oluhlanganisa “uMoya waseMelika,” ngokusho kukaKerry? Hhayi-ke, abelungu, kunjalo! Izithombe zohambo zikhomba kanjalo. Abahlaziyi babikezela ukuthi ukungezwa kuka-Edwards kuzokwandisa ukukhanga kwethikithi kubavoti basemaphandleni, abaphakathi, abaseMidwestern, nabaseNingizimu (abavoti abamhlophe, ngamanye amazwi). Ukuqashwa kuka-Edwards kumane kuyisinyathelo esikhulu esilandelayo emzabalazweni omkhulu weDemocratic Party wezinhliziyo nezingqondo zabamhlophe baseMelika.
Ekuqaleni, uKerry wayebonakala enesithakazelo osizini lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Waze wathi ufuna ukuba “nguMongameli omnyama” wesibili waseMelika. Isikhulu sangaphambili (esimnyama) sikaClinton siphendule ngokuthi, "Ngeke kwenzeke lokho. Ngeke aphume-uClinton Clinton, futhi uma ezama, uzobukeka ekhohlisa. " UKerry ubonakala evumelana naye, futhi usesishiyile isifunda sakhe esimnyama. Enkulumweni yakhe kwiNgqungquthela Kazwelonke YeziMeya Ezimnyama ngo-Ephreli, uKerry wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe ekhuluma ngendlela yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali zase-U.S. kunokukhathazeka kwezithameli. Ucishe wabashiya ngaphandle abantu abamnyama ezikhundleni ezivelele emkhankasweni wakhe, okucasule izishoshovu eziningi ezimnyama.
Akukhona okokuqala uKerry eba nenkinga nabantu abamnyama. Umkhankaso wakhe weSigele ngo-1996 waphakamisa ukungabaza okufanayo ngesikhalazo sakhe. Ngokwendaba ye-Boston Globe yalowo nyaka, “Abavoti abansundu, isizinda esivamile sokusekelwa kwabangenele ukhetho lweDemocratic Alliance, babonakala begcina izinketho zabo zivulekile emncintiswaneni phakathi kukaSeni weDemocratic Alliance uJohn F. Kerry kanye noMbusi weRiphabhliki uWilliam F. Weld. Ngokuphambene kakhulu nobuqotho obushisekayo uSen. Edward M. Kennedy akhuthaza umphakathi wabansundu, izingxoxo nabaholi abamnyama nabahlaziyi zembula ukuphola okunqunyiwe mayelana nokuqokwa kukaKerry.” Izizathu zizoba sobala ngomzuzwana, kodwa okwamanje ake sihlole ukuthi umkhankaso kaKerry/Edwards uzofinyelela kanjani kumhlophe Melika.
Enye yezindikimba ezithandwa kakhulu u-John Edwards aza nazo ethikithini iyindikimba yokuvala igebe phakathi “kwamazwe aseMelika amabili”–eyodwa eyabacebile nenye eyabampofu. U-Edward wadlala ngalendikimba yokuhlukaniswa kwamakilasi izikhathi eziningi ngesikhathi samaprimaries. Kodwa-ke, umqondo wokuthi kukhona "amazwe aseMelika amabili" ekuqaleni wawubhekisela ekuhlukaneni kobuhlanga baseMelika. I-Kerner Report ka-1968 yasho ngokudumile, "isizwe sethu sibheke emiphakathini emibili, owodwa omnyama, owodwa omhlophe-ohlukene nongalingani." I-Kerner Commission ilungise lo mbiko ukuze iphendule ochungechungeni lwemibhikisho yase-ghetto (“izibhelu”) ezasabalala ezweni lonke ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Yabeka icala ngodlame ngokucwasa kwabamhlophe. "Ukucwasa kwabamhlophe yikona okuyimbangela yengxubevange ebilokhu inqwabelana emadolobheni ethu kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II," kusho isitatimende.
Cishe kuzoba usuku olubandayo esihogweni ngaphambi kokuba uJohn Edwards akhulume ngokuhlukana kweMelika ngobuhlanga ngale ndlela. Esikhundleni salokho, ukhetha "amaMelika amabili" asekelwe ekilasini futhi anobungane kakhulu abamhlophe. U-Kerry uhlabelele iculo elifanayo eminyakeni edlule. Ngo-2000 wasayina i-manifesto ethi kufanele "sishintshe ukugcizelelwa kwamasu okuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bavumelana nabo basuke ekukhethweni kweqembu baye ekufukuleni zonke izakhamuzi ezincishwe amathuba ngokomnotho." Indlela enjalo ishaya indiva isikhundla sabantu ababencishwe amathuba ngendlela eyingqayizivele eMelika, ababhekana nezithiyo ngaphezu kokungafakwa kwesigaba esivamile. Isibonelo, abamhlophe abanemali engu-$13,000 kuphela emalini engenayo yonyaka basesethubeni elihle lokuba nemizi yabo kunabamnyama abanemali engenayo engu-$48,000. Abesilisa abamhlophe abanediploma yesikole samabanga aphezulu kungenzeka ukuthi bathole umsebenzi futhi bathole imali elingana neyabesilisa abamnyama abaneziqu zasekolishi. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwabamnyama kuhlale kuphindwe kabili kunokungasebenzi kwabamhlophe. Lokhu ukuhlukana uKerry no-Edward ababonakala bengazimisele ukukulungisa.
Izisombululo ezithandwa Umbiko we-Kerner zibandakanya izinguquko eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa isimo sabantu base-Afrika baseMelika cishe kuzo zonke izici zempilo yaseMelika , okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zesenzo sokuqinisekisa ezikhulayo. Ngenkathi bobabili u-Kerry no-Edward bethi bayasisekela isenzo sokuqinisekisa, bobabili benze izitatimende eziphakamisa ukuthi ukwesekwa kwabo kuncane kakhulu. U-Kerry ukhulume kakhulu ngokunengeka kwakhe, ekubiza ngokuthi "ukucwasa okubuyiselwe emuva" enkulumweni yango-1992 eYale University. Wayezwelana nabamhlophe “abazizwa behlukanisiwe noma belahliwe uhulumeni wabo” futhi bagcine sebesekela “izizukulwane zemikhaya yezenhlalakahle.” Bobabili uKerry kanye no-Edwards bathanda ukuqhosha ngokuthi bakhiphe okuncane okwakusele kumbuso wezenhlalakahle waseMelika ngaphansi kobuholi bukaBill Clinton.
Izincomo zoMbiko we-Kerner azizange zilandelwe, ngenxa yokuthi kwenye ingxenye u-Richard Nixon aqokwa njengoMongameli ngo-1968. Esebenzisa “Isu LaseNingizimu” lakhe elidume kabi, wabhekana nokuhlehla okumhlophe ngokumelene nenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ebusa. Lezi zibhelu ezishiwo ngaphakathi kwedolobha zazethusa kakhulu abamhlophe baseMelika, ababenomuzwa wokuthi izwe labo liyahlakazeka. U-Nixon wadlala phezu kokwesaba ubuhlanga kweningi labamhlophe futhi wenza "umthetho nokuhleleka" enye yezindikimba zakhe eziyinhloko zomkhankaso. Ngokuwohloka okuzayo kohlelo lwe-Jim Crow, indlela “yomthetho nokuhleleka” izoba yindlela entsha abantu abamnyama ababehliselwa ngayo ezingeni lesibili eMelika. Ubugqila kwalandelwa uJim Crow, kwathi uJim Crow walandelwa ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokwenza amacala abe ngobugebengu kwabantu bebala, ikakhulukazi abasebasha, abesilisa abamnyama (okwakwaziwa ngokuthi “imboni yezimboni zasejele”). Phakathi kuka-1972 no-2000 inani lamajele ase-US lenyuka lisuka ku-330,000 laya cishe ezigidini ezimbili. Isilinganiso phakathi kweziboshwa ezimhlophe nezingezona ezimhlophe saphinde sahlehliswa ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba iziboshwa ezingezona ezimhlophe manje sezakhele iningi.
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kukhona kuwo wonke amazinga ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu: ukuboshwa, ukuthweswa icala, ukuthweswa icala, ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukugwetshwa, nokugwetshwa. Yize bengu-14% abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, abamnyama bangama-35% ababoshelwe ukutholakala. Kunomehluko omkhulu wesigwebo phakathi kwe-crack cocaine (isidakamizwa “esimnyama”) kanye ne-cocaine yamandla (isidakamizwa “esimhlophe”). Ocwaningweni lwaseNew Jersey, amajaji angama-26% athe abashushisi maningi amathuba okuthi baphikelele emacaleni abucayi abamangalelwa abambalwa kunabamhlophe kanti ama-20% athi izigwebo zedlanzana zinzima kakhulu. Ngisho “nobulwane” obulinganayo, ababulali banamathuba angu-4 okuthola isigwebo sentambo uma isisulu simhlophe. Kwabesilisa abansundu, irekhodi lobugebengu likwenza kucishe kungenzeki ukuthola umsebenzi, njengokungathi bekungenzima ngokwanele kakade. Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi abelungu abanerekhodi lobugebengu maningi amathuba okuthi babuyelwe ngabaqashi kunabantu abamnyama abangenamlando wobugebengu. Abansundu abanerekhodi lobugebengu babebuye babuyelwe emuva ngo-5% wesikhathi.
I-ajenda yobugebengu bukaKerry ithathwe ngqo encwadini yokudlala kaRichard Nixon. Uphakamise ukuthi “umthetho nokuhleleka” kufanele kuze kuqala kunokuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nemfundo maqondana nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni. Enkulumeni yakhe yase-Yale uchaze izindawo ezingomakhelwane abamnyama ngokuthi “zineqiniso elinodlame, eligcwele izidakamizwa, eligcwele amagundane… Ngokusobala wabona ukucwasa kwalezi zinkulumo futhi wazama ukumboza imbongolo yakhe ngokuthi, "ngeke sikwazi ukufanisa ukwesaba ubugebengu nokucwasa," kodwa ucwaningo oluningi luye lwafakazela iqiniso lokuthi imibono yabamhlophe ngamadoda amnyama kanye nobugebengu ngokuvamile iyindlela yokuphuma. thintana neqiniso. Phakathi neminyaka kaClinton, u-Kerry no-Edwards bavotela umthethosivivinywa wobugebengu ongu-$22 billion ohlanganisa izinhlinzeko zokwakha amajele amaningi kanye nokuqasha amanye amaphoyisa angu-100,000 naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinga lobugebengu laliwela phansi emlandweni.
Khona-ke futhi, ayikho indlela elula yokuthola amaphuzu ezombusazwe kunokwenza abantu abamhlophe bacabange ukuthi uyabavikela kwabancane, “abagadli” abamnyama abangaphesheya kwedolobha. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho uKerry ehlala ekhumbuza abantu ukuthi wafaka abantu ejele impilo yonke ngenkathi esebenza njengomshushisi (futhi bathi u-Edward ungummeli onomlando ongabazekayo). Ukugwetshwa kwentsha emnyama bekuhlale kuyipolitiki enhle futhi amajele asephenduke ibhizinisi elihle ezindaweni lapho kuvalwa khona izizinda zamasosha kanye nezinkampani zikhipha imisebenzi yazo. Yebo, uKerry unohlelo lokukumisa futhi lokho: amakhefu entela engeziwe kwabacebile, abanikazi abamhlophe bezinkampani zaseMelika.
Kulo mkhankaso, uKerry ukhuthaze ukuqhubeka nezinhlelo zobugebengu zenkathi kaClinton. Uphinde wavotela umthethosivivinywa ovumela abameli baseMelika ukuthi bashushise izingane ezineminyaka engu-14 njengabantu abadala. Ukucwasa ngokwebala kudlangile nasohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwezingane, kanti izephulamthetho ezimnyama zisethubeni eliphindwe kasithupha lokuphelela ejele kunezaphulamthetho ezimhlophe. Okuxakayo ukuthi le ndlela “enzima ebugebengu” kungenzeka ilahlekisele amaDemocrats ukhetho ngo-2000, futhi ingase iwabize futhi. Ngenxa yemithetho yokuncisha amalungelo, u-13% wabantu besilisa abamnyama abanalo ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwanele ukugcina u-Gore ekuwineni iFlorida, naphezu kwawo wonke "ama-felon" angenacala ashaywe ohlwini lwabavoti.
UJohn Edwards ungumsekeli oqinile wesigwebo sentambo sobandlululo. Lapho ebhekene no-Al Sharpton mayelana nokuhlukana kwezinhlanga zesigwebo sentambo u-Edward uthe, "Izifundazwe zingahlola ukuthi uhlelo lwazo luyasebenza yini." Njengesakhamuzi sase-Texas, ngiyangabaza kakhulu ukuthi izwe lami lizokwenza noma yikuphi umphefumulo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze mayelana nezinqubomgomo zesigwebo sentambo. U-Kerry uthathwa njengothatha isikhundla esiqinile esikhululekile ngokumelene nesigwebo sentambo. Uveze kufanele ukuthi uhulumeni ubulale inqwaba yabantu abangenacala futhi kungenzeka ukuthi baningi abasazofika, kodwa uhlehlile kancane kulo mkhankaso, wathi ucabanga ukuthi abantu abenza amacala amabi kakhulu bafanelwe isigwebo sentambo. Irekhodi lakhe likhombisa ukuthi akasona isijeziso sokufa njengoba abaningi becabanga. Uvotele izikweletu ezimbalwa ezandisa isibalo samacala e-federal lapho isigwebo sentambo singasetshenziswa khona.
Konke okushiwoyo, kungaba nzima kunoma yiliphi ithikithi leDemokhrasi ukuthi liqhudelane neziqu ze-white premacist zikaBush/Cheney. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi banevoti elimhlophe lokucwasa eligoqwe kahle, ngakho-ke kungaba isu elingcono uma uKerry eyeka ukuhlangana. Isipiliyoni sokhetho lwango-2000 eFlorida sikubeke kwacaca ukuthi iDemocratic Party idinga ivoti elimnyama. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi uKerry/Edwards baqale ukwenza njengoba bakuqonda lokho.
UJustin Felux ungumbhali nesishoshovu esizinze eSan Antonio, eTexas. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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