Zombili lezi zindawo zinabantu abayizigidi ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi abantu abanebala elinsundu. Kuzo zombili izindawo, labo abakwaziyo ukuthola umsebenzi bangathola kuphela amaholo obumpofu ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile ebugqilini ngegama kuphela. Ilungelo labantu lokuvota alihlonishwa. Izibani zihlala zikhanya amahora ambalwa ngosuku. Ngokuvamile abantu bayadlwengulwa, bashaywe futhi babulawe ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Labo abakwaziyo ukuphuma kunoma iyiphi indawo ngokuvamile babanjwa iziphathimandla futhi babuyiselwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukubuya kwabo kuqinisekisiwe noma cha. Elinye yizwe laseHaiti. Enye i-U.S. prison-industrial complex. Uma uthi nhlรก, inqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-US yokuboshwa kwabantu abamnyama kanye nenqubomgomo yayo yokubukela phansi intando yeningi eHaiti ayibonakali inokuningi okufanayo, kodwa ezingeni eliyisisekelo, cishe banakho konke okufanayo.
UDostoevsky wake wathi, "Izinga lempucuko emphakathini lingahlulelwa ngokungena emajele awo." Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, i-United States ihlushwa ukushoda okukhulu kwempucuko. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili basejele noma ejele e-U.S., futhi lonke inani labantu abahlukunyezwayo (okuhlanganisa nalabo abavalelwe nge-parole noma abavivinywa) cishe bayizigidi eziyisikhombisa. Ngenkathi izinxushunxushu zombango zihlasela yonke indawo yasemaphandleni yaseHaiti ngasekuqaleni konyaka, kwenziwa amalungiselelo okuvimbela ababaleki abangaphezu kuka-50,000 endaweni edume kabi yezempi yaseGuantanamo Bay eCuba, lapho iziboshwa zama-Arab zenze amacala amaningi okuhlukumeza ngokomzimba nokuhlukumeza. Ukuvalela abantu abanemibala kungabonakala kungenye yezinto ezimbalwa uhulumeni wase-US azenzayo nganoma yikuphi ukusebenza kahle.
Ngemuva kokushona kwakamuva nangeshwa kukaFrank โBig Blackโ Smith, yisikhathi esifanele sokukhuluma ngamajele. USmith wayengomunye wabaholi bokuvukela umbuso ngo-1971 ejele lase-Attica, lapho iziboshwa zilawula ijele futhi zabamba onogada. Iziboshwa zenza izimfuno eziningi zikahulumeni ezihilela ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nenkululeko engokwenkolo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Iningi lezimfuno bekuyizinguquko ezizovumela iziboshwa ukuthi ziphathwe njengabantu. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwaphela ngesikhathi uMbusi uNelson Rockefeller enezinkulungwane zamasosha ahlasela ijele, kwashona iziboshwa ezingu-29 nonogada abangu-10.
Kodwa kwakunganele ukuthi onogada bavele bathathe ijele. Iziboshwa zaziphoqelele isizwe ukuba siqaphele ubuntu bazo ngalezo zikhathi ezimfushane phakathi nokuhlubuka, futhi kwakubalulekile ukusihlwitha leso sintu kubo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-Attica yayingaba eyokuqala kweziningi zokuhlubuka. Kamuva uBig Black wachaza ukuhlukunyezwa yena nozakwabo abakubekezelela ezandleni zonogada ngemuva kwalokho:
โKwakuwubuqaba kakhulu; uyazi, unonya kakhulu. Badabula izingubo zethu. Basenze sakhasa phansi sengathi siyizilwane. Futhi bangihlwitha. Futhi bangilalisa phezu kwetafula bangishaya emasendeni. Futhi bangishisa ngogwayi futhi bangiwisela amagobolondo ashisayo futhi babeka ibhola phansi komphimbo wami futhi babelokhu bengitshela ukuthi uma iwela, bazongibulala ... Kwavele kwaba buhlungu. Ubona umuntu ephatha omunye umuntu ngalendlela futhi bangizwise ubuhlungu sibili. Ngangingakaze ngicabange ukuthi kuzokwenzeka. Ngangingakaze ngicabange ukuthi abaningi kangaka bangaphathwa njengezilwane.โ
Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, akukho okuningi okushintshile. Ngokusho kwe-Human Rights Watch, โEminyakeni yamuva nje, iziboshwa zasejele zase-U.S. ziye zashaywa ngezibhakela nangezinduku, zanyathelwa, zakhahlelwa, zadutshulwa, zamangazwa ngezinto zikagesi, zathelwa ngezifutho zamakhemikhali, zaklinywa, futhi zabhaxabulwa ubuso kuqala phezu kukakhonkolo. amaphoyisa umsebenzi wawo wukubagada.โ Ukudlwengulwa ejele kuwubhubhane. Ngokocwaningo lwe-The Prison Journal, isiboshwa esisodwa kwezihlanu sabika isigameko socansi esicindezelwe noma esiphoqelelwe ngesikhathi siboshiwe. I-United States iphinde ithumele isiko layo lokusabeka emajele emhlabeni wonke, isibonelo sakamuva ijele lase-Abu Ghraib e-Iraq, lapho intsha yayihlukunyezwa khona, abesifazane babekhuleliswa ngokudlwengulwa, futhi iziboshwa zazingenwa izindlela ezijwayelekile zocansi. ukululazwa nokuhlukunyezwa.
Ziningi izizathu ezivame ukushiwo ngokukhula kwesakhiwo sejele-izimboni eMelika. Enye ukuthi imboni yamajele inikeza imisebenzi kanye nesikhuthazo saseKeynesian emnothweni. Okunye ukuthi amajele ahlinzeka ngemisebenzi eshibhile ezinkampanini zaseMelika. Nakuba lezi kuyizici, empeleni zinikeza inzuzo encane kakhulu yezomnotho esigabeni esibusayo. Kubo, usizo lwangempela lwamajele lusekusetshenzisweni kwawo njengendlela yokulawula umphakathi. Zisiza ukuqukatha amasegimenti (amnyama) akhathaza kakhulu abantu kuyilapho esabisa sonke (esimhlophe) inani labantu ekuhambiseni. Amajele abe yithuluzi elisebenza kahle kakhulu ekugcineni ubuhlanga obukhona kanye nokwehlukana kwezigaba kusendaweni yaseMelika.
Njengoba C.L.R. UJames waphawula ngo-1943, โUkungafani phakathi kwesimo sabo namalungelo ajatshulelwa yilabo ababazungezile ngaso sonke isikhathi kuye kwenza abantu abaNsundu kuleyo ngxenye yomphakathi waseMelika yamukele imibono yezinguquko kanye nekhambi elinamandla lezinkinga zomphakathi.โ Yilokhu uMongameli uNixon ayekhuluma ngakho lapho ethi, ngokusho komsizi, โyonke inkinga ngabantu abamnyama. Okubalulekile wukuqamba uhlelo olukubonayo lokhu ube ungabonakali." Uhlelo aqhamuke nalo bekuyi-โWar on Drugsโ ebekwe amacala okucwasa. Ngemuva kokuthi amalungelo omphakathi kanye nokunyakaza kwamandla abantu abamnyama kwehlise ubandlululo olusemthethweni lwaseMelika, inxanxathela yezimboni zasejele yathatha indawo yayo njengendlela entsha yokugcina ukubusa kwabamhlophe kanye nokubukela phansi umfutho wezinhlangano zezombusazwe zabamnyama.
Ziningi izizathu ezifanayo ezibaluliwe ngokusekela kukahulumeni wase-US ekuketulweni umbuso kwakamuva eHaiti, njengokufinyelela emsebenzini oshibhile we-sweatshop, ukulawula indawo edlula umoya eholela ePanama Canal, umehluko wenqubomgomo nohulumeni wakwa-Aristide, nokunye. Isizathu esikhulu nokho yisona sizathu sokuthi izwe lethu ligcwele amajele amaningi kangaka. Njengoba nje abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bewusongo ekuhlelweni kwezinto zasekhaya, iHaiti iwusongo ekuhlelekeni kwezinto zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuchaza ukulangazelela kwamanye amazwe acebile, abamhlophe njengeFrance neCanada ukubamba iqhaza elibonakalayo odabeni olungcolile kangaka. Uma isizwe esimpofu, esimnyama njengeHaiti singaphumelela ekumiseni intando yeningi ezinzile kanye nesimiso sezomnotho esizuzisa abantu baso esikhundleni sezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, namanye amazwe ampofu angalandela okufanayo. Ngakho-ke kwakudingeka ukuthi kuthunyelwe umlayezo kubantu abanebala elimnyama emhlabeni wonke: yazi indawo yakho, noma ubhekane nemiphumela.
EHaiti ngemva kokuketulwa umbuso, amajele ake agcina amasela, ababulali nabadlwenguli manje aphethe izintatheli, izishoshovu nothisha. Abokuqala bakhululwa amabutho amavukela-mbuso, lawa aqoqwa uhulumeni onodoli ngenxa yemibono yawo yezombangazwe. Amagumbi aklanyelwe ukuthwala abantu abayishumi manje aneziboshwa eziyikhulu ezipakishwe njengosardine. Intatheli yeRadyo Timoun ebiboshiwe ibike ukuthi amanzi okuphuza eziboshwa ngawazo abekade ewasebenzisa. E-Les Cayes, izimo zasejele zimbi kangangokuthi sekuqubuke izifo eziwumshayabhuqe.
Ingxenye yesixazululo sase-United States kule nkinga kwakuwukuthumela uTerry Stewart noJohn Nielsen ukuze basize "ukuguqula" amajele namaphoyisa aseHaiti. UStewart nguyena lo mxhumanisi owathunyelwa โukuguqulaโ ijele lase-Abu Ghraib e-Iraq. Uphinde abe ngumqondisi wohlelo lwamajele e-Arizona, lapho uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-U.S. wamangalela uMnyango Wezokuhlunyeleliswa Kwezimilo wombuso ngokuvumela indawo lapho iziboshwa zesifazane zidlwengulwa khona futhi zidlwengulwe onogada. U-Nielsen, ozobe ehola โiholo labantu abaphakathi nesithupha,โ owayesebenza e-Albany, lapho iCoalition for Accountable Police and Government inxuse ukuthi axoshwe, โngenxa yokuthi ubuholi bakhe bubangele isimo sokungathembani bobabili. emnyangweni wamaphoyisa naphakathi komnyango wamaphoyisa nomphakathi.โ
Konke lokhu kumane kuyisahluko esilandelayo seminyaka engu-200 yokuhlaselwa kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe, namasiko enhlalakahleni yaseHaiti. Njengoba uFrederick Douglass achaza ngo-1893, โiHaiti imnyama, futhi asikakayithetheleli iHaiti ngokuba mnyama noma sixolele uSomandla ngokumenza abe mnyama ... i-alamu nokwesaba. Wangena ebudlelwaneni bezizwe ngegazi ... Wayeyisimangaliso esishaqisayo nesabisayo futhi eyingozi kubo bonke abaphethe izigqila emhlabeni wonke, futhi umhlaba ophethe izigqila ubulokhu unemibuzo ngomsebenzi wakhe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, iHaiti yayinosongo olufanayo namanje: usongo lwesibonelo esihle.
Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi iHaiti iyizwe imibuso yomhlaba ekhetha ukwenza esabo isibonelo salo. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule izigqila ezimnyama zanqoba futhi zanqoba ibutho elinamandla likaNapoleon Bonaparte. Kwakungesinye salezo zikhathi ezingavamile kuze kube manje emlandweni lapho ubulungisa behlela phansi, hhayi njengamanzi, kodwa njengodaka oluvela endaweni eqhuma intaba-mlilo. UJean-Jacques Dessalines, umholi wamavukela-mbuso owayenezimpawu zesiswebhu senkosi yakhe yangaphambili emhlane, wayezomemezela ngemva kokunqoba kwakhe, โNginike amazimuzimu aseFrance igazi ngegazi,โ nokuthi, โakukho lutho oluyosivimbela ekujezisweni ababulali abaye bajabulela ukugeza izandla zabo egazini lamadodana kaHayti.โ Eyake yaba ikoloni elinenzuzo enkulu emibusweni yakwamanye amazwe manje yayinamazwibela anjengokuthi โI-Hayti YamaHayti.โ
Ukuqina kwabantu baseHaiti kwahlaba umxhwele ngisho nezitha zabo. U-Lemmonier-Delafosse wayeyisikhulu sobugqila ebuthweni likaNapoleon. Eminyakeni eminingi ngemva koguquko, wabhala encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo, โKodwa yeka ukuthi bangamadoda anjani laba abansundu! Yeka ukuthi balwa kanjani futhi bafa kanjani! Umuntu kufanele alwe nabo ukuze azi isibindi sabo sobudedengu ekuqineni ingozi lapho bengasakwazi ukubalekela amasu. Ngibone ikholomu eqinile, edatshulwe ukudubula kwamagilebhisi ezingxenyeni ezine zenganono, iqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokwenza isinyathelo sokubuyisela emuva. Lapho bewa kakhulu, kwakubonakala sengathi isibindi sabanye. Bathuthuke kakhulu ngokucula, ngoba amaNegro acula yonke indawo, enza izingoma kuyo yonke into ... Kufanele ngabe umuntu wabubona lobu buhlakani ukuze acabange ngakho."
Umoya ofanayo wesibindi nokumelana ungabonakala namuhla njengoba izishoshovu ezisencane zaseHaiti zibambe iminwe emihlanu ngendelelo - okubonisa igunya leminyaka emihlanu likaMongameli u-Aristide - ebusweni bamabutho aseMelika angenandaba nezibhamu ezigcwele eziqeqeshwe emizimbeni yazo. Kungabonakala emibonisweni yakamuva ye-Lavalas ebibanjelwe eCap Haitien, naphezu kokuthi ama-paramilitary ahlomile asalawula leyo ndawo yezwe. Futhi kubonakala emazwini ka-Annette Auguste, okwathi lapho ekhuluma esesitokisini sakhe, โBangase babophe umzimba wami kodwa abasoze balibopha iqiniso engilaziyo emphefumulweni wami. Ngizoqhubeka nokulwela ubulungisa neqiniso eHaiti kuze kube yilapho ngiphefumula okokugcina.โ
UJustin Felux ungumbhali nesishoshovu esizinze eSan Antonio, eTexas. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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