Umthombo: I-Jacobin Magazine
Kodwa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, iphupho likaKeynes alikagcwaliseki. Abasebenzi bangase bakhiqize kakhudlwana, benze inzuzo ephezulu konxiwankulu, kodwa isikhathi somsebenzi ngokwaso asincishiswanga kakhulu. E-United States, ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi kuye ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-1973, kuyilapho amaholo yangempela emangele, kanye nenzuzo yezinkampani ibhaluni - futhi nakuba isilinganiso samahora okusebenza sehle kancane, abantu baseMelika namanje sebenza kakhulu kunabalingani baseYurophu.
UKeynes wayekholelwa “ekuhambeni kwesikhathi ukuthi isintu siyayixazulula inkinga yaso yezomnotho.” Emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kwakhe, uKarl Marx wasola ngenye indlela, exwayisa ngokuthi ukuphela kwendlela abasebenzi ababengathola ngayo isikhathi esengeziwe - isikhathi esilingana nokulahlekelwa kwenzuzo engaba khona kubaqashi - ukuyilwela. "Ukunqunywa kosuku lokusebenza," uMarx wabhala, “iziveza njengomphumela womzabalazo, umzabalazo phakathi kwezimali ezihlangene, okungukuthi, isigaba sonxiwankulu, kanye nabasebenzi abahlangene, okungukuthi, isigaba sabasebenzi.”
Ngokomlando, ukulwela isikhathi esiningi samahhala bekulokhu kudlondlobala kubantu abasebenzayo
Ngokomlando, ukulwela isikhathi esiningi samahhala bekulokhu kudlondlobala kubantu abasebenzayo. Impi yosuku lwamahora angu-XNUMX yayiyisikhathi eside ishukumisa izinhlangano zabasebenzi e-United States. Umfelandawonye wokuqala kazwelonke wezabasebenzi waphakamisa isidingo ngo-1866, futhi kwakungenjalo ngokugcwele e-United States kwaze kwaba ngu-1940. Emashumini eminyaka aphakathi kwaba khona umshikashika wekilasi phakathi namahora okusebenza, futhi abanye bedela ukuphila kwabo ukuze kube nomkhawulo osemthethweni wendawo yonke wokuthi singakanani isikhathi abaphathi abangasifuna njengesimo sokuqashwa.
Umzabalazo wesikhathi samahhala usaqhubeka unesithembiso sokunyakaza kwesigaba sabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho abantu besebenza ngokwesilinganiso Amahora ama-269 ngaphezulu - noma izinsuku zokusebenza ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu nesigamu - ngonyaka kunokuba ingcebo yezwe ingabikezela. Umlando ukhombisa ukuthi abantu bazolwela ukuthatha isikhathi sabo emuva. Kodwa ukuze senze abantu basebenze ngempumelelo kuleyo mpi, sidinga izimfuno ezithile ukuze sihlangane.
Sinenhlanhla, i-People's Policy Project isiqhamuke nohlu lwemibono. Umbiko wabo “I-Ajenda Yezokungcebeleka” ishicilelwe ngesonto eledlule ekhonsathini neGravel Institute. Imibono eminingi echazwe kabanzi ngumbhali wombiko, u-Ryan Cooper, isuswe ngokuqondile emigomeni ekhona emazweni ase-Europe anamasiko epolitiki yentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle - okungukuthi, amasiko aqinile omzabalazo wezigaba kunathi e-United States. Ukuqaliswa kwale mibono kuzobhekana nokuphikiswa kwabaqashi e-United States, kodwa kuyasebenza ngokuphelele. UCooper uyabhala: “Isimiso samanje saseMelika sokusalela emuva ngendlela edabukisayo siyisibusiso,” kubhala uCooper, esinikeza ithuba elanele “lezibonelo eziqinisekisiwe zokukopisha ezivela emazweni ahlakaniphile.”
Umlando ukhombisa ukuthi abantu bazolwela ukuthatha isikhathi sabo emuva. Kodwa ukuze senze abantu basebenze ngempumelelo kuleyo mpi, sidinga izimfuno ezithile ukuze sihlangane
Umbiko we-Leisure Agenda uqala ngokubheka okudangalisayo kwesimo samanje sokusebenza ngokweqile e-United States ngaphambi kokunikeza inqwaba yezinketho zenqubomgomo ezinganikeza abasebenzi isikhathi esengeziwe sanoma yini abayithandayo. Okokuqala, uCooper uphawula ukuthi ayishumi kuphela amaholide enhlangano kuze kube manje: uma sengeza amahlanu ngaphezulu, lokho kuyizinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu, noma amasonto amathathu, ukungasebenzi. Kepha amasonto amathathu okuphumula asengaphansi kakhulu kunalokho okutholwa abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe amaningi, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, abasebenzi badinga ukuhlanganisa izinsuku zabo zokuphumula ukuze baye eholidini. U-Cooper uncoma uMthetho Wokuvakasha wase-United States ozogcina ugunyaze, ngemva kwesikhathi soshintsho, amasonto amane agcwele eholide elikhokhelwayo ngonyaka (okwamanje abasebenzi base-US baqinisekiswa ngokuthi akukho holide elikhokhelwayo ngokomthetho; lokho kushiyelwa kuzinkontileka zomsebenzi ngamunye).
I-United States futhi ingelinye lamazwe okuwukuphela kwawo angayaleli ikhefu lomndeni elikhokhelwayo ezingeni likahulumeni. U-Cooper uncoma inqubomgomo yamasonto angamashumi amathathu nesithupha ekhefu elikhokhelwayo elikhokhelwa umphakathi. Uma ingane yamukelwa ekhaya elinomzali oyedwa, lowo mzali uthola amasonto angamashumi amathathu nesithupha agcwele. Uma kukhona abazali ababili, umzali ngamunye unikezwa ikhefu elikhokhelwa amasonto ayishumi nesishiyagalombili, kodwa angadlulisela amasonto ayishumi nane komunye umzali uma efuna. Uma umzali engasebenzi okwamanje, usazokhokhelwa iholo elincane phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala zobuzali obusha, futhi uma umzali ekhokhelwa kakhulu imali yakhe yesibonelelo sikahulumeni izohambisana nesilinganiso seholo likazwelonke.
I-United States nayo ayikugunyazi ikhefu lokugula elikhokhelwayo, kodwa singakushintsha lokho. UCooper uphakamisa ukuthi wonke umsebenzi osebenze inyanga eyodwa kufanele afanelekele unyaka wonke welivu yokugula ekhokhelwayo. Inyanga yokuqala yayizokhokhelwa umqashi. Uma udokotela eqinisekisa ukuthi basagula kakhulu ukuthi bangakwazi ukusebenza ngemva kwenyanga, uhulumeni wobumbano uzokhokha umholo wabo ngesilinganiso esifanayo nenqubomgomo yekhefu lomndeni ehlongozwayo. Futhi uma abasebenzi besagula ngemva konyaka, bazofaneleka ukukhubazeka.
Njengamanje, sinohlelo lwezinzuzo zokungaqashwa olunganele futhi olunganele. U-Cooper uncoma ukuthi kulungiswe kabusha lokho futhi kuqinisekiswe unyaka wonke wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhokhelwa esidlangalaleni okubekwe kumholo omaphakathi kazwelonke. Ukwengeza, uncoma ukuthi uhulumeni anikeze imali yokufuna umsebenzi kulabo abangenawo umlando wokuqashwa ngakho-ke ngeke bafaneleke ukuthola imihlomulo evamile yokungasebenzi - imodeli esivele ikhona eFinland.
Ekugcineni, abantu baseMelika abadala bahlala emsebenzini eside ngoba izinkokhelo Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi azifaki izindleko zokuphila, futhi lokhu kufanele kume. "Kufanele sihlose amazinga okuhlomula abantu abadala asenza sikwazi ukwehlisa amazinga ethu okuqashwa kwabantu asebekhulile abe yisilinganiso se-OECD samazinga okuqashwa kwasebekhulile," kubhala uCooper.
Okuthi uma noma yiziphi zalezi zimfuno zizothatha umcabango odumile akuqinisekile, kodwa izinhlangano zedemokhrasi-socialist kanye nenqubekela phambili kanye nosopolitiki bangenza kahle ukuzithuthukisa. Uma kungenjalo, bazohlala bengacabangeki, futhi akukho mnyakazo obazungezile ozovela. Isidingo sosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili asizange sivele ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni omncane - saqhutshwa uchwepheshe wemishini waseBoston u-Ira Steward kanye nomholi wezabasebenzi. enikeziwe emhlanganweni wokusungulwa kweNyunyana Yezabasebenzi Kazwelonke ngowe-1866, ikakhulukazi njengendlela yokubeka izixuku ezikhathele ngenxa yokuthile okuphathekayo.
Kunamandla amakhulu kwezombusazwe hhayi nje emzabalazweni wesikhathi samahhala, kodwa nasekuzuzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwaso
Kunamandla amakhulu kwezombusazwe hhayi nje emzabalazweni wesikhathi samahhala, kodwa nasekuzuzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwaso. Njengoba uMarx wabhala, "Isikhathi samahhala - okuyisikhathi sokungenzi lutho nesikhathi sokusebenza okuphezulu - siguqule ngokwemvelo umnikazi waso waba isihloko esihlukile, bese engena enqubweni yokukhiqiza eqondile njengalesi sihloko esihlukile." Lapho umuntu eba nesikhathi esiningi sokubuka nokucabangela umhlaba, kanye nokufinyelela “olwazini oluqoqiwe lomphakathi,” yilapho eba nokuzethemba okwengeziwe ekuthatheni izinyathelo zokuwushintsha.
Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke umuntu ozochitha imali yakhe isikhathi esikhululekile ukuthola ulwazi oluphakeme. Abanye bazoyichitha bezungeza, futhi lokho kuhle, futhi. Ukuphumula kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo njengenkululeko - empeleni, umuntu ongenaso isikhathi sokuphumula akayena umuntu esingambheka njengokhululekile.
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Nikela