Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu - okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kobunxiwankulu okunganqamuki kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi - kwenzeka ngokushesha kunalokho ososayensi abangenathemba ababekubikezele, okubangela izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esingesihle kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ezikhukhuleni ezicwilisa ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yePakistan kuya emazingeni okushisa angu-100 degrees Fahrenheit (100°F) e-Siberian Arctic, buningi ubufakazi bokuthi amazwe acebile akunqamule kangcono ukuncika kwawo kuphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngokushesha. Phakathi kwalawo mazwe acebile, uphikisa uJohn Bellamy Foster encwadini yakhe entsha, I-Capitalism ku-Anthropocene, i-United States iyisibhicongo. Ibutho lase-US lilodwa liziqhayisa nge-carbon footprint enkulu kunaleyo yamazwe amaningi.
Kodwa njengoba abaningi bebonile, kubantu abaningi kulula ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuphela komhlaba kunokuphela konxiwankulu. Incwadi kaFoster isitshela ukuthi sinokukhetha: “incithakalo noma ukuvukela umbuso.” Isizathu sesidingo soguquko ukuthi ukucofa ngeke kuzixazulule izinkinga zethu. Ukulungiswa kwezobuchwepheshe ngeke kusindise Umhlaba njengendawo efanelekile yokuhlala abantu. Inkinga, njengoba angitshela kungxoxo elandelayo, iwuhlelo: ukuqoqwa konxiwankulu, ukukhula kwabo okungapheli kanye nokumoshakala kwabo okumangalisayo.
U-Eve Ottenberg: Umbono ovamile ukuthi inkinga enkulu yezemvelo inhlekelele yesimo sezulu, kodwa incwadi yakho ikhuluma ngokuthi imingcele yamaplanethi amathathu kweyisishiyagalolunye isivele yeqiwe. Ungakwazi ukuchaza?
UJohn Bellamy Foster: Ukuthuthukisa umqondo we-Anthropocene, ososayensi abazange bawusekele nje ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa emingceleni eyisishiyagalolunye yamaplanethi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kube yinto eyodwa, khona-ke ukubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-ozone, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo (kuhlanganise nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane), i-acidification yolwandle, ukuphazamiseka kwemijikelezo ye-biogeochemical (i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus), ukulahlekelwa yi-groundcover/amahlathi, ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokukhululwa kwezinhlangano zamanoveli, kanye nokulayishwa kwe-aerosol emkhathini. Le mingcele ichazwa ngokweHolocene, inkathi yokwakheka komhlaba ehlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyi-11,700 nalapho impucuko yathuthuka. Imvelo ye-Earth System yayifaneleka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko nokuchuma kwabantu.
Lapho becabangela imingcele yeplanethi, ososayensi bahlanganisa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene maqondana nomngcele ngamunye owuphawu olusuka eHolocene lungene enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yezemvelo. Kuze kube manje, seqe imingcele yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nemijikelezo ye-biogeochemical (noma i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen). Futhi sisezinhlelweni zokuwela abanye. Umngcele wokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kungenzeka weqiwe. Ukweqa umngcele ngamunye kwakha inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke yezemvelo esongela iplanethi njengendawo yokuhlala hhayi yabantu kuphela kodwa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingenakubalwa. Inkinga ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinto azikwazi ukuhlehliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, singagcina sesibulala amaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-50 azo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane kuleli khulu leminyaka. Hhayi-ke, lokho akuhlehliseki.
Uphikisa ngokuthi izinto eziphakeme kakhulu, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezonxiwankulu zisesihlalweni somshayeli ekuhambeni kwesimo sezulu sase-U.S. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza?
Siphila emphakathini wonxiwankulu - abafundi kwesinye isikhathi bacabanga ukuthi uhlelo luyintando yeningi, ngithi cha, uhlelo lungonxiwankulu. Futhi uhlelo, njenganoma yiluphi olunye, lufuna ukuziqhubekisela phambili. Inhloko-dolobha ihloselwe ukuqongelela nokukhula, iwuhlelo olusekelwe ekilasini lokuqongelela umnotho, futhi kuzo zonke lezi zinkinga, ukweqa imingcele yamaplanethi, kukhona uhlobo olulodwa olulodwa, futhi lokho kuwunxiwankulu, ukuqongelela imali, inqubo yokukhula. Futhi amandla akhona, izakhi ezibusayo zomphakathi wethu, osozigidigidi, isigaba esibusayo, isigaba sonxiwankulu, izikhulu zamandla ezihlanganisa labo abayingxenye yenqubo yezombangazwe - abafuni ukuguqula uhlelo, yilabo uhlelo futhi bafuna ukuyigcina iqhubeka, noma sazi ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwemali enkulu okucekela phansi i-Earth System njengendawo okuhlalwa kuyo abantu.
Ngakho-ke, izintshisekelo ezinikezwayo zenza sengathi singakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngobuchwepheshe noma ngemakethe, ngoba bathi imakethe iyasebenza ngokwemvelo. Ubunzima obukhona buwukuthi, njengoba zonke izazi zezomnotho zingavuma, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuwukwehluleka okukhulu kwemakethe emlandweni futhi awukwazi ngempela ukuxazulula inkinga ngesistimu efanayo eyadala, hhayi inkinga enkulu kangaka. Futhi-ke, labo abaphethe abafuni ukukhuluma ngokushintsha ubudlelwano bangempela bezenhlalo, noma indlela esikhiqiza ngayo, noma indlela esidla ngayo. Bafuna ukugcina uhlelo luhamba ngendlela eyiyo.
Njengoba imakethe ingakwazi ukuyixazulula, amandla athi ubuchwepheshe buzoyixazulula. Futhi wonke umuntu ukholelwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe abukwazi ukwephula imithetho yefiziksi, futhi sinohlelo lapha lokukhula komnotho okunamandla okusekelwe eqoqweni lemali elimane licekele phansi iplanethi. Uma unezinga lokukhula elingamaphesenti angu-3, eminyakeni eyikhulu, uyoba nomnotho wezwe omkhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-100 kunowamanje, eminyakeni engu-16 emikhulu ngokuphindwe ka-200 kunamanje, eminyakeni engu-250 izikhathi ezingu-300, njalonjalo. Kodwa sesivele sifinyelela imikhawulo yokuthi singaphila kanjani emhlabeni. Kufanele sihlele kabusha, senze izinto ngendlela ehlukile. Abukho ubuchwepheshe obukhona ngokwabo obungaxazulula isimo esiphuthumayo seplanethi yethu manje, esidinga ushintsho ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi.
Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza kabanzi ngokuqoqwa okusekelwe kudoti okubonisa ubungxiwankulu be-U.S. monopoly capitalism nokuthi lokho kusho ukuthini ngesabelomali somnotho womhlaba?
Lokhu kuphuma kuthiyori yezomnotho. Ngekhulu le-19 sakhiqiza izinto ezazisetshenziswa nezidingekayo, sebenzisa izindinganiso. Manje ngaphansi kwe-monopoly capitalism, kuwuhlelo oluphoqelelwe, ngenxa yokuthi izinkampani zinamandla amaningi okukhiqiza, azikwazi ukuwasebenzisa, ikakhulukazi ngamanani eziwabekayo, ngoba zibeka amanani aphezulu e-monopoly. Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kukhona ukusetshenziswa kancane kwamandla okukhiqiza. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nanhlanu noma ngisho namaphesenti angama-30 amandla angaphezu kwavamile awavamile, kusho emnothweni wase-U.S. Futhi kulolu hlelo, kuba nengqondo eyinqaba ukukhiqiza udoti omningi kanye nokuthengisa okuningi ukuze kudayiswe odoti. Ngakho-ke, sisebenzisa izigidigidi ekukhangiseni minyaka yonke emnothweni wase-U.S., sizama ukwenza abantu bathenge izinto abangazifuni nabangazidingi. Yilokho okwenziwa yi-marketing. Isazi sezomnotho sikaMarxist uPaul Baran wake wasihlanganisa lesi simo esingenangqondo ngokuthi manje siphila emphakathini lapho esingakufuni esikudingayo futhi esingakudingi esikufunayo.
Emphakathini wethu sikhiqiza inani elikhulu lempahla engadingekile, elimazayo ngisho, futhi engasebenzi kahle ngoba yakhelwe umphakathi olahlayo, umnotho wokulahla izinto, ukuze ubuyele emuva uyothenga okwengeziwe. Futhi sigcizelela konke okuphathelene nezinga lempilo, ngakho sizama ukukholisa abantu ukuthi uma befuna uthando noma umphakathi, bangaluthola ngokuthenga uDkt Pepper. Kodwa empeleni singathuthukisa izinga lempilo ngokukhiqiza ngokuhlukile, ngokugxila ezidingweni, sigxile ekusebenzeni kahle kwangempela nokunye.
Abanye bakhuthaza i- “Green Keynesianism.” Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ukuthi kuyini lokho?
Ku-Keynesianism inkinga yezomnotho ingesinye sesidingo esisebenzayo. Ihloselwe ukuthola abantu abaqashwe ukuze kwandiswe isidingo. I-Green Keynesianism izama ukuhlanganisa i-ecology kanye nomnotho, ithi singakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yemvelo ngokwakha imisebenzi eminingi eluhlaza. Sizodala izinto eziluhlaza, imisebenzi eluhlaza futhi sandise umnotho ngaleyo ndlela, esikhundleni sokukhulisa umnotho ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezimelene nemvelo. Inkinga ukuthi isafuna ukwandisa umnotho, isafuna ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa, isafuna ukukhulisa isikali sayo yonke into, futhi lokho akulona iqiniso ngokwemibandela yenyama, yesayensi noma yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ithembisa indlela eqhubekayo enkingeni yemvelo ezokhanga abasebenzi, kodwa ngandlela thize, iqamba amanga ngesimo senkinga.
Ingabe i-proletariat yezemvelo izovela ku-Global South?
Ngivame ukucabanga ngokwencwadi ka-Engels ethi “Isimo Sekilasi Labasebenzi ENgilandi,” enye yezincwadi ezinkulu zeNguquko Yezimboni, eyabhalwa ngo-1845. Konke kwakuphathelene nezinkinga zezifo ezibhekene nesigaba sabasebenzi, isifo, ukungcola. , ukudla okubi. Kodwa sivame ukucabanga ngeqembu labasebenzi noma isigaba sabasebenzi ngokwemibandela yezomnotho, ngokwemibandela yezimboni. Kodwa izikhathi lapho ithimba labasebenzi noma isigaba sabasebenzi besinamandla kakhulu kulapho sibhekene khona hhayi nje nokucekelwa phansi noma ukuxhashazwa emsebenzini, kodwa nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yabo, okuhlanganisa, vele, indawo yasemadolobheni. Sihlukanise umnotho kanye nemvelo emphakathini wethu, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi baya ngokuya behlukana. Abantu baphoqwa ukuba babheke izinto ezibonakalayo lapho imvelo nomnotho kokubili kuyizinto ezibonakalayo zeqiniso lethu ezixhumene.
Lokhu kuphoqwa kubantu baseGlobal South ngokushesha okukhulu kunalapha. Ngakho-ke ePakistan, lapho amaphesenti angu-30 omhlaba akhukhulwa yizikhukhula kulo nyaka, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-33 bathinteka, ungakholelwa ukuthi abantu manje bahileleke emizabalazweni yezinto ezibonakalayo okuyindawo ezungezile njengoba nje kungokomnotho. Cabanga ngokuncishwa ukudla - ingabe leyo yinkinga yezemvelo noma yezomnotho? Abantu bazocabanga kakhulu mayelana nemizabalazo yemvelo njengengxenye ebalulekile yeqiniso labo lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesikhundla sabo njengabasebenzi. Ungakubona lokhu okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Ngempela leli ithemba loshintsho.
Ingabe iChina ingaba umholi womhlaba wonke ekukhuthazeni impucuko yezemvelo ku-Anthropocene?
Singathemba kanjalo. Empeleni banohlelo lokukhuphula ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yabo ngo-2030. Ekuqaleni kuhilela ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokwehla ngokushesha. Angazi noma lokhu kuzokwenzeka. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kuwumzamo onzima kakhulu libalulekile. Sebevele bengabaholi embonini yelanga emhlabeni, kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlukile, ekutshalweni kabusha kwamahlathi. Benze muva nje ukunciphisa ukungcola kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Kepha kunemizabalazo eminingi kulowo mphakathi, kukhona ukunyakaza okukhulu kwezemvelo eChina futhi ngisohlangothini lwabo. Kepha ngaphandle kokuthi iChina ibheke empucukweni yezemvelo, njengoba beyibiza kanjalo, kunzima ukubona ukuthi umhlaba uzophuma kanjani kulolu bishi, ngoba uyingxenye enkulu yabantu bomhlaba kanye nokukhiqiza. Ngakho, kufanele sibe sohlangothini lwalowo mzamo.
Uhlelo lwabo lokukhuphuka ngo-2030 lubekwe etsheni. Banomsebenzi onemininingwane eminingi oqhubekayo futhi ukunyakaza okuningi kwemvelo yaseNtshonalanga kucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso futhi kunikeza ithemba, ngakho-ke kufanele sibone. Sonke isimo sethu emhlabeni wonke siyingozi ngempela futhi asivumeleki manje, kodwa uma sizophuma kulolu bishi, kufanele sibheke lapho ithemba lilele khona, yiziphi izinto ezibonakala zingokoqobo nezizosiholela endleleni efanele. Ithemba lami lisekelwe ekunyakazeni phansi, yonke indawo emhlabeni, kuhlanganise neShayina, okunomthelela. Esikwaziyo ukuthi kuzoba nomdonsiswano ngalokhu. Isintu sizozabalaza ngalokhu. Kungumbuzo wokuthi ngabe uzowujoyina yini umzabalazo.
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