Uhulumeni waseVenezuela ukuqinisekisile ukuthi uhlela uchungechunge lwezinguquko kwezomnotho omkhulu ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga eziqhubekayo, okuvusa ukusabela okuhlukahlukene mayelana nesiqondiso somnotho wezwe.
Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezedlule izwe le-OPEC yaseNingizimu Melika liye labhekana nokwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu, ukushoda kwemikhiqizo, kanye nezingcindezi ohlelweni lokulawula imali, lapho idola libiza ngokuphindwe kashumi emakethe emnyama kunezinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni.
Ukuphendula, abaphathi bakaNicolas Maduro bahlela uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezihloselwe ukudala ukuzinza kwezomnotho omkhulu futhi kube "unomphela" kunezixazululo "ezidlulayo".
Izinyathelo okwamanje ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa ukulungisa kabusha ukulawulwa kwemali, ukukhulisa izimali ezigciniwe zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutholakala kwedola lasekhaya, ukunciphisa uxhaso lwasekhaya ngophethiloli, nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kwethenjwa ukuthi lokhu kuzozinzisa imali ye-bolivar, kuqondise ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe futhi kuqinisekise ukuzinza kwemakethe yangaphakathi yokukhiqiza nokutshalwa kwezimali.
Enkulumweni ngesonto eledlule mayelana nokusebenza kwenkampani kawoyela kahulumeni i-PDVSA ngonyaka odlule, iPhini likaMongameli wezoMnotho uRafael Ramirez uthe uhlelo olusha lokushintshanisa imali lungase lwethulwe ekupheleni kuka-2014.
โKusobala ukuthi sidinga ukwakha uhlelo olusha lokushintshisana ngemaliโฆangikwazi ukusho [izinga lokushintshanisa ngemali elingaba yini], kodwa kuzoba uhlelo olusha. Lesi ebesinaso asibanga nesanele emnothweni,โ usho kanje.
Ukulawulwa kwezimali kwethulwa ngo-2003 ukuvimbela ukundiza okukhulu. Seziphenduke insika yomnotho, zaphinde zasetshenziselwa ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukulawula amanani kanye nokuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali.
Kodwa-ke ngonyaka odlule inani le-bolivar lehla emakethe emnyama uma liqhathaniswa nedola, okwenza uchungechunge lokuhlanekezela okusekelwe emsebenzini onenzuzo enkulu lapho labo abanokufinyelela kumadola asezingeni elisemthethweni babengawathengisa emakethe emnyama ukuze bathole inzuzo enkulu.
Ukubhekana nalesi simo iziphathimandla zethule uhlelo lwezinga lokushintshisana olunezigaba ezintathu, lapho izimpahla nezinsizakalo kushintshaniswa khona ku-6.3, 11 noma ngaphansi nje kwama-bolivars angama-50 kudola, kuye ngokubaluleka kwazo emnothweni. Noma kunjalo lolu hlelo lugxekwe njengoluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi luthiya ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe neminye imisebenzi yezomnotho.
Inguquko ehlongozwayo kulindeleke ukuthi ihlanganise kabusha amanani, okungenzeka abandakanye ukwehla kwe-bolivar, njengoba imikhiqizo engenisiwe ngenani elingu-6.3 iyiswa kumanani aphezulu.
U-Rafael Ramirez uphinde wamemezela ukuthi inzuzo yonke ye-PDVSA ngonyaka odlule inyuke ngokuphindwe kathathu ngo-2012, nenzuzo yaba ngu-$15.835 billion ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-US $ 4.335 billion ngonyaka odlule. Ukwenyuka kudalwe ukwehla kwemali ngoFebhuwari 2013, ukudayiswa kwempahla, kanye nokwehliswa kwezimali zezinhlelo zokuxhumana, ezazixhaswe kweminye imithombo.
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela bekuyimiphongolo eyizigidi ezingu-2.9 ngosuku (bpd), cishe ngokufana no-2012. I-PDVSA okwamanje itshala imali ukuze ikhulise ukukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi ihlose ukukhiqiza i-bpd eyizigidi ezingu-6 ngo-2019. Okukhiphayo akukakatholi ekuvinjweni kukawoyela kwabaphikisayo. imboni Dec. 2002 - Feb. 2003, ngaphambi kwalokho yayingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 ze-bpd.
Ngokuka-Ramirez, ukwanda kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nemali engenayo evela ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela kuyingqikithi yezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zezimali kanye nezinjongo zokuxhumana. "IVenezuela ayisoze yalahla ukubuyiselwa kwemali etholwayo kawoyela, ekuthathweni kwemali engenayo kawoyela emhlabeni wonke: inhloso yethu ukusabalalisa le mali kubantu," esho.
Ungqongqoshe uqhube wathi, โUkugcina kanye nokwandisa umbuso wezezimali we-petroleum kuqinisekisa iholo elidingekayo ukuze uzinze emnothweni wethuโ.
Ngenxa yezinkinga zomnotho ezikhona njengamanje, i-ECLAC ne-IMF ilinganisela ukuthi i-GDP izoncipha ngo-0.5% kulo nyaka. Ukukhula kwe-GDP kwehle kwaya ku-1.3% ngo-2013, kusuka ku-5.6% ngo-2012.
Debate
Abanye abahlaziyi baye baphikisana ngokuthi ukuze kubhekwane "nokuhlanekezela" kwamanje futhi kuzuze uzinzo, uhulumeni udinga ukuqhubekela phambili kunezinyathelo ezihlongozwayo futhi ethule uchungechunge lwezinguquko zemakethe. Bathi ukuguqulwa kokushintshaniswa kwemali kukodwa kungaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwamanani emali kanye โnokudideka kwezomnotho nokungaqinisekiโ.
Ngokusho kukaLuis Vicente Leon, umongameli wenkampani yokubonisana iDanalisis kanye nomgxeki wephrojekthi yaseBolivarian, ukuguqulwa kokulawulwa kwemali kufanele kuthathwe ngokuhambisana nezinye izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili. Lezi yizi: ukwehla kwenani eliphansi, ukukhuphuka kokushintshashintsha kwezimakethe, ukulungisa izilawuli zamanani, ukuqeda ukushoda kwezimali, ukumisa ukukhula kwenani lemali, ukukhulisa intengo kaphethiloli wasekhaya, ukwehlisa ukuthengiswa kukawoyela okukhethekile kumadlelandawonye, โโkanye nokugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwendawo.
Abagxeki baphinde bathi izinguquko kwezomnotho kumele zize nezinye izinguquko esigungwini esiphezulu, kulandela ukuphuma kukaJorge Giordani ophikweni lwezokuhlela.
U-Victor Alvarez, owayengungqongqoshe wezimboni eziyisisekelo nezimayini, ugqugquzele ukuthi lokho akubiza โngokugxiliswa kwamandlaโ kubantu abathile kufanele kwehliswe ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ongqongqoshe abakwazi ukuphatha ngaphezu kwezikhundla eziningi. Lokhu kuphawula kubhekiswe kuRafael Ramirez, isikhulu sikahulumeni kwezomnotho futhi ophethe zombili isikhundla songqongqoshe, ihhovisi likamongameli we-PDVSA, kanye nesikhundla sokuba iphini likamongameli wezomnotho.
Khonamanjalo, isazi sezomnotho esisekela uguquko u-Nelson Ford uphikisene ngokuthi izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zifuna โukubhekana nama-ejenti anamandla ezomnothoโ ngokuhlolwa nokulawula. Izikhulu ziye zathi amaqembu amabhizinisi asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe azama ukubukela phansi imodeli yezomnotho yaseBolivarian futhi afake isandla ezinkingeni zamanje ngokuqagela, ukuqoqwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezingekho emthethweni, kulokho iziphathimandla ezikuchaze ngokuthi "impi yezomnotho".
Ekhuluma esiteshini sombuso i-VTV, uFord waphikisa ngokuthi abaphathi bakwaMaduro "bafuna isisombululo esinokuthula [lesi simo] ngokuhlela inqubomgomo yokuvuselela izimali kanye nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi nezinkampani ... amathuluzi okukhiqiza eqiniso lezomnotho, ukuvumela ukuwina kwabo bonke abantu baseVenezuelaโ.
Isazi somnotho siphinde sathi indlela uhulumeni abhekana ngayo nezinkinga zomnotho yehlukile kunaleyo enikezwa ngabelungu. โIqembu elingakwesokudla lihlala liphakamisa ukuthi kube nezinkampani ezizimele kanye nokungabandakanywa emphakathini, kodwa asihambi ngaleyo ndlela,โ kusho yena.
Abaphathi bakwaMaduro nabo bathole ukugxekwa kwamanye amaqembu asele ngezinqubomgomo zabo zomnotho. I-Socialist Tide, okuyinhlangano ekhona njengamanje eqenjini elibusayo i-United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), isixwayise nganoma yiziphi izinqubomgomo โezizodedelaโ amandla emalini yakwamanye amazwe, futhi iphikisene nokusabela okunqala kobusoshiyali esimweni somnotho.
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Nikela