The impikiswano umqondo we-techno-feudalism uphakamisa ukuthi sisuke ku-capitalism saya kokuthile okubi nakakhulu - inkathi entsha ebonisa izici eziphazamisayo ze-feudal. Kulo mbono, onxiwankulu manje bathembele kakhulu emandleni epolitiki ahlanganisiwe kanye nerenti ukuze bakhiphe imali. Uma kuyiqiniso, lolu hlobo lwe-feudal extraction lumelela ukugudluka okukhulu ezindleleni ezivamile zonxiwankulu. Okubalulekile, kungaba uphawu lokusuka ezicini eziyisisekelo ezifunwa yi-capitalism yokuncintisana nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Jacobinka- UDavid Moscrop muva nje ukhulume nosomnotho kanye nowayengungqongqoshe wezezimali waseGreece Yanis Varoufakis mayelana nencwadi yakhe yakamuva I-Technofeudalism: Yini eyabulala i-capitalism. I-Varoufakis ifaka icala le-techno-feudalism, iphikisana ngokuthi amarenti asuse inzuzo. Ucubungula ngokukhula kwenhloko-dolobha yamafu, imithelela yokuthi i-feudal order entsha izosho ukuthini kithi, kanye namathuba elinye ikusasa.
I-Capitalism, Kodwa Hhayi Njengoba Besikwazi
UDAVIDE MOSCROP: In I-Technofeudalism, uphikisa ukuthi ubunxiwankulu buzilethe owabo ukufa, kodwa hhayi ngendlela, ethi, uMarx abengayilindela. I-Capitalism inokungqubuzana kwayo - ikakhulukazi ekuphikisaneni phakathi kwezimali kanye nabasebenzi - kanti nokho lokho kungqubuzana kubukeka sengathi kukhiqize uguquko mhlawumbe olubi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe noma ngubani. Pho ubungxiwankulu buzibulele kanjani futhi yini obuthatha indawo yabo?
YANIS VAROUFAKIS: Le ncwadi ingena ngokuphelele esikweni lezepolitiki nezomnotho likaMarxist. Ngiyibhale njengengxenye yezifundo zikaMarxist. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono wami kaMarxist, lena yincwadi edabukisayo okufanele ngiyibhale.
Ukungqubuzana konxiwankulu akuzange kuholele esinqumweni ebesilindelwe lapho, ngemva kwawo wonke lamakhulu eminyaka okuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba, umphakathi uzohlukaniswa ube izigaba ezimbili, ulungele ukungqubuzana kwasemini. Lokhu kubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo phakathi komcindezeli nabacindezelwe kwakuzoholela ekukhululweni kwesintu - ukukhululwa kwesintu kuzo zonke izingxabano zezigaba. Esikhundleni salokho, nokho, lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi konxiwankulu - onxiwankulu - kanye ne-proletariat kugcine ekunqobeni okuphelele konxiwankulu: ukulahlekelwa okuphelele ngemva kuka-1991, ikakhulukazi.
Uma engekho umuntu oncintisana naye osesimweni sezinyunyana zabasebenzi - isigaba sabasebenzi esihleliwe - ubunxiwankulu bangena enguqukweni edlangile eguquguqukayo eyadala lokhu kuguquka kwaba yilokho engikubiza nge-cloud capital. Lolu shintsho lwabonisa ngempumelelo ukuphela konxiwankulu bendabuko. Kwabulala ubunxiwankulu - intuthuko ehlanganisa ukungqubuzana kukaMarxist-Hegelian, kodwa hhayi uhlobo lokuphikisana ebesikulindele.
I-Cloud capital ibulale izimakethe futhi esikhundleni sazo yafaka uhlobo oluthile lwe-digital fiefdom lapho hhayi nje ama-proletarians - ayingozi - kodwa abantu bonxiwankulu kanye nonxiwankulu abangaphansi bonke bakhiqiza inani elingaphezulu konxiwankulu abangaphansi. Bakhiqiza amarenti. Bakhiqiza i-cloud rent, ngoba i-fiefdom iyi-cloud fiefdom manje, kubanikazi be-cloud capital.
I-Cloud capital yakha uhlobo lwamandla, okumele thina njengama-Marx siluqaphele njengesakhiwo, ihluke ngokwekhwalithi emandleni omuntu oyedwa ofana no-Henry Ford, u-Thomas Edison, noma izigebengu ezinkulu. Ngoba labo bantu bagxilisa imali enkulu, bagxilisa amandla, bathenga ohulumeni, futhi babulala izimbangi zabo ukuze bathengise izinto zabo. โAmafuโ anamuhla โ abanikazi bamafu โ abanandaba nokukhiqiza noma yini nokuthengisa izinto zabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bathathe indawo yezimakethe - abamane bazithathele zona kuphela.
Uma i-capitalism isekelwe ezimakethe futhi iqhutshwa inzuzo, khona-ke lokhu akuseyona i-capitalism, ngoba lokhu akusekelwe ezimakethe. Isekelwe kumapulatifomu edijithali aseduze ne-techno-fiefdoms noma i-cloud fiefdoms, futhi iqhutshwa izinhlobo ezimbili ze-liquidity. Enye i-cloud rent, okuphambene nenzuzo, kanti enye imali yebhange eliphakathi, elixhase ukwakhiwa kwe-cloud capital. Futhi lokho akusibo capitalism.
Manje ungakhetha ukuyibiza nge-capitalism uma uthanda, uma uyichaza kabusha i-capitalism futhi uma uthi noma yini esuka emandleni ka-capitalism i-capitalism, kodwa akusibo ubunxiwankulu njengoba besibazi. Ukuchaza uSpock ku-Star Trek: โYimpilo kodwa hhayi impilo njengoba besiyazi.โ
Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukwenza inguquko yolimi isuka egameni elithi โcapitalismโ iye kwenye into, okunzima kakhulu ukuyenza, ngoba sonke sishadele emcabangweni wokuthi silwa nonxiwankulu. Ngemva kwawo wonke lawo mashumi eminyaka enomuzwa wokuthi size kulo mhlaba ukuzoketula ubunxiwankulu, kunzima ngempela ukuba nesiphukuphuku esinjengami sifike sithi, โKodwa lokhu akusebona ubunxiwankulu.โ Wena uthi, โBugger off. Impela ubunxiwankulu. Uma kungebona iSocialism, kumele kube wunxiwankulu.โ Washo kanjalo omunye umlandeli kaMarx kimi. Futhi ngazibulala ngihleka ngoba ngikhumbula iRosa Luxembourg yami. Cha, kungaba ubuqaba.
I-Vampire-Like Parasitism
Uma i-techno-feudalism ithathe indawo yobungxiwankulu, njengoba uke wasikisela, iphinde yaholela ekuveleni โkwamafu amafuโ kanye โnamafu amafu,โ okulingana nesimanje kwama-serf kanye nama-proletarian okuxoxwe ngawo ezimweni zomlando. Ngabe lezi zigaba zesimanje zehluke kanjani kozakwabo kumodeli yendabuko yonxiwankulu?
Ngokombono we-Marxist, impendulo elula ukuthi ama-cloud serfs akhiqiza ngokuqondile imali ngomsebenzi wawo wamahhala. Akukaze kwenzeke lokho. AmaSerf ngaphansi kwe-feudalism akhiqiza impahla yezolimo. Abazange bakhiqize imali - lokho kwakungenxa yezingcweti ezikhiqiza amathuluzi nezinsimbi namageja nokunye. Ngokuphambene, abasebenzisi besimanje banikela ekwakhiweni kwezimali ngokumane bazibandakanye nezinkundla, banikeze abasebenzi bamahhala ukuze bandise imali yefu konxiwankulu. Lokho akuzange kwenzeke ngaphansi konxiwankulu.
I-Techno-feudalism isalokhu incike kakhulu embonini yonxiwankulu, ikhombisa ukuncika konxiwankulu emkhakheni wezolimo kanye nemikhakha ebusayo ukuze bathole ukudla. Futhi njengoba ubungxiwankulu budinga ubufeudal ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kokudla, i-techno-feudalism iyi-parasitic, ithola ukwesekwa okubalulekile emkhakheni wonxiwankulu ukuze izisekele.
Ngakho-ke, umkhakha wonxiwankulu uhlala uyisisekelo. Ikhiqiza lonke inani โ yingakho lokhu kuhlaziya kuhluke ngokusobala kwe-Marxist. Lonke inani eliyinsalela likhiqizwa emkhakheni wonxiwankulu, kodwa bese liyathathwa. Igunyazwe yile nhlokodolobha eguquguqukayo - inhloko-dolobha yamafu - iningi layo elingakhiqizwanga kabusha ama-proletarians. Ikhiqizwa kabusha abantu ngesikhathi sabo sokungcebeleka abasebenza ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Akukaze kwenzeke lokho. Yingakho ngithi lokhu akubona ubunxiwankulu. Futhi akusizi ukucabanga lokhu njengonxiwankulu, ngoba uma uhlala ushadile egameni elithi capitalism, ingqondo iyehluleka ukuqonda uguquko olukhulu.
Ushilo ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwe-techno-feudalism kuqhutshwa yizimbangela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuvaleka kanye nokwenza okuyimfihlo kwe-inthanethi, okufana nendawo ebiyelwe ngamadlelo eNgilandi ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili neleshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kanye nokugeleza okuqinile, okuqinile kwemali yebhange eliphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngemuva. 2008. Ngabe izinto bezingahambi ngenye indlela?
Nokho, konke kungase kwehluke. Yilokho UDavid Graeber usifundisile, akunjalo? Futhi njengabanxele, kufanele sikholwe ukuthi akukho okwabikezelwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, asikholelwa ejensi yomuntu - ngaphandle kwalokho, liyini iphuzu lokuphila? Singase sibe amazambane osofa sibuka umhlaba udlula. Ngakho, yonke into ingahlala ihlukile. I-counterfactual yomlando ihlala ijabulisa, kodwa angikwazi ukukwenza. Angikwazi ngempela ukukwenza. Ngisho ukuthi, ngizamile ukukwenza njalo encwadini yami yangaphambili, okwakuyinoveli yesayensi yezepolitiki ebizwa ngokuthi Okunye Manje. Ngokuphumelelayo, ngakha omunye umugqa wesikhathi lapho ngo-2008 senza izinto ngendlela ehlukile nge-Occupy Wall Street ukuletha uguquko lwezenhlalakahle. Futhi lowo ngumdlalo omuhle ongawudlala ngomqondo wakho, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi ubalulekile ngokomlando.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba izinto zihluke? Hhayi-ke, umuntu angathi ukwenziwa kwangasese kwe-inthanethi kwakungenakugwenywa ngoba siphila ngaphansi konxiwankulu. Futhi i-capitalism inalawa mandla okudla nokuthelela yonke indawo engenabo onxiwankulu. Isizathu sokuthi kungani ngingakwazi ukuvumelanisa ne-utopian socialism, njengaleyo kaRobert Owen ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Naphezu kwemizamo yakhe yokudala izindawo ezingenabo ubunxiwankulu, umlando ukhombisa ukuthi ubunxiwankulu buhlasela ngokungenakugwenywa futhi bonakalise lezi zindawo. Awukwazi ukuba namaphakethe we-socialism ahlala isikhathi eside ngaphakathi konxiwankulu.
Manje Ngezinkinga Eziningi
Uthi i-techno-feudalism iyi-parasitic on capitalism. Uma kunjalo, i-techno-feudalism isazodinga ukuba khona kokukhiqizwa konxiwankulu bakudala. I-Amazon isadinga abakhiqizi ukuthi benze izimpahla abazozithengisa endaweni yayo. I-Uber ne-Tesla zidinga izimoto ezibonakalayo. Lobo budlelwano buzosebenza kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphansi komyalelo we-techno-feudalist?
Nakulokhu, ngidinga ukucacisa leli phuzu. Ubungxiwankulu ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili neshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ngesikhathi buvela, bachitha ubufeudal, kodwa kwadingeka ukuthi umkhakha we-feudal uqhubeke nokukhiqiza ukudla ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho ngabe sifile sonke. Kungakho ngisho ukuthi imali yayiyi-parasitic emkhakheni wezolimo we-feudal. Ngakho, akukhona ukuthi omunye uyafa futhi omunye aphile. Okwenzekayo ukuthi imali eyinhloko ithatha i-hegemony yesistimu, kodwa i-parasitic ohlelweni lwangaphambilini. Lokho kuyi-Marxist evamile, umlando, ukuhlaziya izinto ezibonakalayo.
Manje okwenzekayo ukuthi enkabeni ye-techno-feudalism une-capital sector, okudingeka ngempela. Umkhakha wezimali yiwona kuphela umkhakha okhiqiza inani - inani lokushintshana ngokwemibandela ye-Marxist - kodwa abanikazi baleyo nhloko-dolobha, yemali yakudala, bayizinduna zonxiwankulu bamafu. Inzuzo yabo iyancishiswa. Ngakho-ke inani elinqwabelene lihoxiswa ekugelezeni kwemali eyindilinga โngamafuโ.
Manje lokho kwenza uhlelo lungazinzi kakhulu, luthambekele kakhulu enkingeni, futhi luphikisane kakhulu futhi lungasebenzi kakhulu kunobunxiwankulu. Yilokho engikushoyo encwadini: ukuthi ukuthathwa kwezimali nge-cloud capital - ukufakwa esikhundleni sobunxiwankulu nge-techno-feudalism - kwenza imiphakathi yethu igcwale izingxabano. Ziya ngokuya ziba iziphukuphuku, ziyangqubuzana kakhulu, zinoshevu kakhulu, futhi zingakwazi ukuvumela indawo phakathi kwazo yentando yeningi yezenhlalo, kumuntu okhululekile - ngezindinganiso ngisho neLungelo elaziwa kakhulu ngaphansi konxiwankulu.
Abakwesobunxele abazange baphikisane nomqondo wenkululeko; ukugxeka kwethu kusekukhawulweni kwenkululeko kwabambalwa abakhethiwe. Kodwa manje ngisho nalolu hlobo lwenkululeko olulinganiselwe lusengozini, ngakho-ke ukuphikisana kuya kuba kubi kakhulu. Ngibambelele ethembeni lokuthi mhlawumbe lokhu kungezwani okukhulayo kuzocindezela isintu empikiswaneni ewujuqu phakathi kokuhle nokubi - phakathi kwabacindezeli nabacindezelwe. Kodwa indlela esheshayo yenhlekelele yesimo sezulu ibeka engcupheni yokuthi singase sifinyelele ezingeni lokungabuyi ngaphambi kokuba leso sinqumo senziwe. Ngakho-ke, sinomsebenzi wethu osibekele wona, futhi isintu sibheke ukushabalala ebusweni - ngaphandle uma sikhuphula amasokisi ethu.
Hhayi Abaqashi Babazali Bakho
Uchitha isikhathi esiningi wenza icala lokuthi amarenti adle inzuzo. Nokho, akulona yini iphupho labo bonke โonxiwankuluโ ukuthola irenti? Ngabe ukhona usonxiwankulu ofuna ngempela ukuba ngonxiwankulu? Kubukeka kimina wonke usonxiwankulu ufuna ukuba umqashi.
Hhayi-ke, isikhathi lapho onxiwankulu befuna ukuba ngonxiwankulu sadlula kudala. Ngiyethemba ukuthi u-Henry Ford wayethanda ukuba usonxiwankulu ngendlela efanayo, ngendlela exakile futhi esontekile, u-Rupert Murdoch ethanda ukuba ngumphathi wephephandaba - nakuba enze okuningi ukucekela phansi amaphephandaba. Kodwa laba bantu bafile noma basendleleni eya esihogweni. Ngakho, yebo, onxiwankulu abafuni ukuba ngonxiwankulu, ikakhulukazi lapha eYurophu, ikakhulukazi ezweni lami. Bonke onxiwankulu, futhi sengibazi abambalwa kakhulu, sebeyekile ukuba ngonxiwankulu; sebengabaqashi.
Umehluko ukuthi onxiwankulu abebeziguqula baba ngabaqashi, kwaze kwavela imali enkulu yefu, empeleni babedlulisela isitoko sabo semali kwabanye noma ngokunokwenzeka ekulinganeni kwangasese. Laba ababengonxiwankulu bakhipha irenti enzuzweni yongxiwankulu egxile kakhulu kulezi zinkampani zonxiwankulu.
Kodwa kwenzekani ngabantu abafana noJeff Bezos no-Elon Musk, ngisho, bona ufuna ukwenza abakwenzayo. Bafuna ukuba ngonxiwankulu bamafu noma โamafu,โ njengoba ngibabiza kanjalo. Bayayithanda. Laba bantu, abafana noThomas Edison, bathanda abakwenzayo. Abafani nabaqashi abajwayelekile. Abafani namakhosi asendulo. Abafani nonxiwankulu abangasafuni ukuba ngonxiwankulu. Laba bantu banomdlandla' futhi banekhono kakhulu, futhi, ngeshwa, bahlakaniphe kakhulu. Inhlanganisela yokushayela kwabo ngamandla amakhulu enhlokodolobha yamafu abangawabo kudala indlela enamandla kakhulu, egxilile yamandla "e-cloudalist", okumele sikuthathele phezulu kakhulu.
Ukuphela kohlelo lwe-Bretton Woods kwaguqula ubunxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke futhi ekugcineni kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-techno-feudalism. Singacabanga ukuthi uBretton Woods wamanje wenza isikhunta sokulingana okujulile kwezizwe ngezizwe kanye nohlelo lwezezimali lwesocialist?
O, yebo, ngikwenzile lokho. Yingakho ngibhale incwadi yami yangaphambilini. Okunye Manje ubona kahle lokho okushoyo. Ihlanganisa uhlelo olusha lwe-Bretton Woods olugqugquzelwe isiphakamiso sokuqala sika-John Maynard Keynes - esinqatshwe u-Harry Dexter White kanye nabaphathi be-Roosevelt - abahlanganiswe nohlaka lwentando yeningi lwentando yeningi olubambe iqhaza. Lesi simiso senzelwe ukwabiwa kabusha okuqhubekayo kwemali engenayo nengcebo kusukela eGlobal North kuya eGlobal South, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ngikwenzele konke lokho futhi ngingaphendula umbuzo wakho wokuthi izinto zingasebenza kanjani namuhla, ngobuchwepheshe esinabo, ukube amalungelo endawo abesatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo - okuyikhona engikholelwa ukuthi amasocialists kufanele ahlose kukho. Kodwa leyo kwakuyinganekwane yami yesayensi yezombangazwe. Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngalokho esibhekene nakho.
Ifayela le-Excel Elikhulu Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni Lokutakula?
Njengengxenye yelinye i-oda, uthuthukisa lo mbono wesistimu ye-wallet yedijithali yebhange elimaphakathi kanye nenzuzo yanyanga zonke. Kwakuzosebenza kanjani lokho?
Nokho, ngokobuchwepheshe kulula kakhulu. Kungenziwa ngesonto ngoba kuqondile. Cabanga ngento efana nefayela le-Excel, eligcinwa yi-Fed, futhi wonke umhlali wase-United States uwumugqa owodwa. Futhi lapho kukhokhwa, inani elihambisanayo lidluliswa lisuka kwelinye iseli liye kwelinye, elimelela okhokhayo nokhokhelwayo. Le nqubo izoba mahhala, ngokushesha, futhi ingaziwa. Ngokwenza ukuhlukana phakathi kwabaqhubi besofthiwe kanye nobunikazi babantu ngabanye, abakhonjwe kuphela ngamakhodi afana namakheli e-Bitcoin, ubumfihlo bungaqinisekiswa. Futhi amasheke namabhalansi angasungulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umbuso awubheki ukuthi ngamunye wethu wenzani.
Futhi ngenxa yokuthi imali izoshova ngesipredishithi esifanayo, akukho lutho oluvimba ibhange elikhulu ekungezeni inombolo efanayo kuwo wonke umuntu nyanga zonke. Futhi leyo yimali engenayo eyisisekelo yomhlaba wonke (UBI), engeyona, futhi lokhu kubalulekile, okuxhaswe yintela. Ngoba inkinga ngombono we-UBI ukuthi isengozini yezikhalazo ezinjengokuthi, โUkhuluma ngani? Uzongikhokhisa intela, intela yamadola engiwaholayo, ukuze unikeze isigebengu, umuntu otshuza emanzini eCalifornia noma umlutha wezidakamizwa noma umuntu ocebile?โ Kodwa lesi siphakamiso sisebenzisa amandla ebhange eliphakathi lokukhiqiza imali. Futhi akufanele sivumele muntu ukuthi asitshele ukuthi kuzoba ngokwenyuka kwamandla emali noma kuzoba yinkinga - ngoba banyathelisa izigidigidi egameni losozimali. Kungani ungawaphrinti egameni labantu abancane? Kuwo wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo?
Manje, isizathu sokuthi kungani ungenalo lolu hlelo e-United States nokuthi kungani ukude kakhulu nedola ledijithali yingoba uma noma ubani ku-Fed elinge ukuya kuleyo ndlela, uzobulawa yi-Wall Street - bona' bazobulawa kwezombusazwe kanye nokubulawa kwabantu. I-Wall Street ngeke iyivumele ngoba izopela ukuphela kwe-Wall Street. Ngoba kungani ungafuna ukuba ne-akhawunti yasebhange ne-Bank of America uma ungaba ne-digital wallet ne-Fed?
I-Bank of America izophoqeleka ukuthi ithethelele izinsizakalo zayo kanye nezimali ezikhokhwayo. Kuzodingeka beze bazokuqinisekisa ukuthi udinga ukuba ne-akhawunti kubo ngoba bafuna ukukunikeza okuthile ngentengo ehloniphekile - njengemali mboleko - ngaphandle kokukukhohlisa. Futhi ngeke bakwenze lokho ngoba yonke inhloso ye-Bank of America noma i-Citigroup iwukukhipha imali yokuqasha kuwe ngokuqopha amasistimu okukhokha nokubamba amadiphozithi. Ugcina imali yakho kubo ngoba, okwamanje, ayikho enye indlela yokugcina imali yakho.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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