"Inkampani iyazi ukuthi abasebenzi bakwaToyota babhekile," kusho uMengameli we-Auto Workers uShawn Fain ngoNovemba 3. "Futhi uma isikhathi sifika, abasebenzi bakwaToyota nabo bonke abasebenza ngezimoto okungezona ezenyunyana bazobe sebekulungele ukusukuma."
Sesifikile leso sikhathi—izolo i-UAW imemezele uhlelo lwayo, oseluvele lusaqhubeka, lokuhlela wonke umkhakha wezimoto. "Abasebenzi ezweni lonke, kusukela eNtshonalanga kuya eMidwest ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, bazama ukujoyina inhlangano yethu futhi bajoyine i-UAW," kusho uFain kuvidiyo entsha.
Le nyunyana ithi izinkulungwane zabasebenzi sezilule isandla zicela uxhaso ekuhlanganiseni izimboni zabo zezimoto. Bahlole amawebhusayithi amadala kumadrayivu enyunyana edlule futhi bagcwalisa amafomu ukuze baxhumane nomhleli.
“Kubo bonke abasebenzi bezimoto lapha ngaphandle abasebenza ngaphandle kwemihlomulo yenyunyana: Manje sekuyithuba lenu,” esho, emema abasebenzi bezimoto ukuthi bajoyine umkhankaso wokuhlela futhi babatshele ukuthi bangawasayina kuphi amakhadi enyunyana ngogesi, UAW.org/join.
Izinkulungwane zabasebenzi bezimoto okungezona ezenyunyana sebevele bahlela ukufakelwa kwezingu-10 zangaphandle, okuhlanganisa iToyota, Hyundai, neMercedes, kanye nasemkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi eTesla, Rivian, kanye noLucid. Sekukonke, umkhankaso wokuhlela uzobandakanya abasebenzi abayizi-150,0000—isibalo esicishe sibe yisibalo esifanayo sabasebenzi abasebenza ngaphansi kwezinkontileka ezinkulu ezi-3—kubakhiqizi bezimoto abangu-13.
Embonini yezimoto zikagesi ka-Rivian e-Bloomington, e-Illinois, abasebenzi sebevele bakhe ikomidi elihlelayo, benza inhlolovo ye-1,000 yabasebenzi abakanye nabo ekuthuthukisweni kwemisebenzi emikhulu, futhi bafake izicelo zokufuna ikhefu elide. Kukhona abasebenzi ababalelwa ku-5,000 ngehora kulesi sikhungo.
“URivian useyazi ukuthi siyahlela,” kusho uSonia Williams ocele ukusebenzisa igama lakhe ngoba esaba ukuthi inkampani izoziphindiselela. “Asinamahloni ngakho. Sibanike amathuba okuhlangana nathi. Bafona begula bobabili. Sibahambisele nezicelo.”
Ubulungu be-UAW buye behla busuka esigidini esi-1.5 ngo-1979 baya ku-383,000 ngo-2023. Okusha ngokuhlehlisa amashumi eminyaka ezivumelwano zezimoto, ubuholi bezinguquko benyunyana manje sebefuna ukuhlehlisa ukwehla kobulungu bayo.
I-UAW inethemba lokuthi izosuka ekuguqulweni kwezinyunyana kanye nesivumelwano senkontileka esizuzisa kakhulu sibe nokuhlela okusha, ukubheja ukuthi abasebenzi bazofuna ukujoyina inyunyana eguquliwe, elwayo.
I-STAND-UP 2.0
Kuvidiyo, u-Fain wakhomba isu le-Big 3 auto workers' Stand-Up Strike, elibandakanya ukunqwabelana okulinganiselwe kokumiswa komsebenzi kuze kube abakhiqizi bezimoto—i-Ford, i-Stellantis, ne-General Motors—ivumela izimfuno zabasebenzi. Isu ligcine izinkampani ziqagela konke.
Manje, i-UAW isebenzisa isu elifanayo, ngethemba lokuthi izobamba izinkampani zingalindele ukuthi umkhankaso wezinyunyana ungase uqhamuke kuphi. Inyunyana ikhuthaza abasebenzi ukuthi baqhube imikhankaso ngesikhathi esisodwa kuzo zonke izinkampani ezingezona ezenyunyana.
Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo, uma abasebenzi abangamaphesenti angama-30 kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sebesayine amakhadi enyunyana, abasebenzi bazophumela obala ngomkhankaso wabo. Ezinye izitshalo sezivele zihlangene nalowo mngcele, ngokusho kwe-UAW. Ngamaphesenti angu-50 abasebenzi baqoqa ozakwabo, imindeni, omakhelwane nabaholi bomphakathi, ngokusho kwenyunyana.
Ngokushesha nje lapho abasebenzi abangamaphesenti angu-70 emakhadini ophawu embonini ethile, futhi sebenekomiti elakhiwe ngabasebenzi abavela kuzo zonke izishifu nezigaba zemisebenzi, bazofuna ukuqashelwa ngokuzithandela kwenyunyana yabo. Uma inkampani yenqaba, abasebenzi bafaka ukhetho kwiBhodi Likazwelonke Lezobudlelwano Kwabasebenzi.
I-UAW iyahlukana nemizamo yeminyaka edlule esitshalweni esisodwa ivuna lokho ekubiza ngokuthi a umfutho indlela yokuhlela, ehambisana nomkhankaso oqinile wokuhlela wangaphakathi.
Leyo ndlela yokubhekana nawo wonke umkhakha wezimoto isekelwe ekukhiqizeni umfutho empini ngayinye, ivule izinhlangothi eziningi kulokho inyunyana enethemba lokuthi izokhula ibe igagasi lokuhlela. I-UAW ithola ugqozi ekugqugquzeleni okuhlela okuqhubekayo kwabasebenzi be-Starbucks.
"Umkhankaso we-Starbucks Workers United ubonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlela amakhulukhulu ezindawo zokusebenza, ngisho nasezinkampanini eziphikisana nenyunyana zamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane," kusho uJohn Logan, uprofesa wezifundo zezabasebenzi eSan Francisco State University. I-SBWU isihlele izitolo ezingu-360 eminyakeni emibili. “Ngokwakhela phezu komfutho wenkontileka yayo eyingqophamlando kwa-Big 3, asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani i-UAW ingakwazi ukuhlela ezindaweni eziningi ezingezona izinyunyana eNingizimu. Umbuzo uthi, njengomkhankaso we-Starbucks, iyakwazi yini ukuthatha umcabango wabasebenzi.”
Enkulumweni yabezindaba, i-UAW iqoke i-Georgetown, eKentucky, indawo yomhlangano yakwaToyota lapho abasebenzi abangu-7,800 bakhela inkampani iCamry, imoto yezemidlalo iRav 4, kanye neLexus ES ephambili.
I-UAW BUMP
Kuthe nje le nyunyana imemezela amaholo amakhulu nemihlomulo etholwe ngabasebenzi bakwaBig 3, iToyota, Honda, noHyundai baphuthuma ukukhuphula amaholo. AbakwaHonda bamemezele ukwenyuswa kwamaholo ngamaphesenti ayi-11; AbakwaHyundai bakhuphule iholo ngamaphesenti angama-25 eminyakeni emine ezayo. AbakwaToyota banikeze abasebenzi babo iholo elincane ngamaphesenti angu-9 ukuze bangabavimbeli ekuhleleni inyunyana.
Khonamanjalo uToyota ungenise inzuzo yekota-trillion kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ngokusho kwenyunyana. Inzuzo yale nkampani inyuke ngamaphesenti angama-30, kanti iholo le-CEO likhuphuke ngamaphesenti ayi-125.
“IToyota ayikhuphuki ngenxa yobuhle benhliziyo yabo,” uFain wathi esitatimendeni sevidiyo esabiwe yi-More Perfect Union. “Inkampani yakwaToyota iyinkampani enkulu yezimoto futhi enenzuzo enkulu emhlabeni. Babengase bakhuphule amaholo kalula nje ngenyanga edlule noma ngonyaka odlule. Bakwenze manje ngoba inkampani iyazi ukuthi sizobathatha.
“Yize ningakabi amalungu enyunyana yethu, lokho kunyuswa kweholo enikunikwa yiToyota yi-UAW bump,” kusho uFain, ekhuluma nabasebenzi bakwaToyota. “UWU. Lokho kumelela ukuthi 'Wamukelekile.'
“Wamukelekile ukujoyina inhlangano yethu ye-Stand-Up. Uma kuwukuthi iToyota ikunikeza lokhu uma iBig 3 isukuma ilwa, cabanga ukuthi yini ongayifeza uma ujoyina i-UAW futhi usukume uzilwele.”
UMKHIQIZO OPHEZULU, AMAHORA AMADE
Ukukhushulwa kweholo akukashintshi ukuzimisela kwesisebenzi sakwaToyota uJeff Allen sokuhlela nozakwabo eGeorgetown. “Sikhathele ukubuyela emuva ngesikhathi inkampani yethu isaqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili,” kusho u-Allen. "Sifuna ukuphepha kokuba nenkontileka yokuvikela isinxephezelo sethu sonke okwamanje nekusasa lethu."
KwaHyundai eMontgomery, e-Alabama, ilungu leqembu leminyaka engu-12 uGilbert Brooks ube nokuhlela inyunyana engqondweni yakhe kusukela aqashwa. Wayesebe yilungu le-Steelworkers iminyaka engu-11 efektri yamasondo iGoodyear e-Anniston. KwaHyundai, abasebenzi abangu-3,500 behora, besikhashana, nabenkontileka bahlanganisa i-Santa Fe, i-Tucson, ne-Santa Cruz, i-Genesis GV70, kanye ne-Electrified GV70.
“Sakha izimoto ezingu-1,500 500 ngosuku kanye nezimoto ezingu-XNUMX ngesikhathi esisodwa,” kusho uBrooks. Uma kukalwa ngesivinini imoto ekhiqizwayo, lokhu isitshalo sesibili esikhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokho kukhiqiza okuphezulu, uthi, kufanele kuhlonyuliswe ngamaholo aphezulu. Uhola u-$28.35 ngehora, okuzokhuphukela cishe ku-$30 ngoJanuwari ngemva kokunyuswa kwamaholo ayethenjisiwe. Inkampani iphinde inikeze ibhonasi engu-$4,000. Ukuqashwa okusha kuqala cishe ku-$19.
Kule minyaka emithathu edlule inzuzo yakwaHyundai inyuke ngamaphesenti angama-75, kwathi izimoto zabo zenyuka ngamaphesenti angama-32. “Sihola kancane futhi sisebenza ngokweqile,” kusho uBrooks. Iphuzu lakhe lokuqhathanisa ukuthi uzozuzani unkosikazi wakhe wangaphambili embonini yakwaGM's Spring Hill eTennessee: uzosuka ku-$25 aye ku-$35 ngehora ngokushesha ngaphansi kwenkontileka entsha ye-UAW kwaGM.
Kodwa amaphuzu okunamathela ayinhloko ukuphepha nenhlonipho emsebenzini. Uthe inkampani iphoqa abasebenzi ukuthi benze imisebenzi edinga abantu ababili ngempela futhi ishintsha nemithetho yomsebenzi ngokuthanda kwakho. Umphumela uba ukulimala.
Kusukela ngo-2012, u-Brooks uthe, usehlinzwe kabili intamo kanye ne-rotator cuff. Wathola ukulimala kokuqala okuhlobene nomsebenzi ngo-2014 ngemuva kokusebenza kanzima amahora angu-10 kumugqa wokusika efaka abakaki ezimotweni. Umsebenzi wawudinga ukuba aphakamise izingalo zakhe phezu kwekhanda lakhe usuku lonke ukuze abophe amabakaki.
Ngesikhathi ekhononda kubaphathi ngobuhlungu, u-Brooks uthe, umtholampilo wangaphakathi wamnika ama-heat pack noma ama-ice pack (umkhuba ovamile futhi ukupakisha inyama) ukugwema ukubika okuyisibopho kokulimala kwabe-Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Kwadingeka afune usizo lwezokwelapha kumhlinzeki wangaphandle.
IZAQATHI NEZINKUNZI
Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-2014, inkampani ayizange inikeze ngisho nomsebenzi omncane kubasebenzi abalimele-kodwa kwathi sekusabalele umbiko wokuthi umkhankaso wokuhlanganisa izinyunyana usuqalile, u-Brooks uthe, uHyundai wasebenzisa ingxube yezaqathi nezinduku ukubuyisela inyunyana. ukushayela, kuhlanganise nokunikeza umsebenzi omncane namabhonasi. UBrooks uthe lo mkhankaso awukaze uthole amakhadi okugunyaza asayiniwe anele ukuthi afakele ukhetho lwenyunyana. Usola ukudangala okwashanela lesi sitshalo ngemuva kwe-UAW's idrayivu ehluliwe kwaVolkswagen eChattanooga ngalowo nyaka, kuhlangene nosongo lwenkampani lokuvala nokuthutha. Abasebenzi baseChattanooga VW bazama futhi ilahleke futhi e 2019.
Kodwa umfutho usekusohlangothini lwekomiti elihlelayo kwaHyundai, njengoba sebebaningi abantu abaphumele obala ngokweseka inyunyana ngemuva kwempi yezinkontileka zeBig 3, kusho uBrooks. “Konke kumele kuguquke, kusukela kwezokuphepha ngaphakathi embonini kuya ekuphathweni kwabantu abenza umsebenzi owenza inkampani iqhube.”
E-Rivian, uWilliams uthe izinkathazo zabasebenzi eziyinhloko zigxile ezokuphepha kanye nekhefu. Izingozi zihlanganisa isandla esichotshoziwe, unyawo oluphukile, indlebe eyisikiwe, nezimbambo eziphukile, ngokusho ezikhalweni ezifakwe kwa-OSHA. Abasebenzi bathi lokhu kulimala kungenxa yesivinini esibi sokukhiqiza. Kubi kakhulu okuzayo. Kule nyanga nje, inkampani ikhuphule izinga layo izibikezelo zokukhiqiza unyaka wonke ngezimoto eziyizi-2,000, kuya kumayunithi angama-54,000.
Ngo-2022, abasebenzi bavame ukufaka izinsuku zamahora ayi-12, izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto. Kepha uWilliams uthe inkampani iguqule ukuhlela kwayo kwaba ngamashifu wamahora ayi-12, izinsuku ezine ngesonto, ilindele i-Illinois's One Day Rest in Seven Act, lapho isisebenzi sinelungelo lokuthola okungenani usuku olulodwa lokuphumula kunoma yisiphi isikhathi sezinsuku eziyisikhombisa ezilandelanayo. Lo mthetho uqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2023.
U-Rivian uthole ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa isikhathi sabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa nokunciphisa amahora abo okugula asuke ku-80 aye ku-40 ngonyaka ngoJanuwari 2023. Khonamanjalo, abasebenzi abaholayo banamaholide angenamkhawulo akhokhelwayo, ngokusho kwesithombe-skrini okwabelwana ngaso no- Amanothi Abasebenzi. Abasebenzi baphinde bafaka izikhalo kwa-OSHA mayelana nokushoda kwezindawo zokuphuma umlilo.
I-ALABAMA Isaphulelo
Inselelo kule nyunyana ukuthi imisebenzi yokukhiqiza izimoto ikhokha kakhulu kunezinye izindlela ezifundazweni ezihola kancane eNingizimu. Kuncane futhi ukujwayelana nezinyunyana, ikakhulukazi kubasebenzi abasebasha. Izinga lenyunyana e-Alabama, ngokwesibonelo, lingamaphesenti angama-7.2. Lapho okufakelwayo kuthola ukukhiqizwa kwabo eNingizimu, lokhu kwangena ekubaleni kwabo.
“Isaphulelo sase-Alabama,” kusho uJeremy Kimbrell, ohola u-$32 ngehora ngemva kweminyaka engu-24 esebenza kwaMercedes-Benz. I-automaker yaseJalimane yakha izimoto zayo zokunethezeka ezinenzuzo enkulu kanye neMaybach GLS eTuscaloosa County, Alabama, kanye wakhiwe imboni yebhethri kagesi ngonyaka odlule eWoodstock eseduze. Isitshalo esikhulukazi iMercedes, esimbozwe ngamaphaneli ensimbi akhazimulayo, sakhiwa ehlathini likaphayini ngo-1997.
Ngesikhathi iqala ukutshala imali, i-Alabama yasebenzisa imali engaphezu kuka-$300 million yekhefu lentela kanye nolunye uxhaso ukuze ihehe iMercedes-Benz kuhulumeni, ithi inkampani izodala amathuba emisebenzi angu-1,500 kanye neminye engu-15,000 kuya ku-17,000 ehlobene. umsebenzi ngamunye—uphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200,000 kunalokho uTennessee akukhokhela imboni yakwaNissan ngo-18, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-1980 kunalokho okwakhokhelwa yiTennessee ngesikhungo iGeneral Motors Saturn ngo-7, izikhathi ezingu-1985 kunalokho uKentucky akukhokhela imboni yakwaToyota ngo-4 futhi izikhathi ezi-1985 kunezikhokhelwa iNingizimu Carolina. imboni yakwaBMW ngo-3,” ngokusho ekuhlaziyeni kwe-New York Times kusukela ngo-1996.
Kusukela lapho, inkampani iye yandisa ukusebenza kwayo kuhulumeni. Iqashe abasebenzi abangu-6,300 ezitolo ezimbili ezinkulu ezidla esitolo sikapende esisodwa, izitolo ezimbili zemihlangano, kanye nesikhungo sezokuthutha, kanye nesikhungo somhlaba wonke sokusabalalisa izingxenye zesevisi, isikhungo sokuhlanganisa, kanye nendawo entsha yebhethri ye-EV.
UKimbrell ube yingxenye yemizamo emibili ebhuntshiwe yokuhlela lesi sitshalo. “Phambilini uma siqhuba imikhankaso bengitshela abantu, kumele sixabane ngokuthi iBig 3 ithola imali ethe xaxa, bathola impesheni, neminye imihlomulo,” usho kanje.
“Uma uyibeka ephepheni, bekuyingxabano futhi abantu abaningi bebethi, 'Hhayi-ke, silapha ezansi e-Alabama. Sekufanele sisebenze futhi lokho kulindelekile.' Manje umehluko usumkhulu kakhulu njengoba i-Big 3 ikhuphule indlela yayo yokwabelana ngenzuzo, futhi yathola ukukhushulwa okuhle ngempela.”
UKimbrell nozakwabo baqhathanisa lokho nokukhushulwa ngo-87 cent abakuthola ngo-Okthoba, akubiza ngokuthi “impama ebusweni.”
“Mayelana nokucela ukukhushulelwa, asihlali ngokulingana etafuleni lezingxoxo,” usho kanje.
Ngokuxazululwa kwenkontileka ye-UAW ezindabeni, uKimbrell uthe, asebenza nabo sebeqala ukuza ukuze bazuze namandla enyunyana. “Bayaqonda ukuthi umqashi akasihloniphi nje njengabasebenzi,” usho kanje. “Banikela ngalokho abacabanga ukuthi bangaphila ngakho; abasiniki isabelo sethu esilinganayo.”
Ngaphambi kokuwohloka komnotho ngo-2008, abasebenzi babehola isikhathi esengeziwe ngemva kwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku. Manje iqala ngemva kwamahora angu-40 ngesonto.
Baphinde bathola ibhonasi ka-$500 ngomhla ka-2000 kuJulayi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-2020, iMercedes-Benz yethula lokho ekubiza ngokuthi “isabelo seqembu,” abasebenzi abakuthola kungaqondakali—amabhonasi ayo awakhokhwa enzuzweni yenkampani njengasefomini yokwabelana ngenzuzo. Le nkampani yethule uhlelo olunezigaba ezimbili, lapho abasebenzi abenza umsebenzi ofanayo behola amaholo ahlukene kanye nezinzuzo eziqala ngoJanuwari XNUMX.
Izivumelwano zeBig 3 ezisanda kuqinisekiswa ziqeda izigaba zamaholo cishe ngokuphelele.
'UNGAKHA OKUTHILE OKUNAMANDLA'
Ukuchema nokungahloniphi kuphinde kukhuphule abasebenzi basembonini yakwaMercedes. Futhi izinzuzo nezimo ziwohlokile. Izisebenzi zikulokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwesithupha neshumi—zisebenza amashifu amahora angu-10, izinsuku eziyisithupha zilandelana, ngokushintshana kwamaqembu amathathu.
“Izindawo eziningi lapho engake ngahlela khona, ngisho nalapho udaba luwumholo, okugqugquzela abasebenzi ngempela inhlonipho nesithunzi,” kusho uGene Bruskin, owahola umkhankaso wezinyunyana oyimpumelelo embonini yokucubungula ingulube yaseSmithfield eNorth Carolina ngo-2008. Uma bezizwa bengahlonishwa, futhi kungekho sithunzi emsebenzini, abantu abajabule. Uma ungangena kulokho kudelela okujulile, uvumele lokho kuphume, khona-ke ungakha okuthile okunamandla. ”
UWilliams uthe uRivian umenze waba ngomunye wabagqugquzeli bomkhankaso wenyunyana ngemuva kokubuka abaphathi bephakamisa umholi weqembu yena kanye nozakwabo ababike ngokumhlukumeza. “Esikhundleni sokuthi bamxoshe bamkhuphule esikhundleni sokuba yimenenja baphinde bamfaka kwenye i-shift ukuze aqhelelane nathi thina bantu abahluphayo,” usho kanje. "Ngimakwe njenge-pro-union."
Abaphathi baqala ukumxoxela ngeqhaza lakhe lokuhola inyunyana, bembuza imibuzo mayelana nomkhankaso wenyunyana nemisebenzi yabasebenzi. “Futhi into ehlekisayo kwakungaleso sikhathi, ngangingathathi hlangothi inyunyana,” kusho yena. “Ngicabange ukuthi uma sebezongijezisa ngakho, ngingahle ngiqhubeke ngikwenze.”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela