URobert McChesney ngunjingalwazi wezifundo zosasazo kunye nesifundiswa esaziwayo malunga nembali kunye noqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunxibelelwano oluninzi. Ungumbhali weencwadi zamanani, kutsha nje Ukuqhawulwa kweDijithali: Indlela i-Capitalism iJika ngayo i-Intanethi ngokuchasene neDemokhrasi kunye noJohn Nichols, IDolarocracy: Indlela iMali kunye neMedia Election Complex iyonakalisa ngayo iMelika. Wathetha no-Eric Ruder malunga nemiphumo yokuwa kobuntatheli.
I-MEDIA iyathetha ngokuthengwa kweWashington Post nguJeff Bezos, umsunguli kunye ne-CEO ye-Amazon.com. Ngoba? Yintoni ukubaluleka kolu phuhliso?
UMXHOLO wokuthengwa kweBezos kukuba ubuntatheli bezorhwebo njengoko besisazi eMelika isithuba esingaphaya kwenkulungwane buyaphela. Ikwintlungu yayo yokufa ngoku. Oongxowankulu abanakho ukwenza imali ngokupapasha ubuntatheli, kwaye luzimiselo olunengqiqo olugqibeleleyo olunokwenziwa ngungxowankulu.
Siye sanoluvo lokuba ubuntatheli obuthandwayo obunceda abaphulaphuli abaninzi bunokuba sisenzo sezemali esiyimpumelelo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba iintengiso zibonelele ngesixa esikhulu sengeniso, naphi na ukusuka kuma-50 epesenti ukuya kwi-100 ekhulwini. Kumaphepha-ndaba, izibhengezo ziye zanikela ngama-70 ukusa kuma-80 ekhulwini engeniso. Abakhangisi babengenamdla ukhethekileyo kubuntatheli ngokwesiqhelo; babedinga kuphela ukuxhasa amajelo eendaba ukuphumeza iinjongo zorhwebo.
Kwaye ngoku sikwindalo yonke apho iidola zentengiso zisiya zisiya kwiifomati zedijithali. Ngamanye amazwi, abakhangisi akusekho mfuneko yokuba bathenge indawo kumboneleli womxholo ukuze bafikelele kubaphulaphuli abajolise kubo. Kwi-Intanethi, kubizwa ngokuba yintengiso ehlakaniphile. Kwakudla ngokuthi, ukuba umbhengezi ufuna ukufikelela kwizigidi ezingama-25 zamabhinqa aneminyaka engama-29 ukuya kwengama-34 ekusenokwenzeka ukuba athengiselwa inqwelo-mafutha, umbhengezi kwakufuneka akhangele iinkqubo zikamabonwakude okanye amaphephandaba okanye amaphephancwadi lawo mabhinqa aya kuwo, aze emva koko amanye afumane iinkqubo zikamabonwakude okanye amaphephandaba okanye amaphephancwadi. imali yaloo ntengiso iya kuxhasa umxholo kweso siza okanye eso siphakathi.
Namhlanje, umthengisi uthenga nje abo bafazi ngenethiwekhi eqhutywa nguGoogle okanye iMicrosoft okanye i-AOL okanye iYahoo, kwaye baya kuhambisa abo bafazi, nokuba yeyiphi na iwebhusayithi abakuyo. Sonke sikhe sayiva le nto-ukuba ukwiwebhusayithi yebhasikithi kwaye ubona intengiso yencwadi onomdla kuyo engenanto yakwenza nebhola yomnyazi, unokuzibuza, "Kutheni beyibhengeza le ncwadi kule webhusayithi. ?" Kulungile, bebengathengisi nakubani na ngaphandle kwakho-bazi yonke indawo esingena kuyo kwi-intanethi, kwaye baza kukufumana nje bakunikeze intengiso.
Oku kuneempembelelo ezininzi zezopolitiko, ezinomdla kakhulu kwaye zinoloyiko, kodwa kwi-journalism, kuba akukho mali "yebhonasi" ehamba ngenkxaso-mali yobuntatheli obuqhelekileyo, abatyali-zimali beenkampani baxhuma inqanawa. Yiyo loo nto amaphephandaba evala kwaye angaphinde avulwe. Wonke umntu uthetha ngamaphephandaba ngathi ngamajelo eendaba amadala xa ethelekisa neendaba ezintsha. "Owu, ngala maphephandaba amadala e-inki ahlayo, i-Intanethi ithatha indawo yawo." Bullshit! Akukho mntu wenza imali ngokwenza ubuntatheli.
Akukho magumbi eendaba amatsha avela kwi-intanethi ahlawula imali yeentatheli kwaye anabahleli kunye nabasebenzi. Kwaye le yingxaki enkulu yexesha lethu kubuntatheli-yingxaki yesakhiwo, yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Imarike ayikwazi ukubonelela ngobuntatheli, njengeempahla ezininzi zikawonke-wonke, kumgangatho owaneleyo okanye ubungakanani, kwaye lo ngumxholo wokuqonda abazalwana bakaKoch, uBezos, kunye nabo bonke abanye oosozigidi abathenga amajelo oshicilelo emveli.
Amaphephandaba aseza kwenza imali kuba angoo-monopoli kwiimarike zabo ezinokwenza imali yelifa, kuba kuphela kweendaba edolophini kwaye akukho mntu ugubungela nantoni na. Kodwa isixa semali abasenzayo siyehla, kwaye imveliso abayikhuphayo iya isiba mfiliba ngakumbi njengoko bedendwa ngenxa yokuhla kwengeniso.
Okwesibini, kodwa okona kubalulekileyo, iindaba zeendaba zisenefuthe elimangalisayo kwezopolitiko. Kwaye yiloo nto uJeff Bezos kunye nabazalwana bakaKoch bathengayo. UJeff Bezos akazange athenge Washington Post kuba ucinga ukuba utyalo-mali olulumkileyo ngokwenene, ngokungathi unamathuba amaninzi otyalo-mali kwaye wathi, "Ngulowo uphumeleleyo!" Kwaye akazange ayithenge kuba wayecinga ukuba iya kungena kakuhle kubukumkani baseAmazon. Ukuba wayecinga loo nto, ngewayethengile iAmazon kwaye yayifaka ngokuthe ngqo kwimisebenzi yeAmazon.
Hayi, le yayiyimali ethengiweyo kwidrowa yakhe yokutshintsha. Uwise amakhulu amabini ezigidi zeedola, kwaye ngoku umnikazi wayo ngokwakhe. Yini i Washington Post imnika ngamandla amakhulu okubumba kunye nokuphembelela oko abantu baseWashington bathetha ngako, kunye noko bangathethi ngako. Kwaye isoyikiso saloo nto, nangaphandle kokuyisebenzisa, siya kumnika impembelelo enkulu. Ngokwazi nje ukuba yeyakhe isikhundla uya kufumana abantu abaninzi ukuba amhlawule ngoko nangoko isixa esithile sentlonipho ebeya kuba nzima ukufumana ngenye indlela. Ngoko ke ixabiso elikhulu.
Kwaye kunengqiqo xa ucinga ukuba i-250 yezigidi zeedola ayikho imali eninzi kuJeff Bezos, kwaye kunjalo ufumana iphephandaba lesibini okanye lesithathu elibaluleke kakhulu e-United States, iphephandaba elibaluleke kakhulu eWashington, kunye nenye ye-10. awona maphepha-ndaba abalulekileyo ehlabathini.
Ngumdlalo okrelekrele. Ukuba bendicebisa abazalwana baseKoch, bendinokuthi, "Thenga!" Endaweni yokuchitha amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kwezi zibhengezo zikamabonwakude zibubudenge, vele uthenge amaphephandaba. Banayo yonke into efana nefuthe, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu.
Kodwa kusishiya siluluntu kwindawo engafanelekanga. Ke, ukuba useChicago, kuya kufuneka ugxininise ukuba ibhiliyoni enobubele ithenga iphephandaba lakho elizimeleyo endaweni yephiko lasekunene, ibhiliyoni ephambeneyo. Kodwa umbono wokuba ngenye imini oosozigidi bezigidi baya kuba nolawulo olulodwa kwingxoxo-mpikiswano kuluntu lwethu alunangqondo. Nantso ke imeko esikuyo.
ABANYE ABANTU bacebise ukuba ukuthotywa kobuntatheli kukwayidemokhrasi nephakathi-kwaye yiyo loo nto kukho uqhekeko kwiindawo ezifana neWikiLeaks kwaye kutheni uSen. Dianne Feinstein ebethetha ngayo. icacisa kancinci ukuba ngubani oyintatheli kwaye ongenguye. Oku kuhambelana njani nobukhosi obutsha beendaba ezithengwa nguBezos kunye nabazalwana bakaKoch?
KUKHO ukwehla kwezobuntatheli-ukwehla kwezibonelelo eziya kubo kunye nokuncipha kwamaziko enza ubuntatheli. Kwixesha le-Intanethi, oku kubangele into esinokuyibiza ngokuba "ziintatheli zabemi," nto leyo ethetha ngeentatheli ezingabhatalwanga-umntu olivolontiya, ebhloga ngexesha labo lesimahla, ebhala into afuna ukuyibhala, engakhupheli nto. abafuni kugquma. Kwaye ngenene ayibanjwanga nakuwuphi na umgangatho nangubani na kuba beyenza ngexesha labo lesimahla. Ukuba awuyithandi, musa ukuyifunda.
Oku kudala ingxaki-iinqobo zokugweba zemveli zeentatheli ziya zisiba mandundu, kodwa ngaba wonke umntu ngoko yintatheli? Ngaba lishishini elahlukileyo? Yinto enzima kakhulu ukulwa nayo, kwaye ndicinga ukuba ukuzama ukuyicutha kuyindlela engalunganga yokuhamba. Ndicinga ukuba yinto engenamsebenzi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba sibe namalungelo akhethekileyo kwiintatheli malunga nokufikelela kulwazi kunye nabantu abanamandla, ukuba wonke umntu uyintatheli, inkqubo ayisebenzi kakuhle nayo. Ke yingxaki engasombululekiyo.
Ndicinga ukuba owona mbuzo unomdla wokwenene apha kukuba isiseko sengxaki namhlanje ngokuhlola kukarhulumente-uninzi lwento etyhilwe nguSnowden kunye nento etyhilwe yiWikiLeaks nayo, ukuba abantu bathathele ingqalelo-yayiyi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe, iCIA, i-FBI, umkhosi. , banamandla amakhulu okwazi yonke into ngathi. Ngokusisiseko banokufikelela kuyo yonke into, kwaye baqokelela yonke into.
Kufanele ukuba "sibathembe" ukuba abayi kukusebenzisa kakubi oko, nangona bonke ubungqina bembali bucebisa ukuba loo nto ibubuvuvu, ukuba awufanelanga ukuthemba amandla amapolisa angaphendulekiyo-nanini na, naphi na, kulo naliphi na ilizwe, nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngomnye wemigaqo yokuqala yomthetho ukuba olo hlobo lwamandla alufanele ukuthenjwa. Kwaye eyona nto imangalisayo ngayo kukuba oku kwenziwa zii-arhente zokhuseleko zesizwe ezahlukeneyo-ukuqokelela yonke le datha, ukusebenzisa la magunya-kwaye ngokusisiseko babengenangxoxo malunga nayo eWashington.
Iintloko zawo omabini amaqela ezopolitiko asayinwe ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ayisiyongxaki ngokwenene-ngaphandle kokuba kufike u-Snowden. Kwaye iindaba zethu zeendaba zilele ishumi leminyaka kule nto kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana ne Washington Post series by Dana Priest kunye William Arkin kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, akukho media zemveli eendaba ubonise nawuphi na umdla kule miba, ngaphandle kokuba baye banyanzelwa ngompu, kwaye ke badla ngecephe ukutya oko elites basixelela, Bob Schieffer- okanye Charlie Rose-style.
Kodwa ibali lokwenyani apha, kwaye into endiyifumanayo kwincwadi yam Uqhawulo lweDijithali, kukuba kukho ubudlelwane obuhle kakhulu phakathi kwee-arhente zokhuseleko zesizwe kunye nolawulo lwedijithali lweshishini ngoku, olulawulayo kunye nokulawula i-Intanethi. Isithembiso esikhulu kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo yayikukuba i-Intanethi yayiza kudiliza iimonopoli kunye ne-oligopolies kwaye inike abathengi, amashishini amancinci kunye nabantu babucala zonke iintlobo zeendlela zokufumana lonke olu lwazi, kwaye ke iinkampani ezinkulu azikwazanga ukukubetha ngaphezulu intloko ngamaxabiso abo aphezulu kunye neemveliso zabo crappy.
Usaweva loo rhetoric ngamanye amaxesha namhlanje kubantu abangayihoyiyo โ ndlela-ntle idayinaso Corporate America, ndlela-ntle monopolies, naku kuza ukhuphiswano, ixesha legolide leemarike, nkqu yobudala yegolide anti-imarike. Yayiza kuxhobisa abantu ukuba benze nantoni na abayifunayo phantsi kwempembelelo enkulu yedemokhrasi ye-Intanethi.
Kodwa enye yezinto ezixakayo malunga namaxesha ethu kukuba i-Intanethi ingqineke iyeyona mvelisi inkulu yemonopoly yenkampani kwimbali yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho, hayi nje ubungxowankulu bale mihla. Kuyo yonke indawo oya kuyo kwi-Intanethi, kukho iinkampani ezimbalwa ezinokuthi oosoqoqosho bathathele ingqalelo ukuba bodwa-oko kukuthi, ubuncinci isiqingatha sesabelo semarike, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezulu. Ezi nkampani azikwazi ukungena. Banokugqiba ixabiso lemveliso, kwaye banokulawula ukuba bangaphi abantu abakhuphisana nabo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ayifaneleki ukuzama ukuba ne-100 yepesenti yemarike-ama-70 okanye ama-80 epesenti anele, kwaye oku kuvumela abanye abantu ukuba bajikeleze imiphetho. Nditsho noJohn D. Rockefeller, ekuphakameni kweStandard Oil monopoly, wayengenayo i-100 yepesenti yemarike yeoli. Enyanisweni, wayenesabelo esincinci semarike kuneGoogle okanye i-Apple okanye i-Amazon namhlanje.
Kwaye kuyo yonke indawo kwi-intanethi, into esiyibonileyo liqaqobana leenkampani ezinkulu eziphuhlise ezi monopolies, kwaye ngoku zilawula ubungxowankulu. Sazi amagama abo amaninzi-uGoogle, iApple, iAmazon, iMicrosoft, iFacebook, iYahoo-kwaye amanye esiwazi kancinci-njengeQualcom okanye iIntel okanye iOracle. Emva koko kuya kufuneka uphose kwi-cartel elawula ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi-i-Comcast, i-Verizon kunye ne-AT&T-kodwa ezi nkampani zili-12 okanye kunjalo, eziziimonopoli ezisisiseko ngomgangatho we-Rockefeller, zonke iireyithi phakathi kweenkampani ezinkulu ezingama-30 eMelika ngokwexabiso lentengiso. .
Bonke baxabisa ngaphezulu kwe-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye bangama-monopolies. Kulapho imali iya khona kwi-Intanethi. Basebenzisa iingeniso zabo zodwa ukwenza ubukhosi obukhulu, kwaye bonke bayakhuphisana ukuze baseke izinto ezifanayo zale mihla zeedolophu zeenkampani kwi-intanethi. Benza imali eninzi kakhulu, kwaye ngabadlali kuphela abakumdlalo. Kwi Uqhawulo lweDijithali, Ndigubungela ngokweenkcukacha uqoqosho lomnatha obangela oku kunye nobungakanani obukhulu bezopolitiko emva kwemifanekiso evumela ukuba kubekho ukuxhamla kunye nokuvumela urhulumente ukuba avumele oku kwenzeke.
Kwaye nantsi ukufaneleka kwi-NSA: iGoogle okanye i-Facebook yenza phi imali (kunye ne-Apple kunye ne-Amazon encinci)? Kukho intetho enkulu malunga ne-Intanethi: ukuba ufumana into simahla kwi-Intanethi, awungomthengi; uyimveliso. Njengoko siqhuba olu dliwano-ndlebe nge-Skype, umzekelo, asingomthengi, siyimveliso.
UMicrosoft ungumnikazi weSkype. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, bayazi yonke into ngathi. Nantso ke isivumelwano. Siyenza le mnxeba, kodwa uMicrosoft ufunda yonke into afuna ukuyazi malunga no-Eric Ruder kunye noBob McChesney. Batyala iikuki kwiikhompyuter zethu. Lurhwebo olo. Ke into eyenzekayo kukuba iingeniso zikaGoogle kunye neMicrosoft kunye neApple kunye neAmazon kunye neFacebook zivela ekukhupheni inani elikhulu ledatha ngathi, emva koko basithengisele abathengisi bezo ntengiso zihlakaniphile kwiinkampani. Emva koko, xa inkampani ifuna ukuthenga intengiso, iya kukwazi ukubeka iintengiso kwiiwebhusayithi esizindwendwelayo ukuze zifikelele kuthi kuyo nayiphi na indawo esiya kuyo. Nantso imodeli yeshishini.
Uyabona ngoko nangoko ukuba kukho umtshato omangalisayo wokulungelelana kwamaziko okhuseleko esizwe nawo afuna ukwazi yonke into ngathi, njengokuba ezi nkampani zifuna ukwazi yonke into ngathi. Kwaye yeyona nto inzima yomkhosi-yedijithali leyo iyimbali kwizityhilelo ze-Snowden kunye neWikiLeaks. Ezi nkampani kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe kunye nabasemagunyeni bamapolisa kunye norhulumente wase-US banobudlelwane obungaqhelekanga kunye nobudlelwane obuxhamlayo, kwaye lelinye lamabali achazayo ezopolitiko kwixesha lethu, kunye nebali elingafumani ngqalelo ingako.
Uyakhumbula ke xa izityhilelo zeWikiLeaks zaphuka kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo kwaye uAssange kwafuneka ahlukanise ilizwe? IAmazon inelifu elikhulu apho abantu bagcina idatha yabo yedijithali, kwaye amashishini amaninzi asebenzisa ilifu. I-WikiLeaks isebenzise ilifu lase-Amazon ukuqhuba ishishini labo, kwaye bahlawula le nkonzo, njengaye wonke umntu. Kodwa iAmazon, ingakhange ixelelwe, yalahla iWikiLeaks kwilifu layo, ayizange iyivumele ukuba yenze ishishini layo okanye inyuse imali yayo apho, nangona iWikiLeaks ingazange ibekwe ityala.
Abanye abezopolitiko baye bakhalaza malunga neWikiLeaks, njengeSenators uJoe Lieberman kunye noJohn McCain. Kwaye yayiyiloo nto kuphela eyayithatha iAmazon ukukhaba iWikiLeaks-kwaye akukho nelinye ilifu elikhulu elinokuyivumela ukuba iqhubeke. Ngokusisiseko babeka iWikileaks kwishishini. Ezi nkampani zisebenza yedwa zazinakho ukuphelisa i-WikiLeaks njengento enokwenzeka. Kwaye bayenza loo nto ngokuzithandela.
Abanye abantu bazama ukuyiveza ngathi, "I-Amazon ehlwempuzekileyo, urhulumente wabacinezela." Ewe, ndinomhlobo owayesebenza kwiSebe likaRhulumente ngelo xesha kwaye wayesegumbini kunye nenxalenye yeengxoxo xa babexubusha izityhilelo zeWikiLeaks. Ngelo xesha, iSebe likaRhulumente lalilelona xhoba liphambili kwezi ntambo. Kwaye abantu ababekwelo gumbi babe-kodwa bamangaliswa kukuba iAmazon yenze oku. Bathi: โAsizange sibabuze nokubabuza!
I-Amazon akunyanzelekanga ukuba ixelelwe-bangamaqabane, badityanisiwe kwi-hip. Ke uJeff Bezos waseAmazon yindoda ngoku eza kuqhuba Washington Post. Lo ngumfana oza kukhusela ukuzimela kokuhlela kunye nengqibelelo kwi Washington Post? Ndicinga ukuba oko kusinika ingqiqo yendlela uJeff Bezos ajonga ngayo ihlabathi. Ukuba ukhupha iiWikiLeaks efini, kwiiseva zakhe, ngenxa yokuba abahlobo bakhe kurhulumente ashishina nabo bengabathandi, ngawaphi amathuba okuba alandele eli bali ngamandla Washington Post, okanye uyiphathe ngentlonelo?
Kwaye kulo nyaka uphelileyo, iAmazon yafumana isivumelwano se-600 yezigidi zeedola kunye neCIA yokubeka izinto zeCIA efini. Ke, mfondini, abukho mnandi na ubomi? Kwaye kwakhona, ukungamkhuseli uJeff Bezos, ayikuko ukuba ungumntu ombi, kodwa ngokwesakhiwo yile nto ubunokuyilindela. Sinenkqubo ngokwesakhiwo apho ubuya kuba olu hlobo lobudlelwane.
LO MZEKELO "wobuchwephesha bobuntatheli" esibona ukufa kwabo wawusisiphumo sengxaki yemodeli yangaphambili, enokuthiwa lixesha "lobuntatheli be-robber-baron." Ngaba ungathetha ngento ebangele loo ntlekele?
NANSI imbali eshwankathelweyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-US yayineyona mithombo yoshicilelo idlamkileyo kwihlabathi ngenkulungwane ye-19-ngokuthelekiswa, ushicilelo olukhulu lokubhangisa, ushicilelo lwe-suffragist, ushicilelo lwabasebenzi. Kwaye kwizixeko ezikhulu, kunokuba hlanu, 10, 20 amaphephandaba emihla ngemihla. Intengiso ibingengowona mthombo uphambili wenkxaso. Ukuba intengiso sisiseko sobuntatheli namhlanje, sasinayo njani yonke loo nto ngelo xesha? Luluphi uqoqosho olwalunokuxhasa eli jelo leendaba? Ngokophando lwembali ndim kunye nabanye abaphengululi, ubuntatheli baseMelika phambi kweminyaka yoo-1880 kunye no-1890 baxhaswa kakhulu ngenkxaso-mali karhulumente-ngendlela yoshicilelo olukhulu kunye nenkxaso yeposi.
Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali yeposi, eyenze ukuhanjiswa kwamaphephandaba nangaphakathi kwizixeko phantse kube simahla, ngekhe kubekho ushicilelo lokubhangisa ngenxa yokuba ngebengenakukwazi ukuphila. Ezi nkxaso-mali zedemokhrasi nezingaqhelekanga zenze kwalula ukuba abantu bavelise amaphephandaba kwaye zakhuthaza iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ubuntatheli ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 babunocalucalulo. Ukuba uthathe iphephandaba, yonke imihla okanye ngenye indlela, uyayazi imbono yalo kwangoko. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ulinde de kube kwiphepha lokuhlela.
Ukuba ibiliphephandaba leRiphabhlikhi ngo-1892 ngexesha lonyulo lukamongameli, lisenokungakhankanyi kwaphela iiDemokhrasi, naphi na ephepheni. Yayingeyonto ingaqhelekanga leyo, kwaye ngenye indlela. Inkqubo yecala, apho umshicileli wephephandaba engumhleli kwaye ezopolitiko ziyiqhubela phambili njengorhwebo, ineengxaki zayo, kodwa isebenza kakuhle xa unoluhlu lweembono. Iingxaki kuxa unombono omnye kuphela, njengakwilizwe lobuKomanisi okanye kwilizwe lamaNazi okanye elinobuzwilakhe, apho kuphela iqela elinye elivumelekileyo ukuba linxibelelane.
Kodwa ukuba unezimvo ezininzi, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba uqale amaphephandaba amatsha ngokulula ukuba kukho ukungabikho kwindawo ethile kule ngqungquthela, akuyona indlela embi yokuqhuba inkqubo yokushicilela kwintlalo ekhululekile. Ndiyenza ngokubanzi apha, kodwa ubukhulu becala yayiyinkqubo yethu ngenkulungwane ye-19.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukupapasha amaphephandaba kwaqalisa ukuba nengeniso enkulu. Intengiso yaqala ukuvela, kwaye upapasho lweendaba lwagxila kakhulu, okuthetha ukuba endaweni yokuba ne-10 okanye i-20 yamaphephandaba emihla ngemihla kwisixeko esinjengePhiladelphia okanye iChicago, okanye i-30 eNew York, amanani ehla. Kwizixeko ezincinci ezifana neDes Moines, Iowa, Louisville, Ky., Madison, Wis., Rockford, Ill., Ngamanye amaxesha yawela kwisibini okanye ezintathu kwaye ekugqibeleni yaya kwenye.
Kodwa ukuba nobuntatheli obuthath' icala kwindawo elawulwa ngumntu wonke akusebenzi. Kunuka intlanzi enyangeni iphuma ekhawuntareni kuba ke umntu olawulayo unawo onke lamandla ezopolitiko. Kwaye akukho sisongelo sokhuphiswano kumntu oqala iphepha elitsha kuba imarike isebenza ngokuchasene nabaqalayo. Kwaye loo nto ngamafutshane yingxaki yamashumi ambalwa okuqala enkulungwane yama-20, into ebizwa ngokuba yiProgressive Era.
Kwezi marike zigxininiswe kakhulu zamaphephandaba, iinkosi ezinkulu zeendaba zasebenzisa ubunini bazo kumajelo eendaba ukuze zityhalele ezazo iipolitiki-kaninzi zibambelele kwaye zisoloko zichasa abasebenzi, ngaphandle kwabambalwa kakhulu. Eli lihlazo lobuntatheli. Asiyopolitiki nje; yayikwayinyani yokuba kwakukho inkuthazo emandla yokuya kubhengezo oluhlazo kunye nokuthengisa i-coverage ukwenza imali-ngamanye amazwi, ukufuna inzuzo kwakusingela phantsi isidima seendaba njengoko kwenza i-ajenda yezopolitiko yabanini.
Lawo ngamacande amabini ekrele adala imeko ngo-1910 okanye ngo-1915 apho ubuntatheli baseMelika babukweyona ngxaki inzulu eyathi yadibana nayo ngokwentembeko. Nabanye abanini beendaba zorhwebo baqala bacinge ukuba mhlawumbi kufuneka sibe ngumasipala ngobunini bamaphephandaba ukuze siwenze amaziko oluntu, kuba anobuqhophololo. Kwanoondaba-mlonyeni abaxhamla kweli lungiselelo babekuqonda oko.
Kunyulo lukamongameli lwango-1912, abathathu kwabagqatswa abane bakamongameli-uDemocrat uWoodrow Wilson, umgqatswa weBull Moose uTeddy Roosevelt kunye nomgqatswa weSocialist u-Eugene Debs-benza ubuqhophololo kunye nokuvakala kwamaphephandaba omnye wemixholo yamaphulo abo. Kuphela ngumongameli obambeleyo uWilliam Howard Taft ongazange.
Kwakuqondwa ngokubanzi ukuba inkqubo yokushicilela yayibolile kwaye iyanuka. Ngeli xesha uWalter Lippman wabhala ukugxeka kwakhe kumaphephandaba welo xesha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, yayiyinto uNoam Chomsky awayenokuyibhala nangona uLippman wayethetha ngaye njengomntu ophetheyo. Ke le yingxaki.
Isisombululo esaphuma kuloo nto-ekuqaleni koo-1920 kunye nokudlulela kwi-40s-yayikuzilawula ngabanini beendaba abazimeleyo ukuseka into ebizwa ngokuba "yintatheli yobungcali." Le yingcamango yoguquko yokwahlula umnini kumhleli, owayekade engumntu omnye, kwaye abeke into abayibiza ngokuba ludonga lwaseTshayina phakathi kwabo. Kwelinye icala, bekuya kubakho abanini nabakhangisi, abanomdla kwishishini kunye nokwenza imali, kwaye kwelinye icala lodonga lwaseTshayina kukho abahleli kunye neentatheli.
Abahleli kunye neentatheli ziya kusebenzisa isigwebo seendaba sobuchule esifundwe kwizikolo zobuntatheli, ezazingazange zibekho ngaphambili. Oku kuya kudala ukuthembana ukuba oko bekukwiphepha-ndaba akubonisi nje ukuthath' icala kunye nezopolitiko zabanini kunye nababhengezi. Ngako oko ke baya kubanjwa ngokwemigangatho elungiselela uluntu.
Kweli xesha litsha lobuntatheli obuchwepheshile, awuyi kuba nexhala malunga nokuba kukho iphephandaba elinye okanye amabini kwidolophu yakho kuba uya kufumana umxholo wobungcali. Ubunokuthembela kubuntatheli nangona umniniyo ebeligwala okanye umntu ongavumelaniyo naye.
Kwathatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuseka ngokuqinileyo, kwaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yaseMelika elityelweyo kukuba iintatheli ezisebenzayo zelo xesha ezaqala umanyano olukhulu, i-Newspaper Guild, ngeminyaka yee-1930s besilwela ngamandla umbono wobuntatheli obuchwephesha ababewufuna. kodwa loo nto yahluke ngokupheleleyo kuleyo sagqibela ngayo. Umbono wabo ibikukuba bonke ubuntatheli kufuneka bazibone zimele wonke umntu ongaphandle kwamandla abo ngokuchasene nawo wonke umntu ophetheyo, ukuba baphathe wonke umntu ophetheyo ngomthi omnye obalulekileyo, nokuba bungakhethi cala.
Olu luhlobo lobuntatheli olusaqhutywa ngabantu abambalwa namhlanje. U-Amy Goodman uyaqhelisela, uJeremy Scahill, uGlenn Greenwald. Kwangoko, bekukho IF Ilitye, owayengomnye weenkokeli zeGuild eyatyhala le nto-ngokusisiseko ukuba uthethe inyani kwaye uvumele iitshiphusi ziwe apho zinokuwela khona.
Olu hlobo lobuntatheli ngokucacileyo belungadumanga kubanini bamaphephandaba. Babengazukubacaphukisa bonke oogxa babo, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo babengakufuni ncam ukuphononongwa ngokusondeleyo kobudlelwane boshishino norhulumente. Bakhetha uhlobo lobuntatheli obuchwepheshile esinabo, abathi abanye abantu bacinge ngokuba "yinjongo yobuntatheli," okuthetha ukuba kwimibuzo yezopolitiko, uxela iingxoxo-mpikiswano phakathi kwe-elites ngokuchanekileyo. Ke ukuba kukho impikiswano ephilayo, eyomeleleyo phakathi kwe-elites, uyixela ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye bubuntatheli obulungileyo bobuchwephesha. Ukuba abantu abaphezulu bayavumelana ngento ethile, nangona kunjalo, akukho nto inokuthatyathwa njengengxoxo esemthethweni, kwaye ke akukho nkcazo yayo.
E-Amerika, oko kuyasilimaza ngenxa yokuba abakhethiweyo bethu bavame ukuba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeRiphabhlikhi kunye neDemocratic Party, kwaye bavame ukuvumelana kwimiba ethile engundoqo, njengoko kunjalo ngokomzekelo malunga nokuhlola kwe-NSA. Kwaye kumaxesha orhwaphilizo afana nelethu, apho uluntu olumanyanisiweyo lusanda ukuba ngabanikazi bamaqela omabini ngokuthe ngqo, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zamaqela, ibeka ihandcuffs ezongezelelweyo kuluhlu lwengxoxo ethathwa njengesemthethweni.
Ke ubuntatheli bethu obuchwephesha buneengxaki zokwenyani ezakhelwe kanye kwindlela obuqhutywa ngayo. Okona kuchukumisayo kukugubungela umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nomkhosi. Kuba iintloko zawo omabini amaqela ezopolitiko zicinga ukuba i-US kuphela inelungelo "007" lokuba kulo naliphi na ilizwe elifunayo nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye alikho elinye ilizwe elinokwenza oko ngaphandle kokuba sisekela ilizwe, elifana ne-Israel, loo nto ayizange ibe ngumcimbi. kumajelo eendaba ethu.
Kuthathwa njengokuba i-US inelungelo lokuhlasela eli lizwe okanye elo lizwe. Ngamanye amaxesha emva kwenyani, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambi kwenyani, baya kupheka isizathu sokulungelelanisa ukuhlasela, kodwa akuzange kuthathwe ngokungathรญ sina njengomcimbi wengxoxo. Leyo yimveliso yohlobo lobuntatheli obuchwephesha esinabo, obubona umsebenzi wabo njengokunika ingxelo ngokuchanekileyo oko abaphezulu bakuthatha njengomdlalo olungileyo kwingxoxo.
Ukuba intatheli ibinokucelโ umngeni ilungelo leUnited States lokuhlasela elinye ilizwe, bebeya kugqalwa โnjengabangenabuchule,โ โbabeneengcamango,โ okanye bade balinganise โngombono wabo.โ Ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi wentatheli kukunika ingxelo "ngokuchanekileyo," ukuba "yinjongo" kunye "nobulungisa" yindlela ushishino oluqeqesha ngayo iintatheli ukuba zingayibuzi loo mibuzo.
Ubuntatheli obuchwephesha mhlawumbi bufike kwindawo ephezulu yamanzi kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kunye no-70s. Umlinganiselo wobuntatheli obuchubekileyo kulo mba uya kuba kukuba ingaba ubuntatheli bunokuphuncuka kangakanani na ekukhonzeni amandla equmrhu, kwaye ubuntatheli bakonwabela ukuzimela ngeloo xesha ubukhulu becala ngenxa yeentshukumo ezidumileyo zelo xesha ezadala indawo yezopolitiko. Kodwa ukusukela ngoko, kukho ukudendwa. Uninzi lohlaselo lwamaphiko asekunene kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "yinkululeko" yeendaba ibimalunga nokunciphisa nakuphi na ukuzimela obekukho, ukoyikisa ukufa kweentatheli ukuze balumke ngakumbi ukuba bangakhuphi ishishini elikhulu kunye nePentagon. Kwaye ibe yimpumelelo.
Ke, ukongeza ekukhutshweni kwezixhobo zobuntatheli, enye ingxaki enkulu yobuntatheli ibikukurhweba kunye nokufakwa ekhaya komxholo wobuntatheli, okanye into onokuthi uyibize ngokuba kukoyikisa ubuntatheli.
Isixelela ntoni le mbali malunga nekufuneka kwenziwe njengoko ixesha lobuntatheli obuchwephesha lijongene nokufa kwabo?
ABASEBENZI boonondaba beminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo babezenzela ubutyebiโabanye babona bantu bazizityebi ehlabathini namhlanje basuka kwelo xesha. Namhlanje yenziwe ngokwahlukileyo. Akunjalo apho benza imali yabo. Benza imali yabo kwiAmazon okanye kwiKoch Industries. Bathenga amaphephandaba ukuze nje banyanzelise imigaqo-nkqubo eya kunceda umdla wabo wezoqoqosho kumashishini abo aphambili. Ngoko yindawo eyahlukileyo kakhulu, kwaye ndicinga ukuba yindawo embi kakhulu kwizinto ezininzi.
Ingxaki enkulu ekhoyo esijongene nayo siluluntu lobuntatheli kukuba ngandlelโ ithile size nezixhobo zokuxhasa ubuntatheli obuzimeleyo, obukhuphisanayo obunokusitsalela kubomi boluntu ukuze sazi ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni na kwaye sithathe inxaxheba. Abaqulunqi beli lizwe-kwaye ndibhale izinto ezigxekayo malunga nabo, kwaye bafanelwe ukugxekwa abakufumana kumaqela amaninzi-bafumene le nto kwityala labo elikhulu. UJefferson kunye noMadison, uTom Paine, uBen Franklin, kunye neWashington kunye no-Adams noHamilton bafumana oku.
Babeqonda ukuba urhulumente ozimele akanakusebenza ngaphandle kokuba kukho inkqubo yokushicilela ethembekileyo. Kwaye akukho mntu wayenayo nayiphi na inkohliso yokuba "intengiso," okanye injongo yenzuzo, yayiza kuvelisa inkqubo yokushicilela eya kuyenza. Ukuchaza uJefferson, abantu abazizityebi bahlala befumana ulwazi abaludingayo ukuze baqhube uluntu, kodwa ukuba sifuna ukuba abantu abaninzi babe nolwazi olufunekayo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba, kufuneka sibe nenkxaso-mali yokudala i-press yamahhala. Kufuneka siyibhanka ngokusisiseko. Yiyo loo nto sifumene inkxaso-mali yeposi neyokushicilela.
Ndicinga ukuba loo mbono yinto esiyidingayo namhlanje. Kuya kufuneka sithethe, kwaye kungekudala, malunga nokuba loluphi uhlobo lwenkcitho esinokuyenza njengoluntu ukudala ukhuphiswano, oluzimeleyo, olungenzi nzuzo, lweendaba ezingarhwebiyo, ezingaphoswanga, kunye nezixhobo zokugubungela i-NSA, kunye nezixhobo okunene ungene kwaye ubone iHolo yeSixeko saseChicago, yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwabaphuhlisi kunye neenkampani kunye neebhanki kunye nezigqibo ezenziwe apho, kuba loo nto ayinakwenziwa ngumntu othile kwiipjama zakhe, ngokuzithandela ixesha lakhe njengeblogi.
Inzima loo nto. Udinga amagumbi eendaba akhuphisanayo anoxanduva, kwaye ukuba umntu ulikrobile ibali, uhlawula ixabiso. Lo ngumba womgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ongowona mkhulu. Enyanisweni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US, kwixesha elingcono, xa ichaza "inkululeko yokushicilela" kwesinye sezigqibo zayo yathi yonke inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yase-United States iqikelelwe ekubeni yi-press yamahhala. Umsebenzi wokuqala wabantu abakhululekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba unenkqubo yokushicilela. Ngaphandle kwayo, akukho nto isindayo. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba siphila kuloo nto ngoku.
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Nikela