USen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) ubhala ngencwadi entsha Ulawulo lwedola, nguJohn Nichols noRobert McChesney:
Ngale ncwadi, uJohn Nichols noBob McChesney bamema abantu baseMelika ukuba bahlolisise imingeni ejongene neMelika ngeendlela ezintsha, kwaye baqonde ngokupheleleyo isoyikiso sokuba indibaniselwano yemali enkulu kunye neendaba ezinkulu zenza isithembiso sokuzilawula. Bapeyinta umfanekiso oyoyikisayo, otyebileyo kwiinkcukacha ezisekelwe kwingxelo enzulu kunye nophando olusisiseko. Kodwa abasiniki ithemba. Kunoko, basibiza, njengoko uTom Paine wenzayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ukuguqula ulwazi lube ngamandla. Kwaye basixelela ukuba singakwazi kwaye kufuneka siphendule kwimingeni yethu yangoku njengesizwe ngokugatya iDolarocracy kwaye sihlaziye ukuzinikela kwethu kwidemokhrasi.
Inyaniso kutshanje ixoxe noNichols noMcChesney ngocelomngeni olunzima lokugcina idemokhrasi edlamkileyo xa ubutyebi bunokuthenga amajelo eendaba, unyulo kunye norhulumente.
UMARKO KARLIN: Ubhekisa kwintshayelelo yakho "kwimeko yonyulo lwemali kunye nemidiya." Ngaba oku kuya kuba yinkcazo efanelekileyo yeDolarocracy?
UROBERT MCCHESNEY: Hayi. Nge "complex yonyulo lwemali kunye nemidiya" sibhekisa kumajelo eendaba, abaxhasi abakhulu, iiSuperPacs, iipundits, abacebisi, abavoti, amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nabezopolitiko abalawula inkqubo yokhankaso lonyulo eMelika kwaye bafumana inzuzo ngayo. Ezi ziimpembelelo zamaziko ezithatha amanyathelo okwenza unyulo lwethu lube kude kwidemokhrasi kwaye lungabi naxabiso.
NgeDolarocracy, sihamba sikhulu kwaye sinikezela njengegama elichaneke ngakumbi eMelika namhlanje kunedemokhrasi. Idemokhrasi, ngengqiqo yokoqobo, ithetha โulawulo lwabantu.โ UAristotle wayeyiqonda idemokhrasi njengolawulo lwamahlwempu. Yayithetha abo bangenayo impahla [ababeyila] uninzi lwabemi ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni uluntu nobomi babo basekuhlaleni.
Xa iqondwa ngolu hlobo, idemokhrasi yayijongwa ngendlela ekrokrisayo, okanye ithiywa ngokuphandle, ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu. Uloyiso oludumileyo lwenze ubutshaba obucacileyo kwidemokhrasi ukuba bube yindlela echaseneyo nemveliso e-USA, ngoko ke idabi lajikela ekungcoliseni idemokhrasi ukuze amandla ezityebi ezimbalwa angaphazanyiswa lulawulo lwesininzi. Ulonyulo lwalusoloko lusona isoyikiso esikhulu sangoko, kuba kwakungelo xesha apho wonke umntu waye (kwaye) elingana ngokupheleleyo ngamandla. Ixesha elide awona madabi abalulekileyo ayephezu kwelungelo lokuvota - ngubani onokuvota kwaye ngubani ongakwaziyo - kwaye i-USA yaba yidemokhrasi yokwenyani yale mihla kunye nenkululeko yabantu abadala kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo.
Ngasekupheleni koo-1960 nasekuqaleni koo-1970, uluntu lwamashishini, olukhokelwa yi-US Chamber of Commerce, lwaqiniseka ukuba iMelika yayiphuma ezandleni zayo kwaye urhulumente wayekhula exhalabele kakhulu iimfuno zabahluphekileyo nabasebenzi. Bamthiyile uRalph Nader, kwaye bakhalazela indlela awayehlonelwa ngayo kuluntu lonke. Lo ngumfanekiso wencwadi yethu kunye nengxoxo yethu. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, njengoko sichaza iinkcukacha, amaqumrhu kunye nezityebi banikele ngemithombo yobutyebi engaqhelekanga ukulawula inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Baye baphumelela, njengoko intshukumo yawo omabini amaqela ezopolitiko isiya ngasekunene ibonisa. Le ntshukumo yasekunene ayibonakali kukutshintsha koluvo loluntu.
Banqwenela ukudala iDolarocracy, apho uluntu lulawulwa yidola enye, ivoti enye, kunokuba umntu omnye, ivoti enye. Kuyinxalenye yoxinezeleko olwalukho ukususela ekuqaleni kwedemokhrasi, kwaye ingxaki [kuku]tshata kwawo uluntu olunokungalingani okugqithisileyo kwezoqoqosho. Kuphela, ngoku kubonakala ngathi, i-Dollarcrats ifumene amanqaku oloyiso oluqinisekileyo.
Eyona nto iphambili kweli phulo kukungaphumeleli konyulo. Oku kwenziwe nangona inkqubo yesiqhelo efana ne-gerrymandering kodwa eyona nto ibaluleke nangakumbi ibe kukunyuka okukhulu kwenkcitho yephulo, njengoko kutyhilwe yi-Citizens United, indima ebalulekileyo yeentengiso zezopolitiko zikamabonwakude ezingalunganga kunye nokunyamalala okubonakalayo kokubhengezwa kwephulo okunentsingiselo ngamajelo eendaba azimeleyo. . Yiloo nto esiyigubungelayo encwadini.
Kodwa kufuneka ndongeze ukuba sinethemba. Ama-Dollarcrat ayazi ukuba akanakuluphumelela unyulo olukhululekileyo nolungenamkhethe ngama-55 [epesenti] okanye ama-60 ekhulwini, singasathethi ke ngama-70 [epesenti ukuya] kuma-80 ekhulwini, njengokuba ihlabathi liphela linandipha. Esi sisizwe esinenkqubela kakhulu kunokuba inkqubo yezopolitiko ibonakalisa. Yiyo loo nto betyhalela inkcitho engasikelwanga mda ngoosozigidi bezigidi-gidi kunye namaqumrhu ukuze balawule unyulo kwaye kutheni ngoku betyhala ukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucinezela iivoti zabantu abahluphekayo ngendlela engenazintloni nelihlazo. Bayazi oku kuphela kwendlela abanokugcina amandla. Sinamanani kwicala lethu.
UMARKO KARLIN: Nobabini nibe ziinkokeli eziphambili kwiinzame zokuphumeza uhlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yeendaba kuhlala kusanda. Leliphi ithemba onokuthi ubanike lona abo baxhalabileyo malunga nokubuyiselwa kwedemokhrasi yokuba ukudityaniswa korhulumente wesininzi kunye nosasazo oluninzi kungaqhubeki ngesantya esikuso?
UJOHN NICHOLS: Ngaxeshanye sinethemba ngakumbi kwaye sixhalabele ngakumbi kunokuba sasinjalo xa sasiqalisa ukusebenza kunye kule miba phantse kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990, utshintsho olumandla kumgaqo-nkqubo wonxibelelwano lwaqhubela phambili ngokomyalelo wamashishini abandakanyekayo kungekho mpikiswano ibalulekileyo. Loo nto itshintshile. Abantu baququzelele, kwaye amalungu eNkongolo aye athetha kakhulu. Umthetho weTelecommunications Act ka-1996, owathi watshintsha ngendlela engummangaliso imo yosasazo, ingakumbi kwizitishi zikanomathotholo, wapasiswa ngaphandle kwenkcaso encinane. Namhlanje, olu hlobo lwesindululo luya kujongana nokutyhalela phambili okumangalisayo.
Oku akuthethi ukuba abaxhasi beendaba ezigcina idemokhrasi baphumelela kumlo ngamnye okanye imilo emininzi. Kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba sinako ukuphumelela kwimilo ebekuya kuba ngamaphulo agwetyiweyo. Ulawulo lukaBush, ekuphakameni kwamandla alo, aluphumelelanga ukuphumeza utshintsho olukhulu olulufunayo kumgaqo-nkqubo wobunini beendaba kuba izigidi zabantu baseMelika bezichasile. Kwaye ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluvela kwamanye amashishini amakhulu elizweni, sikwazile ukukhusela ukungathathi hlangothi kunye neyona nto ifanelekileyo ye-intanethi yasimahla nezimeleyo.
Abahlaziyi bemidiya balungelelaniswe ngokwaneleyo ngoku ukuze, kumlo ofanelekileyo, siphumelele.
Ngelishwa, indawo yedabi iyatshintsha ukuze imilo ingabikho nobulungisa. Inene, abasadlali kwindawo ekufutshane.
Asikuko nje ukuba imeko yonxibelelwano iyaguquka. Imeko yezopolitiko iyaguquguquka ukuze imali yephulo kunye nemali yokuphembelela ibe nempembelelo engaphezulu lee kuneyee-1980 kunye nee-1990. Ngenxa yoko, nangona kunjalo, siye sakha iintshukumo ebezinokwanela ukuphumelela imilo yexesha elidlulileyo, ngoku singena kumlo omtsha ochasene nemidla ekhethekileyo elungelelaniswe ngcono nenamandla.
Yiyo loo nto siye sandisa ugxininiso lwethu ngale ncwadi. Akusenakwenzeka ukutsho nje, "Masixelele abantu kwaye baququzelele kwaye sinokuphumelela kwiingxoxo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezonxibelelwano, malunga nenkululeko ye-Intanethi, malunga nobuntatheli kunye nesidingo sokuxhasa amajelo oluntu kunye noluntu." Oku kungenxa yokuba iingxoxo-mpikiswano azisaqhubeki kwelo nqanaba. Imilo emikhulu yeyolawulo lwenkqubo yokulawula kwaye iqhutywe kwinqanaba elikhulu, kunye neebhiliyoni (ewe, iibhiliyoni) zeedola ezijoliswe kumaphulo ngamabhiliyoni afana nabazalwana bakaKoch kunye nosapho lweDeVos kunye nabasebenzi abafana noKarl Rove. Bafuna, yaye ngokufuthi bafumana, inqanaba lolawulo olusuka phezulu oluyoyisa inkcaso esuka kwingca.
Ithiyori yabo yeyokuba bathenga izinto kwasekuqaleni baze baphumeze โ nokuba bajongene neliphi inqanaba lokuchasa. Kwaba njalo ke, nangona inkuthazo enkulu yaseWisconsin, uScott Walker namahlakani akhe owiso-mthetho baqhubeleka phambili namanyathelo abo achasene nomsebenzi kunye nemfundo yoluntu. Kwaba njalo, ngaphandle kwevoti yelizwe lonke yokuphelisa abaphathi bexesha likaxakeka kwizixeko zaseMichigan, uRick Snyder kunye namahlakani akhe owiso-mthetho babhala umthetho omtsha kwaye bathatha iDetroit.
Lo mcimbi ubonakala kakhulu kumazwe anolawulo lweqela elinye, kodwa iya isanda into kwinqanaba lomdibaniso.
Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba sithetha ngesidingo sokujongana nemali-kunye nolonyulo lweendaba. Iimodeli ezindala zolungiselelo zihlala zibalulekile, kodwa ulungelelwaniso olumxinwa malunga nomba omnye okanye ummandla wemiba akwanelanga. Asiyondlela amandla emali asebenza ngayo; imali enkulu iye yalungelelaniswa ngcono kwaye ibhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwindlela yayo. Abahlaziyi bemidiya kufuneka benze okufanayo.
UMARKO KARLIN: Ukuthetha ngaloo nto, ayisothusi into yokuba abazalwana bakwaKoch banokuba ngabanini beNkampani yeChicago Tribune kungekudala?
UROBERT MCCHESNEY: โUkunxunguphalaโ kuyibeka ngobulali. Ubuntatheli borhwebo luyafa eUnited States. Ubuntatheli obujoliswe ngaphaya kwe-elites kubaphulaphuli abadumileyo bubuhle kuluntu; imarike ayikwazi ukuyivelisa kumgangatho owaneleyo okanye ubungakanani.
Izibhengezo zazigqugqisile oko ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20, yaye ubuntatheli baba nengeniso enkulu, ingakumbi kwiimarike ezilawulwa ngabantu bonke, njengoko inkoliso yamaphephandaba yayikuthanda. Ziphelile ezo ntsuku. Ihlabathi elitsha lentengiso yedijithali "ehlakaniphile" ithetha ukuba iinkampani ziyakwazi ukufumana abathengi ekujoliswe kubo naphi na apho baya khona kwi-Intanethi kwaye akusekho mfuneko yokubonelela ngeewebhusayithi zeendaba ukuze zifike kubo. I-Wall Street ifumana oku, kwaye yiyo loo nto ixabiso leenkampani zosasazo zeendaba liye lehla, ukuya kwinqanaba apho iphepha elifana neWashington Post lathengiswa mhlawumbi nge-5 [ipesenti] okanye i-10 yepesenti yento ebinokuyilanda kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.
Oku kuyinyaniso kubo bonke ubuntatheli, kumajelo eendaba amadala afana namaphephandaba okanye kwi-Intanethi. Sigxininisa kumaphepha-ndaba ikakhulu kuba kulapho uninzi lweentatheli zisatsala imivuzo. Kodwa ngokuphela kwamaphephandaba, akukho nto kwi-intanethi ivelayo ukuthatha indawo yoko kulahlekileyo. Imarike ayisebenzi kubuntatheli naphi na.
Ke abantu abafana noKoch Brothers okanye uJeffrey Bezos bathenga amaphephandaba emihla ngemihla namhlanje ngenxa yempembelelo yezopolitiko abaqhubeka beyonwabela. Zezopolitiko, hayi urhwebo, utyalo-mali. Ewe, kunjalo, zirhweba, kuba imiba yezopolitiko ezi bhiliyoni ziyikhathalele ngokwenene - ukutshabalalisa imibutho yabasebenzi, ukuphelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwe-antitrust, ukuthotywa kwemimiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, ukuphelisa irhafu eqhubekayo kunye nerhafu yelifa, okwenza kube lula ukuhambisa iimpahla kwihlabathi jikelele, ukunciphisa. iirhafu ngokubanzi kwizityebi kunye namashishini - zonke zihlawula ngemihlakulo endleleni kubo.
Sikwimeko engavakaliyo ngokwenene apho sisuka khona ukuba usozigidi ngezigidi kutheni ethenga iphephandaba lasekhaya elilawula yedwa kwaye alawule kwezopolitiko zasekhaya yinto esivumelana nayo. Kulusizi. Yintoni esele idlulelwe lixesha: ingxoxo enzulu yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu malunga nokuba sinokuba notyalo-mali olukhulu lukawonke-wonke ukuvelisa iindaba ezizimeleyo, ezikhuphisanayo ezingenzi nzuzo kunye neendaba ezingarhwebiyo, apho kungekho zigidi-gidi kunye noluhlu lwabo lokuhlambela impahla ekhethekileyo elawula inkqubo.
UMARKO KARLIN: Nobabini nizinze eMidwest-iWisconsin nase-Illinois. Ndihlala kwindawo yaseChicago. Entanyeni yethu yehlathi, siyazi ukuba impembelelo enkulu "yembono yeendaba" ngumabonwakude. Ngaphaya kwenyani yokuba esikubona kumabonakude kubonakalisa ukuthambekela kobunini benkampani, ingaba umabonakude weeyure ezingama-24 akayiyo ingxaki ngokwawo ngokugxininisa kwizihloko eziphambili kunye nemijikelo yeendaba emifutshane eya imfutshane? Kulapho uninzi lwaseMelika lufumana iindaba zalo, emva koko, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukubeka umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kwifomathi yangoku ye-sound-bite yento ebizwa ngokuba ziindaba?
UJOHN NICHOLS: Uyibethelele. Omnye wemiyalezo emikhulu kukuba uninzi lwabantu abaxubusha umgaqo-nkqubo weendaba bagxininise kuzo - iindaba zentambo, irediyo ye-right-wing talk, iblogi kunye nemidiya yoluntu - iphosa indlovu kwigumbi. Iinkqubo zeendaba zikamabonwakude zasekuhlaleni zihlala zinempembelelo emangalisayo. Kwaye, ubukhulu becala, ziyonakalisa ngokumangalisayo intetho. Okwenyani bajika ukuqonda okudumileyo kwento ebalulekileyo ukuze abantu bacinge ukuba imozulu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, umzekelo, zibaluleke ngakumbi kunomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kunye nempilo yoluntu. Asiyikhanyeli imfuneko yokwazi ukuba imvula izakuna na ngomso, kwaye siyayihlonipha into yokuba kukho amabali eendlela zolwaphulo-mthetho ekufuneka ngokwenene zigutyungelwe. Kodwa iinkqubo zeendaba zasekuhlaleni zityekele ekubeni lula nokuba nomtsalane kangangokuba iimbono zigqwethekile.
Akukho ndawo apho ungquzulwano luqatha ngakumbi xa kufikwa kumba wezopolitiko. Imidyarho ebalulekileyo ifumana i-inshorensi encinci okanye ayikho. Kwaye xa kukho i-coverage, ithande ukusekwe kubuntu kwaye iqhutywa ngumgqatswa kunokuba igxile kumbandela. Rhoqo, iindaba ezivezwayo zibonisa intengiso-ihlala ide ifikelele "iindaba" zeentengiso. Bubuqhinga, njengoko sityhila kule ncwadi: Ezinye izikhululo ziye zacheba imizuzu embalwa kumajelo eendaba asekuhlaleni ukuze zenze indawo engakumbi yeentengiso.
Leyo yingongoma ebalulekileyo esiyenzayo kule ncwadi: Izikhululo zikamabonakude zasekuhlaleni bezidla ngokubona unyulo njengeziganeko zeendaba ezibalulekileyo kunye nexesha lonyulo njengexesha apho zinokubamba iingxoxo kwaye zihlangabezane nezibophelelo zenkonzo yoluntu. Ngoku, unyulo lubonwa njengamaziko engeniso. Ugxininiso lwezikhululo kukwenza imali kwiintengiso kwaye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kuphela, ekugqumeni ngokunzulu amaphulo kunye nabaviwa. Isiphumo kukuba, ngokunyukayo, intengiso ehlawulwayo ichaza ingxoxo kunokuba ipapashe iindaba kunye nenkcazo.
UMARKO KARLIN: Ingaba izikhululo zikamabonakude eziziinkampani ezifumana inzuzo kwintengiso yezemali zixhamla njani kwimeko yangoku yephulo lezopolitiko lasemva kweCitizens United?
UROBERT MCCHESNEY: Basezulwini, yaye kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba bafe. Izikhululo zikamabonwakude zasekuhlaleni zafumana malunga nesi-2 ekhulwini sengeniso yazo iyonke kwiintengiso zobupolitika ngowe-1992; ngowama-2012 inani lalisuka kwi-15 [epesenti] ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini ngokuxhomekeke kwisikhululo. Yayizintengiso zopolitiko zonke, ngalo lonke ixesha kwizikhululo ezininzi. Amajelo eendaba aqokelelene ngaphezulu kwe-10 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezachithwa kwiphulo lika-2012. Bunjengemana evela ezulwini. Imali ihlawulwa kwangaphambili, kwaye izikhululo aziyisebenzeli. Yiyo loo nto iinkampani eziphethe izitishi zikamabonwakude - ezibandakanya iNkampani yeNdaba, iDisney kunye neComcast - zichase nayiphi na imizamo yohlengahlengiso lwemali yephulo ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990.
Yonke le nkqubo izele lurhwaphilizo, kwaye sichaza urhwaphilizo olusencwadini. Ukuqala, iinkampani ezifumana iilayisensi ezizimeleyo zokusasaza kurhulumente zizifumana simahla. Isivumelwano sesokuba ezi mizi-mveliso zimele ukuba zenze okuthile kumdla woluntu ukuthethelela esi sipho sobutyebi boluntu kubo. I-FCC kunye neenkundla zombini zichaze ukuba ezona nkonzo zoluntu zibaluleke kakhulu zosasazo zikamabonakude zasekhaya ezinokwenza ukuthethelela ukufumana iilayisenisi zabo zodwa kurhulumente kukugubungela kakhulu iintlanga zezopolitiko zasekhaya, ukuze abemi bakwazi ukuvota ngolwazi negunya elikhulu. Ngokomthetho, ukuba izikhululo ziyasilela ekuboneleleni ngolo hlobo, ziya kuphulukana neelayisensi zazo xa ixesha liphelile kwaye elinye ishishini liya kuba nethuba lokubona ukuba linokwenza umsebenzi ongcono kusini na.
Ewe, kakhulu umthetho. Izikhululo zonke ziye zalunciphisa kakhulu ukhuseleko lwazo lonyulo kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Kutheni unikezela simahla xa unokwenza intywenka yemali ukuba abezopolitiko bahlawulele iintengiso? Kwaye urhulumente ukhohlakele kangangokuba iFCC ayize inyanzelise iimfuno zoluntu. Abasasazi bangabanini abezopolitiko.
Kodwa linda, kuya kuba kubi ngakumbi. Sibhala imizekelo emininzi engakumbi kwincwadi, kodwa masinikeze omnye umzekelo: Iintengiso zabagqatswa zikhuselwe siSihlomelo sokuQala. Izitishi kufuneka ziziqhube kwaye azikwazi kuzihluza ngenxa yomxholo. Akunjalo, intengiso yorhwebo. Abasasazi kufuneka bavavanye iintengiso abaziphetheyo kwaye ukuba bafumanisa ukuba iintengiso zibubuqhophololo ekufuneka bangazisasazi, kunye nesoyikiso sokuphulukana nelayisenisi yabo yokuba ngaba bayasilela ukwenjenjalo.
I-Post-Citizens United ukukhula okukhulu kwiintengiso zikamabonakude kwavela kumaqela emali emnyama enganxulumananga nabagqatswa ngokusemthethweni. Ezi ntengiso bezisoloko zingalunganga kwaye ziphantse zahlala ziyinkohliso. Ngoku ezi ntengiso kufuneka zihlolwe zizikhululo zorhwebo njengeentengiso zorhwebo; azikhuselwanga siSihlomelo sokuQala. Kodwa akukho nalinye ixesha apho isikhululo sakha sakhaba enye yezi ntengiso, kwaye akuzange kube kanye iFCC ibonise umdla omncinci wokunyanzelisa umthetho. Yayicaphukisa ukucaphukisa abezopolitiko kunye nabasasazi bezorhwebo. Sasinemeko engavakaliyo apho amasebe eendaba ezikhululo zorhwebo aye aveze ezinye zezi ntengiso zimnyama zomntu wesithathu njengobuqhetseba ngokupheleleyo ... kwaye kwaesi sikhululo siza kuqhubeka sidlala kwaezo ntengiso iiveki emva koko okoko nje iitshekhi zisusiwe.
UMARKO KARLIN: Uphikisa "ubuntatheli obuzimeleyo be-muscular." Silufikelela njani olo sukelo ngendlela echaphazela abantu abaninzi baseMelika, ilizwe elibhabhayo esihlala kulo sobathathu?
UROBERT MCCHESNEY: Apha sinokuba mfutshane kwaye simnandi: Isicombululo kwingxaki yobuntatheli silula: Yinto elungileyo yoluntu, njengemfundo okanye amapolisa. Ifuna inkxaso yoluntu ukuze ibekho. Iintengiso zayifihla loo nyaniso kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kodwa ngoku iintengiso zilahlile ubuntatheli inyani iyabuya. Le ngongoma yaqondwa ngenkulungwane yokuqala yembali yaseMelika, xa ukukhangisa kudlala indima encinci kakhulu. Emva koko kwabakho ushicilelo olukhulu kunye nokuthotywa kweposi ukuvelisa awona majelo oshicilelo atyebileyo ehlabathini ngawo nawuphi na umgangatho. Kwaye namhlanje, ezona zizwe zinedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke zichitha amaxesha angama-40-100 kunokuba i-USA isenza ukuxhasa ubuntatheli obungenzi nzuzo kunye norhwebo. Siphuma kwigridi yedemokhrasi xa kuziwa kubuntatheli, kwaye lixesha lokubuyela kuyo.
Ke yingxaki enokusonjululwa. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano iMelika kufuneka ibe nayo yeyiphi imigaqo-nkqubo enokuvelisa ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo. Ndithetha ngale nto kakhulu kwi "Digital Disconnect."
UMARKO KARLIN: In Ulawulo lwedola, njengoko uRobert McChesney wenzayo Uqhawulo lweDijithali (eyayikwayiNqanaba yokuKhetha iVeki), ulumkisa abafundi ukuba i-Intanethi - xa kuziwa kunyulo - iguqukela ngendlela enokuthi iyonakalisa idemokhrasi. Ngaba ungacacisa ngale nto?
UROBERT MCCHESNEY: I-Intanethi ivuliwe entloko. Nje ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengearhente yabathengi kunye namandla omsebenzi kunye namashishini amancinci kunye noosomashishini, iye yaba ngoyena mdali omkhulu weengxilimbela ezidla bodwa kwimbali yoqoqosho.
Ezi femu zenza imali yazo eninzi ngokucoca yonke into eyenziwa ngabantu kwi-Intanethi ukuze bakwazi ukusithengisela ngcono izinto. Njengoko i-scandal ye-NSA ibonakalisile, ezi mizi-mveliso zidityanisiwe kwi-hip ukuya emkhosini kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe.
Yintoni abapolitiki abayifundayo ngo-2012 - ekhokelwa ngumkhankaso ka-Obama - kukuba yonke le datha ingasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezingaqhelekanga zokunyusa imali, [ukufumana] ivoti kunye nokudibanisa imikhosi. Iyoyikisa into eyenzekayo kwi-Intanethi. Abaviwa banokwenza imiyalezo eyahlukeneyo yabantu ngokusekwe kwinto exelelwa ziiprofayili zabo ukuba sifuna ukuva kubaviwa. Ixesha labaviwa abaneqonga kunye nokuma kulo ukuze bonke babonwe liphelile.
Singena kwiinkcukacha ezininzi kule ncwadi, kwaye phantse lonke uphando luyimvelaphi. Ndicinga ukuba inokuba sesona sahluko sizingca ngaso.
UMARKO KARLIN: Uthetha ngesilungiso somgaqo-siseko esiqinisekisa ilungelo lommi wase-US lokuvota. Kutheni le nto ibaluleke kangaka nje? Iyakuchaphazela njani ukwenziwa konyulo lwezithili okwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kobalo-bantu lukazwelonke?
UJOHN NICHOLS: Siyavumelana no-Antonin Scalia koku: UMgaqo-siseko awuqinisekisi ngokucacileyo okanye ngokungafihlisiyo ngelungelo lokuvotela umongameli okanye, ngokombono wethu, kuninzi lwezinye iiofisi kwezinye iindawo. Kukho ukhuseleko oluthile, ngokomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, kumalungelo okuvota. Kodwa kuye kwacaca ngakumbi ukuba "zivulekele ukutolikwa" ziinkundla ezinomdla kakhulu ekukhuseleni amandla emali ukuphembelela unyulo kunokukhusela ivoti njengamandla achazayo kwezopolitiko zethu.
Le yimeko engenangqondo, kwaye ithetha ukuba abameli bemigaqo-nkqubo eqhubekayo baphoqeleka ukuba bayeke iiprojekthi ezifunekayo ukuze balwe ukukhusela ilungelo lokuvota - kunye nelungelo lokubalwa kwamavoti.
Asiyi kuqhubela phambili njengelizwe de siqinisekise ngelungelo lokuvota. Le asikuphela kohlaziyo lonyulo okanye lwezopolitiko olufunekayo. Kodwa luhlaziyo lokuqala olufunekayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto sigxila kuyo kungekuphela nje kwimeko yamadabi angoku kodwa kwimeko ebanzi.
Oko kuye kwasivuyisa kukuthengwa kweenkokeli zezopolitiko kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu ngengcamango yokuba kufuneka siphume kwindawo yokukhusela kwaye siqale ukukhuthaza ngokukrakra ilungelo lokuvota. UCongressmen uKeith Ellison kunye noMark Pocan bacebise ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko oqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvota kunye nelungelo lokubalwa kweevoti. Amaqela amatshantliziyo afana noMbala woTshintsho kunye neFairVote aququzelela egameni lesilungiso. Iinyanga neminyaka ezayo iza kubona inkqubela phambili yokwenyani kulo mba, njengoko beza kulwela ukubhukuqa isigwebo seCitizens United ngohlengahlengiso lomgaqo-siseko.
UMark Karlin: UBernie Sanders ubhale intshayelelo yencwadi yakho kwaye ebesoloko engumxhasi oqhubekayo wokuphelisa ubunyani bamashishini, eqhawula amaqhina eendaba, kunye nokuqinisekisa ingxoxo eqinileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kwimiba yezoqoqosho. Kodwa sinokuba nebhloko yesine kuphela kwiSenethi yase-US abeza naphi na kufutshane neSanders, kubandakanya uElizabeth Warren, uTammy Baldwin kunye noSherrod Brown. Singalindela njani ukuba iNkongolo elunyulwe kubisi lukamama lwezopolitiko - imali enkulu - ukuvotela imithetho enokuthi iphelise uloliwe wegravy?
UJOHN NICHOLS: Sicinga ukuba imigca eyahlulayo iya icaca ngakumbi kwaye, ngokunyukayo, iiDemokhrasi zinyanzeliswa ukuba zenze ukhetho phakathi kokuthobela abaxhasi benkampani okanye ukuphendula kwisiseko seqela labo - kunye nabazimele kunye nabaqhubekayo bamatshantliziyo kwiqela lesithathu kunye neGreens kunye namaqela asekwe kurhulumente. ezifana neVermont Progressive Party. Oku kunempilo kuba iQela leDemokhrasi, ixesha elide, liye lazama ukuba nazo zombini iindlela: ukuzibonakalisa njengommeli wabantu baseMelika abasebenzayo ngelixa behlala bephumeza i-ajenda yequmrhu kwimiba efana nomgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo kunye nohlaziyo lwebhanki.
IWashington isengumbhodamo, nangona kunjalo, kwaye imali isenamandla kakhulu kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Yiyo loo nto sibeka ukholo olukhulu kumanyathelo asekhaya, engingqi kunye nasekwe kurhulumente aneenjongo ezimbini: Eyokuqala, ukumiselwa kohlaziyo olunenkqubela ngokwenyani kwimimandla elawulwa ngabaqhubela phambili. Okwesibini, ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esibanzi senkxaso yohlaziyo lwesizwe. Amazwe alishumi elinesithandathu acele uhlengahlengiso lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqwe iCitizens United kunye nokubuyisela amandla omanyano kunye namagosa karhulumente okulawula imali kwezopolitiko. Amakhulu oluntu akhwele enqanaweni. Encwadini, sicacisa indlela le mibutho eyivula ngayo ingxoxo-mpikiswano yohlaziyo kwaye ekugqibeleni idale indawo apho singathetha nzulu malunga nokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko.
Khumbula ukuba, ngo-1900, ekupheleni kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, kwakukho abantu abaninzi ababecinga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukulungisa umgaqo-siseko ukuze kuvunyelwe irhafu eqhubekayo, ukudala i-Senate ekhethiweyo, ukubonelela abafazi ngamalungelo okuvota. Ngowe-1920, siye salufikelela zonke ezo njongo. Kwakukho inkqubela-phambili efanayo ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ekuvalweni kwerhafu yovoto, ukumiselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nemithetho yamalungelo okuvota kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukunika abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwengama-21 ilungelo lokuvota. Njengoko sichaza kule ncwadi, kunokwenzeka ngokwenene ukwakha iintshukumo ezininzi malunga nomlo wohlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko. Inokwenzeka kwaye iyimfuneko.
UMARKO KARLIN: Yeyiphi indima ekufuneka idlalwe luqhankqalazo lweminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba iDollarocracy isiwe kwidemokhrasi. Ewe kunjalo, ndithetha ngokuthatha okuzenzekelayo kweWisconsin kweCapitol eMadison iiveki, intshukumo ye-Occupy, intshukumo ye-pro-immigration, uqhanqalazo lwabasebenzi bokutya okukhawulezayo abahlawulwa kancinci, phakathi kweminye imizekelo emininzi. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho into ephuhlisayo enamandla ngokweemvakalelo kunye nobulungisa bokuziphatha koMbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu onokukwazi ukukhupha imali enkulu?
UJOHN NICHOLS: Sibhala into entle malunga noqhankqalazo. Ziyakhuthaza, kwaye ziyaqhubeka: EMadison, eColumbus, eLansing ngokuchasene namanyathelo okulwa nomsebenzi ka-2011 kunye no-2012, eWall Street nakwilizwe lonke ekuphenduleni ukungalingani kwengeniso kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezoqoqosho, eRaleigh ngamalungelo okuvota, eAustin kumalungelo abasetyhini, eTallahassee ngenxa yokubhukuqwa kwemithetho ethi โYima uMgangatho wakhoโ. Abantu baseMelika bakhathazeke kakhulu ngurhulumente ophendula kuphela kumandla emali; bafuna idemokhrasi ihlaziywe kwaye yenziwe ibe yinyani. Kwaye basebenzisa izixhobo ezinikezelwa ngabaseki: ilungelo lokuhlanganisana kunye nokufakwa kwezikhalazo zokulungiswa kwezikhalazo. Isitshixo, ngoku, ukwenza kanye oko kwenziwa yintshukumo yenkqubela phambili yenkulungwane eyadlulayo kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye neentshukumo ezichasene nentlupheko kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo: kufuneka sijike amabango aqatha aviweyo esitratweni abe yimfuno engqongqo kwibhokisi yokuvota nakwibhokisi yokuvota. inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Iintshukumo ezininzi bezisoloko zibalulekile eMelika. Bebesoloko beziintlantsi eziphembe utshintsho lokwenyani. Kuphela ngokukhanyela imbali kunye namava sinokuziqinisekisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukutshintsha izinto. Inyani yeyokuba sele sinayo inkcazo yeentshukumo zesininzi eziya kubumba ngokutsha kwaye zihlaziye i-United States kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ekuphela kwento esiyixhalabeleyo kukuba kukho uxinizelelo lokuvala umlomo nokunciphisa iimfuno zale mibutho xa ingena kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Oko akusebenzi; ayizange ibe nayo. Ukulalanisa kuphelisa umdla wokutshintsha ngokwenene. Asiphikisani nge-absolutism. Kodwa sithi amatsha ntliziyo akufuneki alumke malunga nokufuna uhlaziyo lokwenyani: uhlenga-hlengiso lomgaqo-siseko, iinkqubo ezintsha zokuvota, amaphulo axhaswa ngemali nguwonke-wonke kunye namaphulo okuxhasa idemokhrasi, amajelo eendaba axhaswa ngemali nguwonke-wonke kunye namajelo eendaba axhasa idemokhrasi.
Ukuba kukho inqaku elibalulekileyo kwincwadi yethu - ngaphaya kokubhengeza ubungakanani bengxaki ekhoyo ngoku - kukucebisa ukuba ukusilela kwenkqubela phambili kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ayikuba bacele kakhulu. Kukuba bacele into encinane kakhulu. Ukuvota kusixelela ukuba abantu baseMelika bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezopolitiko njengesiqhelo, kunye nemithombo yeendaba njengesiqhelo. Siyakuhlonipha oko kukhathazeka kwaye sicebisa enye indlela equka ezona zixhobo zinamandla esizinikwe nguThomas Jefferson, uJames Madison kunye noTom Paine.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela