Intshukumo yangoku yohlaziyo lwamajelo eendaba yagqabhuka yaduma eUnited States ngo-2003 njengempendulo kumzamo weBush Federal Communications Commission (FCC) wokwenza buthathaka imithetho yobunini bemidiya. Abantu abazizigidi ezithathu batyikitye izikhalazo ezichasa ukutshintshwa kwemithetho, uninzi lwabo bebesandula ukuvela kumbutho wokulwa imfazwe kwaye bothuswa ngumbono wokuba kwa ezi ndibano zemithombo yeendaba zincedise kwiphulo lokusasaza uhlaselo lwase-Iraq zingakwazi ukukhupha into eseleyo. amajelo eendaba azimeleyo. Ubungakanani kunye nempumelelo yolu qhalo ludumileyo lwanele ukuba negalelo kwinkundla yomdibaniso ekugxotheni iskimu sobunini beFCC. Yayibubungqina bamandla obutshantliziyo ukutshitshisa izicwangciso zabanamandla kwiimeko ezibonakala zingenathemba.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo intshukumo yohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba yase-US yakhula, ikhokelwa ikakhulu liqela endalisungula kunye, iFree Press. Kwimiba emininzi emikhulu, ukusuka kusasazo โlweendaba zobuxokiโ ezidalwe ziiarhente ze-PR kunye nokukhuselwa kosasazo loluntu kunye noluntu ukuya kumlo we-Intanethi evulekileyo, efikelelekayo, nengavalwanga, i-Free Press ikhokele intlawulo eWashington, DC. . Ingcinga emva kweqela kunye nentshukumo yayikukuba nonyawo olunye kwiimfazwe zosuku njengoko zazisilwa kwikomkhulu, ngelixa linolunye unyawo lwenza ulungiselelo kwintsimi, kunye nombono wokwandisa ulwazi oludumileyo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwintshukumo. . Siye saqaphela ukuba kuninzi lwabantu uluhlu lweziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo weendaba emva koko zajongwa eWashington zibonakala zingekho ngqiqweni okanye zingenamsebenzi. Kwakufuneka sibambe intelekelelo yabo ngezindululo ezibukhali nezibukhali. Isicwangciso yayikukudala umkhosi wohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba ukuze ukhetho lwandiswe ngaphaya koko kwakuvumelekile eWashington, apho, njengoko uJeff Cohen watshoyo, "uluhlu lweengxoxo lusuka kwi-GE ukuya kwiGM."
Ngaphandle kwemposiso encinci, intshukumo yohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba ifumene impumelelo enkulu, xa sithetha, ngaphakathi kwibhanti kwikota yesibini yolawulo lukaBush. Iphulo lika-Obama kwi-2007 kunye ne-2008 libonise umdla kuhlaziyo lweendaba kwaye lisebenze ngokusondeleyo namalungu ombutho ukuyila oko, ngokwemigangatho yeengxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo waseWashington, iqonga eliqhubela phambili. Ngaphandle kwentetho ka-Obama echasene nohlaselo lweMfazwe yase-Iraq, ngokungathandabuzekiyo yayiliqonga lakhe lonxibelelwano elamahlula kakhulu njengenkqubela phambili kwiprimaries yomongameli ka-2008. Wayenayo i-blogosphere yonke i-atwitter, ukuze athethe. Kwintshukumo yohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba, umtsalane womxhuzulane webhanti wawusiya uqina kwaye wawunxilisa. Ukunyakaza kwatshintsha ugxininiso lwalo ukusuka kwintsimi ukuya ekusebenzeni kwiicorridors zamandla. Ehlabathini lonke, abaphembeleli beendaba bajonge eUnited States njengendawo apho ulungiselelo lwalusenziwa khona. Kwakhona, bekukho impoxo: kutsha nje ngo-2002 mna noJohn Nichols sibhale incwadi emfutshane malunga nendlela i-United States ilandele kakubi ngayo uninzi lwezinye izizwe kubutshantliziyo beendaba, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba idibanise isenzo sayo.1
Umntu angaxoxa ukuba ingaba olu yayilutshintsho olufanelekileyo na ngelo xesha kodwa akunakubakho ngxoxo-mpikiswano yokuba isicwangciso eso asiphumelelanga. Ulawulo luka-Obama lwalishiya iqonga lalo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye layikhaba intshukumo, ngaphandle kwabo bantu baphethe amanzi ayo. Ngaso nasiphi na isizathu, yagqiba ekubeni ingabeki naliphi na ikomkhulu layo lezopolitiko kule ndawo. Amatsha ntliziyo ambalwa axoxa ukuba aye asebenza ngakumbi kwiminyaka kaBush ekuphumeleleni iinjongo zabo. Udakumba olunzulu nolugqugqisileyo lwawugubungela umzabalazo, ukudakumba okusekho nanamhla.
Into endiyiphikisayo kwesi siqwenga kukuba intshukumo yokuguqulwa kweendaba kufuneka ilahle imbali yayo yamva nje kwaye ijike kwicala elitsha ngokupheleleyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufuneka ibuyele kwiingcambu zayo kunye nemigaqo engundoqo apho intshukumo yasungulwa khona. Kwelinye icala, intshukumo kufuneka iqonde ukuba ihlabathi litshintshe kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Ngokuthe ngqo, i-capitalism iphakathi kobunzima obude obungenasiphelo. Oku kutshintsha ibala lezopolitiko kwaye kuvule iimfuno namathuba amatsha kubahlaziyi bedemokhrasi. Koku kulandelayo ndicacisa ngakumbi ngezi ngongoma kwaye ndinikezela ngezindululo ezintathu zomgaqo-nkqubo ezinokubonelela ngombono kunye nomkhombandlela wentshukumo yohlaziyo lweendaba. Ezi ziingcinga ezibukhali, ngaphandle koluhlu olukhoyo lwengxoxo ngaphakathi kwisangqa sezopolitiko okanye nakwiziko lemfundo. Ngaphandle kokuba izimvo ngokwendlela yokulandelayo ziya โkudidiyelwa,โ ayizukuba ngumbutho wohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba kuphela kodwa lubanzi lwezopolitiko olushiyekileyo oluya kuqinisekiswa ukuba alunamsebenzi nokusilela.
Umxholo woHlaziyo lweMidiya eRadical
Iziseko eziphambili zentshukumo yohlaziyo lweendaba zihlala zingatshintshi: iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ziphuhliswa kakhulu ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo, kuba akukho nto ifana nendalo "engagqibekanga" yophuhliso. Ukususela kuphuhliso lwelungelo lokushicilela kunye nenkxaso yeposi yamaphepha-ndaba ekuqaleni kweRiphabhliki, ukuya ekufumaneni ilayisensi yemfonomfono, usasazo, kunye ne-TV ye-cable monopolies, urhulumente ebephakathi ekudalweni kwamajelo eendaba.2 Umzekelo, utshintsho lwe-Intanethi ukusuka ekubeni liziko elichasene norhwebo, elilinganayo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 ukuya ekubeni โnabanina owenza imali eninzi nangayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko uyaphumelelaโ akuzange kumiselwe kwangaphambili ngooThixo. Yayiliphondo lezopolitiko.3
Kuluntu longxowankulu, kubandakanywa nolunezenzo zedemokhrasi ngokusesikweni, iingxoxo-mpikiswano zomgaqo-nkqubo ziya kulinganiselwa, ngamanye amaxesha kakhulu, ngokubhekisele kwimidla yorhwebo, ngakumbi kumba onjengonxibelelwano apho kukho inzuzo enkulu kunye namandla ezopolitiko ahambelana nolawulo. Kodwa iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka, kwaye imikhosi elungelelanisiweyo edumileyo iye yaphumelela uloyiso lomgaqo-nkqubo wemithombo yeendaba. Ngokomzekelo, eYurophu, kwaezopolitiko eziye zabangela ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi, i-inshorensi yezempilo ehlawulwa umntu omnye, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemfundo ephakamileyo ibe nokwenzeka yaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo eyaseka iinkqubo zosasazo ezixhaswa ngezimali kakuhle nezingarhwebiyo. Ngelixa imbali yase-US izele yimizekelo yezityebi ezifumana indlela yazo ngeengxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo wonxibelelwano, kukwakho uloyiso lwemikhosi edumileyo. Ukusuka kwiposi yasimahla yokuhanjiswa kwamaphephandaba amancinci eveki ngee-1840s (ayequka uninzi lopapasho lokubhangisa) ukuya ekudalweni kwezikhululo zikanomathotholo zasekuhlaleni ngeminyaka yoo-1970s, ngamaxesha athile abantu abacwangcisiweyo baye bayoyisa imali ecwangcisiweyo.
Olunye utshintsho kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo kukuba iqondo lobunzima bemikhosi edumileyo ukuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo likhulu. Urhwaphilizo lwenkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo weendaba yayiyenye yezinto ezazixhalabisa iFree Press kwaye, ukuba kuyenzeka, inkqubo ikhule ngakumbi yorhwaphilizo kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US ibe yinto endiyibonakalisayo kunye noJohn Nichols njengeDolarocracy.4 Uninzi lwabemi alunampembelelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo, imimiselo, irhafu, okanye uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, oluliphondo lamaqumrhu amakhulu kunye nezityebi kakhulu ezilawula ulawulo lwase-US.5 Urhwaphilizo olucwangcisiweyo luyinkqubo yemihla ngemihla. Inkqubo yonyulo yenziwe yangasebenzi njengendlela yokuba abemi bazibandakanye kurhulumente. Njengoko owayesakuba ngumongameli uJimmy Carter wathi ngo-2013, iUnited States ayiseyo โdemokhrasi esebenzayo,โ nangokwemigangatho ebuthathaka yembali yayo.6 Oku kuthetha ukuba amathuba okuphumelela amadabi omgaqo-nkqubo weendaba naso nasiphi na isiphumo esikhulu ngaphakathi kwebhanti kunye noluhlu olukhoyo lwemikhosi zonke azikho.
Utshintsho lwesibini ukusuka kwi-2003 luchaphazela i-Intanethi. Wonke umntu wayesazi ngoko ukuba kwakuyinto nje yexesha de i-Intanethi igxininise kwaye igxininise "imidiya endala" kodwa ininzi yobomi bentlalo; akukho mntu, ndibandakanyiwe, owazi kakuhle ukuba kuyakwenzeka njani oko. Kulungile ngoku sinombono olungileyo. I-Intanethi iye yaba, ukuba akunjalo le, amandla aphambili kubukhapitali banamhlanje. Ayiphelelanga apho, izibonelelo kuqoqosho lwe-Intanethi zongezeleka kwinani elincinane kakhulu leefemu ezinkulu ezithi zonke zikonwabele oko iingcali zezoqoqosho ngokwesiko ziyichaza njengemo yemonopoly. Amathathu kwawona maqumrhu anexabiso arhweba esidlangalaleni e-United States ziifemu ezinxulumene ne-Intanethi, kwaye ishumi elinesithathu kwamashumi amathathu anesithathu elona candelo lixabisekileyo ziifemu ze-Intanethi. Uninzi lweefemu ezinkulu ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu zinemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedijithali.7 Ngokwahlukileyo koko, zine kuphela kwiibhanki โezinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingasilelaโ-ukuba, uSenator uRichard Durbin, ngokubhekiselele kwiCongress, wavuma ukuba "ngabanini bale ndawo" -inqanaba phakathi kwamashumi amathathu anesithathu elona shishini lixabisekileyo kuqoqosho.8 Oko kuthetha ukuba ezi zigebenga ze-Intanethi zilawula iziphumo kuzo zonke iingxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezibachaphazelayo, ezigquma ngakumbi imiba ebaluleke kakhulu, efana nerhafu, ummiselo, amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nabathengi, kunye norhwebo.
Utshintsho olukhulu lwesithathu ukusuka kwi-2003 kukuba i-capitalism yase-US iphakathi koko uPaul Krugman abhekisela kuyo njengolunye ukudakumba okukhulu. Intswela-ngqesho ihleli iphezulu kakhulu, iinkampani zihleli kwi-1.7 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi azityali mali kwizityalo nezixhobo ezitsha, kwaye uxinzelelo olusezantsi kwimivuzo lugqithisile, ngakumbi kwabaselula nabasebenzi.9 Le yinxalenye yengxaki yexesha elide yokudodobala kwelizwe kulawulo-mali lwemonopoly-finance capitalism, njengoko mna noJohn Bellamy Foster sibhala ngaye Ingxaki engapheliyo.10 Ukuma, kudityaniswe norhwaphilizo lwezopolitiko, kuthetha ukuba amazinga entlupheko abuyele kumanqanaba angazange abonwe malunga nekhulu leminyaka e-United States, kwaye ukungalingani kuthe gqolo ukuya koko kufumaneka eMalaysia okanye kwiiPhilippines, kunye neNtshona Yurophu kunye neJapan kwisipili sayo sokujonga ngasemva.11 Akukho nto kuluhlu lweengxoxo zangoku malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ephakamisa nantoni na eya kutshintsha le ntshukumo. Kubantu abaninzi, ikamva limfiliba.
Imeko yezopolitiko noqoqosho e-United States ke ngoko ayizinzanga kwaye ekugqibeleni ayinakwenzeka. Xa omnye umba wonxunguphalo lwemekobume, eli liba lelona xesha lentlekele nelinzima ngakumbi.12 Yintoni ephawulekayo kukuba zonke ii-paeas kwi-genius yemarike, ehlala ixhaphake kumgaqo-nkqubo okanye kwiingxoxo zemfundo malunga nokunxibelelana ukusuka ekhohlo elihloniphekileyo ukuya ngasekunene, ngoku ngokunyuka ukuvumba njengentlanzi yenyanga eshiywe ngaphandle kwetafile. Ngelixa iindaba zingekafiki kubantu abakhohlakeleyo eWashington, kwizifundiswa, okanye kumajelo eendaba aphambili, ziya ziqondwa ngakumbi ngabemi abacinezelekileyo. Ikwaqondwa nguPope uFrancis, owathi wawisa isigwebo sobungxowankulu, kunye namajelo eendaba ongxowankulu, ngoNovemba ka-2013 oko kwakungacongi kwaye kungqongqo. Umcholacholi weendaba uRobert Scheer wabhala wathi: โAkakho omnye umntu oye wayibeka ngamandla nangokucacileyo loo nto.โ13
Okwenzekayo kukufutshane kancinci kutshintsho lolwandle. Njengoko uJohn Nichols ephawula, โAmashumi amathathu anesithoba ekhulwini abantu baseMerika ababuzwa kuhlolisiso lukaNovemba 2012 lukaGallup bathi banombono omhle wobusoshiyali. Kuphando luka-2011 lwePew, i-49 pesenti yabantu baseMelika abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 bathi baziva benethemba malunga ne-socialism, ngelixa i-46 pesenti yaziva ilungile malunga ne-capitalism. Phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika-baseMerika, i-55 ipesenti yaba nefuthe elihle kwi-socialism, ngokuchasene nama-41 ekhulwini kwi-capitalism. Phakathi kweLatinos, yayingama-44 ekhulwini kububusoshiyali, abangama-32 ekhulwini kubukhapitali.โ Oku kuphawuleka ngakumbi kuba abambalwa baseMelika abakhe beva nantoni na entle malunga nesoshiyali; ibiya kufana nohlolisiso olwenziwa eSoviet Union ngowe-1955 olwalucela abantu ukuba bathelekise ukulunga kobukapitali kunye nobukomanisi. Yintoni abantu baseMelika abayaziyo namhlanje kumava obuqu kukuba i-capitalism ekhoyo ngokwenene, ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwasekhaya, iyanya. Ngo-2013 umgqatswa โwobusoshiyaliโ u-Kshama Sawant waphumelela unyulo lwesixeko sonke kwiBhunga lesiXeko saseSeattle, ngaphezu komchasi wedemokhrasi okhululekileyo kugqatso lwabantu ababini. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo umntu okhohlakeleyo ofana noSawant-owafuna ukusebenzisa indawo ephezulu ukuthatha iifektri ezishiyiweyo kwaye abasebenzi "bathathe iifektri" - bekungafane kwenzeke ukuba bakhuphe i-1 okanye isi-2 ekhulwini sevoti.14
Kulo mmandla wezopolitiko noqoqosho kunyanzelekile ukuba amatsha ntliziyo alo lonke uhlobo athethe ngenkalipho nangenyaniso ngeengxaki zexesha lethu kunye nemfuneko yotshintsho olumandla. Ukuba abaphembeleli bakholelwa ukuba utshintsho olukhulu alunakwenzeka kwaye baluthatha njengento engenakuchazwa-hayi ngenxa yokuba iphosakele kodwa ngenxa yokuba amandla aqiniweyo anamandla kangangokuba ukuwacela umngeni kunokujongela phantsi ukuba semthethweni kwexesha elifutshane-ngezenzo zethu sonyusa amathuba okuba akunakwenzeka. Ngokujonga ubumbi bonxibelelwano kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko, abaphembeleli bohlaziyo lwemithombo yeendaba kufuneka bakhuphe iintloko zabo ngaphandle kwebhanti kwaye baqale ukuthetha nabantu abanyule uSawant kwiBhunga lesiXeko saseSeattle kwaye bavotela uBill de Blasio usodolophu weSixeko saseNew York. Kufuneka sibambe iingcinga zabantu kangangokuba bakholelwe ukuba ezopolitiko zinokukhokelela kuphuculo olukhulu kubomi babo, nakubomi babo babaziyo nababathandayo. Emva koko sinokwakha umkhosi onokugungqisa iziseko zale nkqubo ibolileyo.
Isindululo sokuqala: Qeda i-ISP Cartel
Emva phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1990 kwasetyenziswa intetho eninzi malunga nokuba i-Intanethi ingalukhupha njani ukhuphiswano olunjalo phakathi kweenkampani zemfonomfono ze-Baby Bell, ababoneleli bemigama emide, kunye neenkampani ze-cable TV, ukuba ummiselo karhulumente (wezinto ebezinamaphepha-mvume amaninzi) umdla woluntu wawungaseyomfuneko. Imarike inokusebenzisa umlingo wayo ngokudibanisa nenguqu yedijithali, eyenza ukhuphiswano lubonakale lungenasiphelo. Bekukho malunga neshumi elinesihlanu elikhulu le-Baby Bell, umgama omde, kunye neenkampani ze-cable/satellite TV ngo-1996 kwaye, kwathiwa, babengxamele ukuthatha ishishini lomnye ukuba bakhululwe kwimimiselo karhulumente. Ezi mizi-mveliso zikwathe kufuneka zikhutshwe ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwabakhuphisana nabo sele beza kuzuza ngamathuba obuchwepheshe bedijithali kwaye beze emva kweemarike zabo.
La mabango enze enye yeemfumba ezinkulu zomgquba wamahashe kwimbali yezopolitiko yase-US. Iifemu ezongameleyo ezityhalele le ndlela yokuqiqa zazisazi ukuba zinokudlala inkqubo ngokwaneleyo kubo bonke kodwa ziphelise isoyikiso lokhuphiswano lokwenyani, kwaye zinokusebenzisa ukunyenyiswa kwemithetho ukunyusa kakhulu amandla azo entengiso.15 Ngo-2014, kukho kuphela isiqingatha seshumi elinesibini okanye abadlali abaphambili abalawula unikezelo lofikelelo lwe-intanethi yebroadband kunye nokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngaphandle kwamacingo. Ezintathu kuzo-i-Verizon, i-AT&T, kunye ne-Comcast-zilawula intsimi yomnxeba kunye nokufikelela kwi-Intanethi, kwaye zisete into esebenza ngayo i-cartel. Abasakhuphisani ngayo nayiphi na ingqiqo enentsingiselo. Ngenxa yoko abantu baseMelika bahlawula ngaphezulu kakhulu kwiselfowuni kunye nokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngebroadband kunezinye izizwe ezihambele phambili kwaye bafumana inkonzo ephantsi kakhulu. Ngo-2013 omnye umphathi wezonxibelelwano wathi: โBenza imali eninzi.16
Ezi ayizizo iinkampani "zentengiso yasimahla" nangayiphi na indlela yeli gama. Imodeli yabo yeshishini, ebuyela kwiintsuku zangaphambi kwe-Intanethi, ibisoloko ibamba iilayisenisi zorhulumente wedwa kwiinkonzo zefowuni kunye nentambo yeTV. "Inzuzo yokuthelekisa" yabo ayizange ibe yinkonzo yabathengi; ibikukuphembelela okukumgangatho wehlabathi. Yayingaloo mandla okwenza ukuba bakwazi ukudityaniswa ngokungapheliyo kwii-goliaths zenkampani kwaye abavumele ukuba babhukuqe ngokuzolileyo imithetho ekhoyo kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo ukuze babe nokulawula uthungelwano lwabo lokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-broadband. Olo khuphiswano lwabulala kube kanye. Imithetho eseleyo yomdla woluntu aba babhemo bajongana nayo namhlanje iyahlekisa.
Uluntu olunomdla woluntu luye lwasabela kwi-cartel ngeendlela ezininzi. Enye impendulo yomgaqo-nkqubo ibe kukucinezela ukungathathi hlangothi kweNethiwekhi, nto leyo eya kuthintela i-cartel ekusebenziseni amandla ayo odwa ukujongisisa iiwebhusayithi. (Ukuba bekukho ukhuphiswano lokwenyani, umgaqo-nkqubo ubungayi kuba yimfuneko kuba abathengi bebengafane bakhethe i-ISP ebandakanyeka kuhlolo.) Enye impendulo ibe yeyokuba uluntu luseke ezalo iinkonzo zebroadband eziqhutywa ngumasipala wengingqi, ukhetho lukawonke-wonke ukuba uyafuna. . Naphi na apho i-cartel ingakhange ikwazi ukutyumza ezi nzame ngokwenza ukuba abezopolitiko bakwinqanaba likarhulumente bakhuphe umthetho, iinkonzo zikamasipala zebroadband zibonakalise ukuthandwa kakhulu. Kodwa bakwidabi elingaguqukiyo lokusinda njengoko i-cartel isebenzisa isihlunu sayo sokuphembelela ukuzama ukubaphelisa.
I-cartel idlulile umhla wayo wokuphelelwa kwembali. Ezi mizi-mveliso zizifunxi-gazi ezisebenzisa amandla azo olawulo oludalwe ngurhulumente ukuba zihlawule โirentiโ yezoqoqoshoโapho oosoqoqosho bathetha ingeniso engafanelekangaโkubathengi nakwamanye amashishini. Masizikhuphe ngexabiso elibonisa utyalo-mali olululo, hayi isiphithiphithi esicingelwayo. Emva koko masenze iselula kunye ne-broadband ukufikelela kuyo yonke indawo kwaye kufutshane nesimahla kangangoko. (Kwaye ngokwenza njalo, abantu banokuyeka ukuhlawulela amazinyo abo kwiinkonzo zesathelayithi kunye neentambo zeTV ngokunjalo.) Indlela yokwenza inethiwekhi yoluntu engenzi nzuzo, iposi yedijithali ukuba uyathanda, kulapho kanye ukufunda, ingxoxo kunye nengxoxo kufuneka Yathiswa. Yingxaki enokusonjululwa kwaye ifuna ingqalelo ekhawulezileyo.
Okothusayo kukuba, nangona abantu bobusoshiyali ngokwesiko beyithanda le ndlela yonxibelelwano, olu luluvo olunokuvakala ngamaxesha athile phakathi kwabalondolozi kunye nakuluntu lweshishini ngokunjalo, njengoko ezinye iifemu zidiniwe kukuhlawula intlawulelo kwinqwelo yenkonzo yecrappy. UGoogle uphehlelele eyakhe inkonzo yebroadband kwisiXeko saseKansas ukuba kuphela ubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka njani ukuba nenethiwekhi ephezulu kakhulu yebroadband ukuba i-cartel ivele yaphuma kwi-butt yayo kwaye yatyala ezinye zee-megaprofits kuyo. Ngo-2008 uGoogle owayelawula ngelo xesha kunye nomyili we-Intanethi odumileyo uVint Cerf wabuza esidlangalaleni ukuba i-Intanethi ayinakuba ngcono na ukuba isiseko sombhobho wedatha "sinobunikazi kwaye sigcinwe ngurhulumente, njengohola wendlela."17 Ngumbuzo onzima ofuna impendulo enzulu.
Isindululo sesibini: Phatha iiMonopolies njengeโฆMonopolies
Esinye sezizathu zokuba i-Intanethi ikhule ingakhokelele kwixesha legolide lotyalo-mali kunye nenkqubela phambili kwi-capitalism yangoku-ngokungafaniyo, yithi, emva kokuvela kwemoto kunye nawo onke amashishini anxulumeneyo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini-kukuba uninzi ubutyebi obuveliswe yi-Intanethi bufakwe kwinani elincinane kakhulu lezandla. Ngaphandle kwe-cartel eyayiphuma kwi-monopolies yakudala yonxibelelwano, i-Intanethi ivelise i-monopolistic titans njenge-Google, i-Apple, i-Amazon, i-Facebook, i-eBay, iMicrosoft, i-Intel, i-Cisco, i-Oracle, kunye ne-Qualcomm.
Ezi mizi-mveliso zithatha ithuba lokuqala kunye neziphumo zothungelwano, ezikholisa ukuvelisa "ophumeleleyo ukuthatha zonke" iimarike kwaye apho kudla ngokungabikho kudidi oluphakathi lweefemu eziphakathi. Ukongeza, umthetho welungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye noqoqosho lwemveli lwesikali lunegalelo kwiinzuzo ezingenakoyiswa ngaphezu kwabanokuba ngabachasi. Inene, i-Intanethi ikhangeleka ngathi yigadi ebiyelwe ngodonga apho ezi zigebenga zisilwa kunye ukuze zilawule kwiimarike ezikhoyo nezilindelekileyo, kwaye akukho mntu wumbi unomthandazo, ngaphandle kokuba uthengelwe isigebenga. Ngo-2013 intloko ye-Wikimedia Foundation, esebenza kuyo yonke indawo engenzi nzuzo kunye ne-Wikipedia engenzi ntengiso, yathi akunakwenzeka ukuba i-Wikipedia okanye nayiphi na into efana nayo yenziwe kwaye iphumelele kwi-Intanethi namhlanje ngenxa yolawulo lwe-intanethi ye-monopolies.18 Inkqubo itshixiwe phantsi.
Ngokudityanisiweyo ezi mizi-mveliso zinamandla angenakuphikiswa eWashington, kwaye ekuphela kwexesha abajongene nazo nasiphi na isoyikiso solawulo kuxa izigebenga zizifumana zikumacala ahlukeneyo omba, njengoko kwenzekile ngeNetwork Neutrality kunye neengxoxo zobukrelekrele bepropathi. Ezi mizi-mveliso zikholisa ukufumana usasazo oluqaqambileyo, kwaye abalawuli bazo kunye nabatyali-zimali abakhulu bathathwa njengabantu abadumileyo okanye iimbaleki zobuntshatsheli; Ingcinga yokuba ukuba semthethweni kwezi mizi-mveliso kunokucelwa umngeni mhlawumbi ibonakala ingenamsebenzi kubo bonke ngaphandle kwabambalwa. Izifundiswa zihamba phezu komnye njengoko zicula iingoma zedijithali. "Ndichukunyiswe yinto endiyibonayo iphuma kwicandelo labucala namhlanje," utshilo unjingalwazi weMIT wezoqoqosho lwedijithali.19 Kwaye eneneni, iinguqulelo zetekhnoloji ziyamangalisa. Kodwa ingxaki yeyokuba ezi nkqubela phambili zetekhnoloji ziphuhlisiwe zonke ukuqhubela phambili ingeniso yeefemu nokuba zithini na iziphumo zentlalontle. Ke ngoko, umzekelo, ukuthanda kakhulu ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji yokucupha emangalisayo eyenza ukuba i-Intanethi yezorhwebo ibe nengeniso. Inkulu kubo, kodwa ayiyonzuzo kuluntu. I-Intanethi izisa enye yeenkcaso ezingundoqo zobukapitali ngaphambiliโinto elungileyo nesengqiqweni kwabo balawula uqoqosho imbi yaye ayinangqiqo kuluntu luphela.
Ezi behemoth ze-Intanethi zizo zonke ezinokuthi zisebenzise eli gama: zilawula isabelo semarike esaneleyo-ngokuqhelekileyo ubuncinane ama-50 okanye ama-60 ekhulwini-ukumisela zombini amaxabiso kunye nokhuphiswano olungakanani abanalo. Ngokunjalo babeka isoyikiso esithe ngqo hayi kumashishini amancinci kuphela kodwa kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Oku, kwakhona, akuyonkolelo kuphela ephethwe ngoonoshiyali kunye nabaqhubela phambili; ibe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo inkolelo esisiseko yethiyori yoqoqosho ekhululekileyo.
No Milton Friedman wabonisa ukuba ubukhapitali bongamile kwinkululeko yezopolitiko nedemokhrasi kuba bohlula amandla ezopolitiko kulawulo lwezoqoqosho, ngokungafaniyo ne-feudalism okanye ubukomanisi apho abantu ababelawula uqoqosho babelawula ezopolitiko.20 Omnye wabacebisi bakaFriedman kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago, intshatsheli ye-laissez faire uHenry C. Simons, uthe kunyanzelekile ukuba iifemu zabucala zingavunyelwa ukuba zibe zikhulu kakhulu kwaye zibe monopolistic kule ngxabano ukuba ibambe. Iifemu ezinkulu ze-monopolistic zanyusa amandla ongxowankulu ukuba bahlale bedemokhrasi, kuba iifemu ezinkulu ziya kuloyisa ulawulo. Apha uSimons wayevumelana notshaba lwakhe ngamaxesha athile uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt, owathi kumyalezo wakhe owawusiya kwiNkomfa ngowe-1938 wathi: โInyaniso yokuqala yeyokuba inkululeko yedemokhrasi ayikhuselekanga ukuba abantu bayakunyamezela ukukhula kwegunya labucala ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba lifikelele kwinqanaba lokuba lifikelele kwisigqibo esinjalo. iba namandla ngaphezu kombuso wabo wedemokhrasi uqobo. Oko, enyanisweni, bubufasiโuburhulumente bomntu othile, liqela elithile, okanye lilo naliphi na elinye igunya elizimeleyo elilawulayo.โ21
USimons wathi kunyanzelekile-kumashishini asimahla kunye nedemokhrasi-ukuba iifemu ezizimeleyo zahlulwe zibe ziiyunithi ezincinci ezikhuphisanayo okanye, ukuba oko akunakwenzeka njengezinto eziluncedo kunye noololiwe, kufuneka "bahlalisane" kwaye balawulwe ngurhulumente kwindawo. indlela ecacileyo.22 Uyichithile imbono yolawulo lukarhulumente olusebenzayo lwemonopoli yabucala ukuvelisa iziphumo eziya kuziswa ziimarike ezikhuphisanayo, kuba udlamko luya kulawula inkqubo yolawulo. Ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zenethiwekhi zenza ukuba kuphantse kube nzima ukucinga ukohlukana okusebenzayo kwezigebenga ze-Intanethi, uhlalutyo lukaSimons lukhomba ngokuthe ngqo kwicala elinye. Lixesha lokuba sithathele ingqalelo inkxalabo yakhe kwaye sicinge malunga nokuba iinkonzo ze-Intanethi ezilawulwayo zinokubekwa njani kwindawo yoluntu, kwaye zikhokelwa yiprotocol yomthombo ovulekileyo. Ongasekhoyo u-Andre Schiffrin wayengumntu wokuqala ukuyiqonda le ngongoma xa wayebiza ingxoxo yoluntu malunga nokuba uGoogle kufuneka aguqulelwe kwiqumrhu elingenzi nzuzo ngo-2011.23
Olunye uncedo olukhawulezileyo lwale ndlela: uxinzelelo lwezorhwebo olungapheliyo lokuqokelela yonke intwana yolwazi kubasebenzisi ukuba baqhathe ngcono luya kujongelwa phantsi. Kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukuba nerejimeni enemigangatho ekufutshane noko bekucingelwa ziinjineli ezenze i-Intanethi: amandla aya kuba sezandleni zabasebenzisi abaza kulawula ikamva labo ledijithali, kunokuba libe sezandleni zeefemu ezinkulu ezinokuthi. ubukhulu becala abanakuphendulaโฆngaphandle kwabatyali-mali babo.
Isindululo sesithathu: Phatha ubuNtatheli njengento elungileyo yoluntu
Mhlawumbi eyona nto ihlekisayo okanye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-Intanethi kukuba, nangona igalelo layo ledemokhrasi, ayikhange ingenise iGolden Age yobuntatheli nenkcubeko. Esikhundleni somgangatho ongenamkhawulo kunye nobuninzi, i-Intanethi ikhuphe ininzi yezibonelelo eziye zaya kuxhasa ukuveliswa komxholo. Into endiyibhalayo kweli candelo isebenza kuyo yonke inkcubeko, kodwa ndiya kugxila ngakumbi kubuntatheli.
Njengeziko lobuntatheli ikwi-freefall e-United States. Zimbalwa kakhulu iintatheli ezihlawulweyo kunye nabahleli kunokuba bekukho isizukulwana esidlulileyo, kwaye kuyamangalisa xa ucinga ukuba abantu bakhule kangakanani ngelo xesha. Uninzi lwamagumbi eendaba ajongeka njengelizwe lasePoland ngo-1945. Uninzi lwezinto ezenziwa ngurhulumente, kunye nonxibelelwano lukarhulumente nezinto ezinomdla zorhwebo, zifumana ingxelo encinane kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ulonyulo oluninzi lufunyaniswa, kwaye leliphi iphulo lobuntatheli elihlala lihleli lingade lenze ipine enye ngaphezulu kokufana. Le nkqubo yaqala phambi kwe-Intanethi, kodwa i-Intanethi iyikhawulezisile inkqubo kwaye yayenza isisigxina.
Kutheni le nto iyingxaki? Yonke ithiyori yedemokhrasi, kunye nembali ethile yeriphabliki yase-US, zisekelwe kuluvo lokuba idemokhrasi ifuna ummi othatha inxaxheba onolwazi, kwaye ummi onjalo unokubakho kuphela ngobuntatheli obuqinileyo nobudlamkileyo. Ukuba ubuntatheli obunjalo abukho, iriphabliki yethu kunye nenkululeko yethu ayinakuphila ngayo nayiphi na ingqiqo enentsingiselo. Asikokubaxa izinto xa sisithi le ngongoma ibikukuthanda kakhulu abaseki besizwe, ngakumbi uThomas Paine, uThomas Jefferson, noJames Madison.24
Lo ngumba obaluleke ngakumbi kubuninzi babemi: abo bangenaxabiso lepropati. Isi-1 ekhulwini, ukuba uyathanda, sityekele ekufikeleleni kulwazi abaludingayo ukuze baqhube ihlabathi ukuze bazuze. Umba ngowokuba wonke umntu uya kuba nolwazi aludingayo ukuze athathe inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo; yiyo loo nto idabi lobuntatheli obuthandwayo ngumzabalazo wedemokhrasi obalulekileyo. Oku kukwacacisa ukuba kutheni e-United States namhlanje, abo bakwimeko yoqoqosho babonakala benelisekile ukuba nemeko-bume engenazo ubuntatheli, kwaye ingamandla achasene nohlaziyo. Okukhona abantu besazi kancinci malunga nendlela abasebenza ngayo abo basemagunyeni, kokukhona kungcono.
Kutheni ubuntatheli buqhekeka? Imidla yorhwebo igqibe ekubeni ubuntatheli ayiselulo utyalo-mali olusebenzayo kwaye batsiba inqanawa. Xa uJeff Bezos wafikelela kwijagi yakhe yokutshintsha esecaleni ukuze athenge Washington Post Izigidi ezingama-250 zeedola ngo-2013, wahlawula mhlawumbi i-5 ekhulwini yexabiso lokuthenga eliya kuba ngo-2000. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, njengoko umdla worhwebo kwi-journalism uye wancipha, ubulumko obuqhelekileyo kukuba i-intanethi ekugqibeleni yayiza kuthatha indawo. Imithombo yeendaba efayo enobuntatheli borhwebo lwedijithali enokuthi iphakame kakhulu kunoko ithathe indawo yayo. Kwafuneka nje sibe nomonde kwaye sivumele ubukrelekrele beYankee yakudala, ubugcisa bomlingo, kunye nenjongo yenzuzo icombulule ingxaki.
Kodwa oko akwenzekanga, yaye akuyi kwenzeka. Eneneni, okushiyekileyo kubuntatheli obuhlawulwayo eUnited States akulingani โkwimithombo yeendaba endala.โ I-intanethi ibe yi-flop epheleleyo. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, ngokunika inkohliso yolwazi lwehlathi elinemvula ngalo lonke ukhangelo lukaGoogle, lenze abantu bangayihoyi eyona nkcazelo yasentlango esihlala kuyo.
Kutheni kunjalo? Intengiso ibonelele ngobuninzi bengeniso yobuntatheli kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwaye yenza ukuba urhwebo lweendaba lube nengeniso enkulu. Abakhangisi kufuneka bancedise ekuhlawuleleni ubuntatheli ukutsala abafundi/ababukeli kumajelo eendaba abaza kubona iintengiso zabo. Yayiyisivumelwano eso. Abakhangisi baxhasa iindaba ngenxa yokuba babengenalo olunye ukhetho ukuba babenqwenela ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo zorhwebo; babengenalo unxulumano lwangaphakathi kwingcamango yoshicilelo lwasimahla.
Ukunyuka kweentengiso njengesiseko esisisiseko senkxaso kubangele ukuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha, inxalenye yokukhusela umxholo weendaba kwimpembelelo yezorhwebo ngokuthe ngqo; ubhengezo ngokubanzi lwaluthathwa njengobubi obuyimfuneko ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso-mali yobuntatheli. Ubuntatheli bobuchwephesha, enyanisweni, ibingumzamo wokulungisa ukungavisisani okucacileyo phakathi kobuntatheli njengeziko ledemokhrasi eliyimfuneko kunye nobuntatheli njengemveliso yorhwebo ejolise ekwandiseni ingeniso.
Kodwa ezo ngxoxo kunye neenkxalabo ngoku zidlulile. Kwixesha elitsha lentengiso ekrelekrele okanye ekujoliswe kuyo, abathengisi abasoloko bebeka iintengiso kwiiwebhusayithi ezithile kwaye banethemba lokubhenela nabani na onokundwendwela iwebhusayithi. Endaweni yoko, abathengisi bathenga abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo ngokuthe ngqo kwaye babeke iintengiso kwiinethiwekhi zentengiso ye-Intanethi ezifumana into ekujoliswe kuyo naphi na apho baku-intanethi. Abakhangisi akusafuneki ukuba baxhase ubuntatheli okanye ukudala umxholo konke konke. Kungeso sizathu le nto uRupert Murdoch, oyena mbonisi mkhulu weendaba kwixesha lethu, walishiya i-iPad/smart phone news news, Yonke imihla, ngo-2012; ngokuqinisekileyo kutheni Guardian, enye yezona webhusayithi zeendaba ezityelelweyo nezihlonelwayo kwihlabathi, iyavuma ukuba ayinalo nofifi lokuba inokuxhasa njani imisebenzi yayo xa kwaye inyanzelekile ukuba ithembele kwingeniso ye-Intanethi.
Iintengiso zanika ubuxoki bokuba ubuntatheli yinto yendalo, neyongamileyo, yorhwebo. Kodwa xa ubhengezo luthi shwaka, ubume bobuntatheli bokwenyani buya kugxininiswa: zizinto ezilungileyo zoluntu, into efunwa luluntu kodwa imarike ayinako ukubonelela ngomgangatho owaneleyo okanye ubungakanani. Njengezinye iimpahla zoluntu, ukuba uluntu luyakufuna, luya kufuna umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kunye nenkcitho yoluntu. Ayikho enye indlela. Umtshato wongxowankulu nobuntatheli uphelile. Ukuba iUnited States iza kuba nobuntatheli bedemokhrasi, iya kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lukawonke-wonke.
Oku kubuza lo mbuzo: Kwenzeka njani ukuba iUnited States ibe nenkqubo yokushicilela eyayinomona wehlabathi ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ngaphambi kokufika kweentengiso ezinkulu? Ikwenze oko ngokuba nenkxaso-mali enkulu yeposi neyokushicilela amaphephandaba eyenza iindleko zokuvelisa zaphantsi kangangokuba kwakukho amaphephandaba amaninzi ngomntu ngamnye kunayo nayiphi na enye indawo ehlabathini. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yembali yase-US, abezopolitiko bethu babengalazi igama elithi "ukulunga koluntu," kodwa baphatha amaphephandaba ngaloo ndlela kanye.
Inkxalabo enkulu yimali yoluntu iya kukhokelela kwinkqubo yepropaganda elawulwa ngurhulumente njengoko umntu efumana kubuzwilakhe kunye noorhulumente bolawulo-melo, okanye nakwidemokhrasi yongxowankulu eyonakeleyo njenge-Itali. Ngokuqinisekileyo i-United States yayinenkxaso-mali yeendaba eyimpumelelo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kodwa yayingelo xesha kwaye ngoku. Ngokujonga izixhobo zokhuseleko zelizwe ezingaphenduliyo ngokupheleleyo eziqulethwe kurhulumente wangoku wase-US, le yinkxalabo esemthethweni kwaye ecinezelayo. Kodwa inkqubo yokuseka ubuntatheli obuxhaswa nguwonke-wonke yinxalenye yenkqubo yedemokhrasi yoluntu. Bahamba kunye.
Obu bungqina bucebisa ukuba okukhona isizwe silawulwa yidemokhrasi, kokukhona sikwazi ukuxhasa ubuntatheli ngaphandle kokuba amajelo eendaba aneziphumo abe ngunodoli kurhulumente. Rhoqo ngonyaka Economist Uluhlu lwezizwe ngezizwe zehlabathi ngokwedemokhrasi, kusetyenziswa imigaqo eqhelekileyo yenzululwazi yezobupolitika. Rhoqo ngonyaka ezo zizwe zihamba phambili kolu luhlu zingamazwe achitha esona sikhulu somntu ngamnye kumajelo osasazo oluntu kunye noluntu. I-Freedom House, omnye umbutho ekugqitywe ukuba awunaluvelwano kwi-socialism, minyaka le ibeka zonke izizwe zehlabathi malunga nokuba zikhululeke kangakanani iinkqubo zabo zokushicilela. Uvavanyo lukarhulumente sesona soyikiso iFreedom House ixhalabile kakhulu. Minyaka le izizwe ezifanayo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu EconomistUluhlu lulawula uluhlu lweNkululeko House lweyona nkqubo ikhululekileyo nengcono yoshicilelo, iindawo ezifana neNorway, Sweden, kunye neJamani. Uphando lubonisa oku: kwiintlanga zedemokhrasi, izibonelelo zobuntatheli zikholisa ukwenza amaphephandaba ahluke ngakumbi kwaye aphikisane kwaye agxeke urhulumente ophetheyo. Njengemfundo, ilulutho kuluntu, kwaye, njengakwimfundo, okukhona izixhobo ezinikelwe kuyo, kokukhona kuya kuba ngcono ukuba yonke enye into ilingane.
Nangona ekhohlo likhokela umlo wobuntatheli obuxhaswa nguwonke-wonke, yinkqubo ethandwa kakhulu kuluntu lonke xa sele isendaweni kwaye abantu babona iziphumo. Emva konyulo lukazwelonke ngoSeptemba ka-2013 iNorway yafumana oyena rhulumente ungqongqo kwizizukulwana, kuquka neqela le-neoliberal Know-Nothings elingafaniyo ne-US Republican Party. Elinye lamaplanga abo ephulo yayikukuphelisa inkxaso-mali karhulumente yenkqubo enkulu yosasazo lukawonke-wonke yaseNorway, kunye nenkxaso-mali yayo ebanzi yamaphephandaba evumela i-Oslo ukuba ibe namaphephandaba emihla ngemihla, kunokuba libe nelinye okanye amabini anokubakho ukuba ayekwe emarikeni. Ezi nkxaso-mali zamaphephandaba ubukhulu becala zinikelwa kumaphephandaba anengeniso ephantsi yentengiso. Babonelela, umzekelo, malunga nama-30 epesenti yengeniso yephephandaba lemihla ngemihla lasekhohlo Klassekampen (Umzabalazo weKlasi), kwaye lenze igumbi layo leendaba elichumayo libe nokwenzeka. Ukunika ingqiqo KlassekampenImpembelelo: ukuba iphephandaba lemihla ngemihla lase-US lithengise amaphephandaba kwinxalenye enye yabemi Klassekampen eNorway, iphepha lase-US liza kusasazwa ngaphezu kwesigidi seekopi yonke imihla. Loo nto ingenza libe liphepha lesine ngobukhulu eUnited States. Amaphephandaba e-Conservative kunye ne-liberal afanelekile kwiinkxaso-mali ezifanayo kwaye azifumane.
Xa urhulumente omtsha waseNorway wathabatha isiphakamiso sakhe sokubuyisela amajelo eendaba epalamente ngoNovemba ka-2013, lo mbandela wakhatywa ngamandla. Kwabakho inkcaso kwisindululo sabantu baseNorway kulo lonke ilizwe lezopolitiko. ENorway, inkxaso-mali yamaphephandaba iya kwiinkxalabo zorhwebo. Ndicinga ukuba asiyonto yakuqala e-United States-into yokugqibela efunekayo lelinye ithamo lentlalontle yenkampani-kwaye yenza ingqiqo ehlayo njengoko oongxowankulu beshiya intsimi. Eyona njongo ibalulekileyo kufuneka ibe kukuseka inkqubo engenzi nzuzo, engenzi ntengiso, ekhuphisanayo, engaxilwanga, nezimeleyo, eyamkela itekhnoloji yedijithali. Kulapho ingxoxo kunye neengxoxo kufuneka ziye khona.
Imbono enye endiyithandayo: Ingcinga kaDean Baker (yokuba mna noNichols siyihombisile) yokuvumela wonke umntu waseMelika oneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo athe ngqo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-$200 yemali karhulumente ngonyaka kuyo nayiphi na indlela engenzi nzuzo ayikhethileyo. Imiqathango ekukuphela kwayo iya kuba kukuba umamkeli abe ngumntu ongenzi nzuzo owaziwayo, ukuba umamkeli angathathi intengiso yentengiso, kwaye nantoni na eveliswa yinkxaso-mali ithunyelwe kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza, yenziwe ifumaneke ngaphandle kwentlawulo, kwaye ingene kwindawo kawonke-wonke. Ayizukukhuselwa yi-copyright. Oku kungafikelela kwi-30 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zotyalo-mali olungenalawulo lukarhulumente lokuba ngubani ofumana imali. Oku kuya kukhuthaza zonke iintlobo zokhuphiswano ngokunjalo, njengoko amaqumrhu azakukhuphisana ngeemali. Imithombo yeendaba yoRhwebo ayinakufanela ukufumana inkxaso-mali kodwa inokusebenzisa umxholo kwaye nabani na unokuqalisa okuphakathi, urhwebo okanye urhwebo, ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yakhe nabani na.
Kukho ezinye iindlela ezininzi esinokuxhasa ngazo inkqubo enkulu yokushicilela yasimahla (kunye nenkcubeko enkulu) kwixesha ledijithali. Lifikile ixesha lokuqalisa loo ngxoxo. Iyinxalenye eyimfuneko, nkqu ilitye lembombo, lentshukumo yokwenza idemokhrasi eUnited States. Ndiyibonisile indlela nganye yezi nguquko enokuthi ibe nomtsalane ngayo ebantwini kuzo zonke iinkalo zezopolitiko, njengoko zimiliselwe kubulungisa kunye nokuzinikela kwidemokhrasi. Kodwa ungazenzi impazamo: ezi nguqulelo zintathu zizodwa zinokubumba ngokutsha ilizwe kwaye zibeke iUnited States kakuhle endleleni eya kwidemokhrasi yasemva kongxowankulu. Asinaxesha lokulahlekelwa, kwaye, ngenxa yodonga lwezitena zezopolitiko eWashington, DC, asinanto yokulahlekelwa. Njengoko intetho enkulu yaseFransi ngoMeyi 1968 yathi: โYiba Nenyani, Funa Izinto Ezingenakwenzeka.โ
amaNqaku
- โฉURobert W. McChesney kunye noJohn Nichols, Imidiya yethu, hayi eyabo: uMzabalazo weDemokhrasi ngokuchasene neMedia eManyanisiweyo (ENew York: Amabali asixhenxe, ngo-2002).
- โฉURobert W. McChesney, Ingxaki Yamajelo Eendaba (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga yeendaba, ngo-2004).
- โฉNdiphuhlisa lo mxholo, kwaye uninzi lwento enye evela kweli nqaku, kwincwadi yam Ukuqhawulwa kweDijithali: Indlela i-Capitalism iJika ngayo i-Intanethi ngokuchasene neDemokhrasi (ENew York: iNew Press, 2013). Izicatshulwa kunye nemithombo yazo zonke iingongoma ezenziwe kwizindululo zam ezithathu zinokufumaneka kuyo.
- โฉUJohn Nichols noRobert W. McChesney, IDolarocracy: Indlela iMali kunye neMedia Election Complex iyonakalisa ngayo iMelika (ENew York: Iincwadi zeSizwe, ngo-2013).
- โฉNgo-2012, izifundo ezibini eziphambili zapapashwa ngale ndlela: uMartin Gilens, Ubutyebi kunye nempembelelo: Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye namandla ezopolitiko eMelika (Princeton, NJ: I-Princeton University Press, 2012), kunye noKay Lehman Schlozman, uSidney Verba, kunye noHenry E. Brady, I-Chorus engasezulwini: Ilizwi elingalinganiyo lezopolitiko kunye nesithembiso esaphukileyo seDemokhrasi yaseMelika. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012). Bona ngokunjalo uLarry M. Bartels, IDemokhrasi engalinganiyo (ENew York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008); UMartin Gilens, "Ukungalingani kunye nokuPhendula kweDemokhrasi," Uluvo loluntu Ngekota 69, hayi. 5 (2005): 778โ96; kunye noJacob S. Hacker noPaul Pierson, Ophumeleleyo-Thatha-Zonke ezoPolitiko: Indlela iWashington yenza ngayo isityebi-kwaye yajika umva wayo kwiKlasi ephakathi (ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2010).
- โฉAlberto Riva, "UJimmy Carter: I-US 'AyinaDemokhrasi eSebenzayo', "U show, Julayi 18, 2013, http://salon.com.
- โฉ"I-US Commerce-Stock Market-isation of the 50 Largest American Companiesโ (itheyibhile), Disemba 20. 2013, http://iweblists.com.
- โฉURyan Grim, "UDick Durbin: IiBhanki 'Ziyiyo Ngokunyanisekileyo Le ndawo', "U IHotff Post, ngoMeyi 30, 2009, http://huffingtonpost.com.
- โฉ"Iintlungu Zabasebenzi: Isabelo sabasebenzi soMvuzo weSizwe, "U Economist, Novemba 2, 2013, 77โ78.
- โฉUJohn Bellamy Foster kunye noRobert W. McChesney, Ingxaki engapheliyo: Indlela iMonopoly-Finance Capital ivelisa ngayo ukuZinzisa kunye nokuphazamiseka ukusuka e-USA ukuya eTshayina (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga yeendaba, ngo-2012).
- โฉSasha Abramsky, Indlela yaseMelika yeNtlupheko: Indlela esinye isiqingatha sisaphila ngayo (ENew York: Iincwadi zeSizwe, ngo-2013).
- โฉUNaomi Klein, "Indlela iSayensi esixelela ngayo sonke ukuba sivukele, "U Omtsha waseMerika, ngo-Oktobha 29, 2013, http://newstatesman.com
- โฉURobert Scheer, "Yintoni awayifumanayo uPopu malunga nobuKhapitali, "U Wesizwe, ngoDisemba 3, 2013, http://thenation.com.
- โฉUJohn Nichols, "ISocialist iphumelele eSeattle, "U Wesizwe, ngoDisemba 16, 2013, http://thenation.com.
- โฉLe ngongoma ichazwa kuTim Wu, UTshintsho oluPhambili: ukuPhakamisa nokuwa koBukhosi boLwazi (ENew York: Knopf, 2010).
- โฉUBrendan Greeley kunye noScott Moritz, "Iibhanana: Indlela i-T-Mobile eCwangcisa ngayo ukusinda ngokuqhumisa enye yeemodeli zeShishini ezineNzuzo kakhulu," IVeki yoShishino lwaseBloomberg, Novemba 4โ10, 2013, 66.
- โฉU-Eric Schonfeld, "I-Vint Cerf iyamangalisa ukuba sifuna ukwenza i-Intanethi ibe yelizwe," TechCrunch, UJuni 25, 2008.
- โฉIngxoxo noSue Gardner, uMlawuli oyiNtloko weWikimedia Foundation, eSan Francisco, eCalifornia, ngo-Oktobha 22, 2013.
- โฉUnjingalwazi uAndrew McAfee, ocatshulwe kuDavid Streitfeld, "IAmazon ihambisa iPie esibhakabhakeni, "U ENew York Times, ngoDisemba 2, 2013, http://nytimes.com.
- โฉUMilton Friedman, Ubungxowankulu kunye neNkululeko (EChicago: kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago Press, ngo-1962).
- โฉUFranklin D. Roosevelt, "Isihlomelo A: Umyalezo ovela kuMongameli wase-United States oThumela iNgcebiso ngokuNxibelelana nokuQinisekiswa nokuNyanzeliswa kweMithetho yokuLwa ukuthembana," Uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho lwaseMelika 32, hayi. I-2, iSigaba 2, iSihlomelo, amaPhepha aNxulumene neKomiti yezoQoqosho yeSizwe yeXeshana (Juni 1942): 119โ28.
- โฉUHenry C. Simons, Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoQoqosho woMbutho waMahala (EChicago: kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago Press, ngo-1948).
- โฉUAndre Schiffrin, Amagama kunye nemali (eLondon: Verso, 2011).
- โฉIzinto ezikweli candelo zithathwe Uqhawulo lweDijithali, kunye noRobert W. McChesney noJohn Nichols, Ukufa kunye noBomi bobuntatheli baseMelika: Uguquko lweMedia oluya kuqalisa iHlabathi kwakhona (ENew York: Iincwadi zeSizwe, ngo-2010).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela