IJapan iphawule isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yeSivumelwano soKhuseleko saseJapan-saseMelika ngoJanuwari 19 phakathi kokufowuna ukuba kuphendwe ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yoKhuseleko yaseJapan e-Iraq, abathi abagxeki bekungekho mthethweni kwaye bekwaphula uMgaqo-siseko waseJapan ongenamfazwe. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo neengxoxo ezishushu malunga nemvelaphi kunye nokuba semthethweni kohlaselo lwe-Iraq lwe-2003 e-United States nase-United Kingdom, ingxoxo kawonkewonke e-Japan iyathuliswa kwaye akuyi kubakho uphando olusemthethweni.
Ngokungabikho kophando olusemthethweni, uninzi lokugrunjwa kwiikona ezimnyama zemfazwe kwenziwe ngabaphembeleli boluntu. U-Kondo Yuriko ukhumbula ukumangaliswa kwakhe kukuba oomatshini bedemokhrasi karhulumente ekugqibeleni bavelise iziphumo.
Imfuno yakhe yeminyaka emithathu yolwazi malunga nendlela urhulumente waseJapan achithe ngayo iibhiliyoni zabarhafi exhasa "uthumo loluntu" e-Iraq ukusuka ngoJanuwari 2004 ukuya kuthi ga ekupheleni kuka-2008, ngokuyinxenye, ukuba bekusemva kwexesha, iphendulwe. Kwaye bekufanelekile ukulinda.
Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba ka-2009 uMphathiswa omtsha wezoKhuselo u-Kitazawa Toshimi ugunyazise ngokungalindelekanga ukukhutshwa koxwebhu olufutshane phantsi koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi oludiza ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-67 zamajoni angama-26,000 awayethuthwa yi-Air Self-Defense Forces phakathi kukaJulayi 2006 noDisemba 2008 ayenxibe iyunifomu yase-US. Oko kukuthi, i-ASDF yayithutha imikhosi yaseMelika ingena kwaye iyikhuphe edabini.
Ukuba kukho nabani na oye waphoswa ngongoma, u-Kondo, umlweli woxolo oneminyaka engama-60 ubudala ovela e-Ogaki e-Gifu Prefecture, wayichaza: Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan uvala i-SDF ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokulwa okanye ukuthutha izixhobo okanye iimbumbulu kwindawo yemfazwe. Kangangeminyaka emibini, i-SDF โyawucekisa umthetho,โ utshilo, kwaye urhulumente wabufihla ubungekho semthethweni ngamaxwebhu amnyama kunye ne-firewall yomlomo yeSebe lezoKhuseleko ukuba ukukhupha olo lwazi "kuya kuphazamisa ukusebenza" kwaye "konakalise iJapan." isidima."
โYayiyintlekisa kwaye ingekho semthethweni ukuthumela i-SDF e-Iraq,โ utshilo, ebhekisa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba nguMgaqo-siseko waseJapan wokulahla imfazwe. "Olu xwebhu luyingqina loo nto."
Iimbono zikaKondo zifumene inkxaso kwisigqibo esisemthethweni esisemthethweni. Ngo-Epreli ka-2008, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNagoya yabhengeza ukuba i-ASDF ikhwelisa imikhosi yomanyano ngenqwelo-moya yayichasene nomgaqo-siseko, yaphula zombini igatya leSiqendu se-9 kuMgaqo-siseko kwaye ibhalwe ngokungxamisekileyo ngo-2003 โuMthetho kumaNyathelo aKhethekileyo woNcedo lwase-Iraq kumgaqo-siseko wawo. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona "okwabonelela ngeqabunga lomkhiwane elisemthethweni lokuthunyelwa kwe-SDF - phantsi komqathango wokuba imikhosi yaseJapan iya kusebenza kuphela kwiindawo "ezingezizo ukulwa".
โKwimfazwe yanamhlanje, ukuthuthwa kwabasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulwa,โ uvale ngelo uJaji Aoyama Kunio. "Inqwelomoya yemikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe ukuya eBaghdad. . . idlala indima ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla ngamanye amazwe."
Owayesakuba ngurhulumente owayekhokelwe yiLiberal Democratic Party akavumanga, eneneni, wasibhengeza eso sigwebo njengoloyiso kuba wakhaba amabango embuyekezo ngabamangali abali-1,100 kwiqela elaligwetywe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNagoya.
Unobhala oyiNtloko weKhabhinethi uMachimura Nobutaka uzikhabile izityholo zokungabi namthetho, ephikisa ngelithi iBaghdad "yayiyindawo engasiyo imfazwe." Abasebenzi be-ASDF bahlala eKuwait kwada kwangoDisemba ka-2008, kwaye apho umcimbi wema de isibhengezo sebhombu ye-Kitazawa - uphawu, mhlawumbi, ukuba iDemocratic Party yaseJapan ethe yangena kulawulo ngokuphumelela konyulo ngo-Agasti 30, 2009 inokukhetha ukubuyisela umva iminyaka yohlengahlengiso olusemthethweni kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente e-Iraq.
U-Kondo uyavuma ukuba isibhengezo mhlawumbi sibangelwa kuxinzelelo olutsha lwe-DPJ, kodwa ukholelwa ukuba uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo awusakhathali nokuba abantu bacinga ntoni nge-SDF. "Ngokusisiseko kucinge ukuba ukukhutshwa kolu lwazi akuzukulimaza izicwangciso zayo kwixesha elizayo," utshilo.
Eso ngcinga, uKondo ukholelwa ukuba, samkelwa ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wayesele ebonakalisile ukuba unokungahoyi inkcaso ethandwayo, aqhayise uMgaqo-siseko kwaye angawahoyi amajelo amancinci eendaba eziveliswe yimfazwe. Ngeseti yangaphambili, indlela ilungiselelwe uhambo olungakumbi lwasemkhosini phesheya, uyaxoxa. "Ukuba urhulumente uthi kwixa elizayo siyenzile le nto ngaphambili, abemi baseJapan baya kuyamkela loo nto."
Uthi uKawaguchi Hajime, igqwetha elizama ukubuza urhulumente kwi-SDF yokuthunyelwa kwe-SDF: "Kufuneka sifikelele ezantsi kwesi siqendu kwimbali yaseJapan okanye siya kuhlawula ixabiso. Kodwa akukho lwazi lwesidingo sokucela umngeni kurhulumente. Akukho mntu ubonakala enomdla."
UKawaguchi ukholelwa ukuba oovimba banokuxela okungakumbi. Ngaba amajoni e-SDF ayesekwe eSamawah kumazantsi e-Iraq abandakanyeka kuphela "kuncedo loluntu" kubemi bendawo? Ngaba abavukeli basekuhlaleni, njengoko abanye becinga, bahlawulwa ukuze babathintele ekuhlaseleni imikhosi yaseJapan? Kwaye kwicala lezemali, ingakanani i-mission yeminyaka emihlanu yonke ibize abarhafi baseJapan? Urhulumente waseJapan akakhuphanga uqikelelo lweendleko zemisebenzi yakhe yase-Iraq.
Phantse iminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuba yasungulwa ngo-Matshi 20, 2003, imfazwe ekhokelwa yi-US e-Iraq yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengesenzo sokuziphatha kunye nobudenge obukhulu.
Njengoko wonke umntu esazi, izixhobo zokutshabalalisa (i-WMDs) ezisetyenziswa njengesona sizathu sohlaselo aluzange lwenzeke. Ngokufanayo, amakhonkco abalulekileyo kwi-al-Qaida awazange afunyanwe, kwaye isizwe esasithenjiswe ngedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubela phambili ngoku sisiphithiphithi, ihlelo kunye neBalkanized state ngokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga phantse kuphelise ithuba lokuba abantu bamaSunni kunye namaShiite amaSilamsi babelane ngobumelwane okanye. izixeko. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abantu baseIraq abalekele phesheya, ngokutsho koMkomishinala oPhezulu weeMbacu we-U.N. mhlawumbi abanye abazizigidi ezisisi-2.7 baye bahlala kwenye indawo ngaphakathi kweli lizwe; yaye elona nani lithembakeleyo lilonke lokufa lisusela kwi-100,000 ukuya kuthi ga kwisigidi.
Impembelelo emva e-United States ye "imfazwe yoloyiko" ebanzi nayo ibe nzulu. Loo mpembelelo ibandakanya ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwentuthumbo, ukusasazeka kokubekw' esweni ngurhulumente, ukucunyuzwa kwe-habeas corpus, i-Guantanamo, ukwenziwa kwento ebizwa ngokuba yinguqulelo engaqhelekanga, amaqhinga amdaka e-CIA, kunye nexabiso elikhulu-i-3 yeetriliyoni zeedola e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kunye nokubala, ngokutsho kwezoqoqosho kunye nomvuzo weNobel uJoseph Stiglitz, obonisa ukuba abantu baseMelika abaqhelekileyo baya kuhlawula ixabiso lesigqibo sikaGeorge W. Bush sokuya emfazweni amashumi eminyaka.
Kodwa ubuncinci e-US kunye neqabane layo eliphambili ezingalweni, i-United Kingdom, kukho ukubalwa kweentlobo. Ukusukela kwingxoxo-mpikiswano kawonke-wonke eqhubekayo, kuye kwakho isiqingatha sentliziyo ye-mea culpa ekuthuthunjisweni kunye neGuantanamo evela kuMongameli uBarack Obama kunye nokwamkelwa okothusayo yinkulumbuso yaseBritane ngexesha lohlaselo lwase-Iraq, uTony Blair, ukuba wayeya kuhlasela i-Iraq kunye. okanye ngaphandle kweeWMDs. Kwaye loo nto yeza phambi kobungqina bakhe kuPhando lukarhulumente lwase-Iraq lwangoku olubhengezwe yiNkulumbuso uGordon Brown ngoJuni ka-2009, oluza kunika ingxelo ngoJuni ka-2010.
EJapan, nangona i-SDF ekugqibeleni yakhutshwa e-Iraq ngoDisemba 2008, akuzange kubekho uphando lukarhulumente, akukho phando lukhulu lokukhokelela emfazweni - kwaye akukho mdla ngamajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo ukumba malunga nento eyenzekayo, ukhala uTakeshita Takashi, intatheli yeAkahata, iphephandaba leQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan.
Indima yeSDF eIraq
U-Takeshita ufumanise ubungqina kulo nyaka uphelileyo bokuba sisi-6 ekhulwini kuphela sabantu abangama-45,000 ababethuthwa yi-ASDF phakathi kukaMatshi ka-2004 noDisemba ka-2008 basebenzela iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ubuninzi bemisebenzi yayo yayibandakanya ukukhwelisa amajoni aseU.S. Kangangokuba "kuncedo loluntu kunye nolwakhiwo ngokutsha" mission ngesiseko apho imfazwe yathengiswa kuluntu lwaseJapan, uqukumbela.
Akukho mntu ulaziyo ithegi yexabiso lokugqibela lokuthunyelwa, uvuma umphathi-mthetho ophezulu we-DPJ u-Kondo Shoichi, okholelwa ukuba uphando lwase-UK-aya kuluxhasa - alunakwenzeka. Uvavanyo lwakhe, enyanisweni, kukuba "ngaphezu kwesiqingatha" seqela lakhe babe neengxaki ngesigqibo sokuhlasela i-Iraq. "Noko ke, kuya kubakho uxinzelelo ngokuchasene nombuzo onje - ekugqibeleni, baninzi abantu abanokuba nexhala malunga nefuthe kubudlelwane base-US-Japan," uyakholelwa.
Sekunjalo, uKondo uthi nangona amalungu aphezulu e-DPJ, kuquka uKan Naoto Kan, inkokeli yangaphambili yeqela (2000-04) kunye noMphathiswa wezeMali wangoku, kunye noNdunankulu uHatoyama Yukio, bengavumelani nokutshutshiswa kwemfazwe e-Iraq, i-bureaucracy kunye neJapan. -ISivumelwano soKhuseleko saseU.S esatyikitywa ngoJan. 19, 1960, sinzima kakhulu kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.
NgoNovemba ophelileyo, uNobhala oyiNtloko weKhabhinethi ye-DPJ u-Hirano Hirofumi uye wavala ngokufanelekileyo naliphi na ithemba lokufa kwi-Iraq adventure xa wabhengeza ukuthunyelwa kwe-SDF ngokusemthethweni, ebuyisela umva isiphelo sika-Kan, owathi, njengenkokeli yeqela ngo-2004, wayibiza ngokungahambisani nomgaqo-siseko. โNjengeqela eliphikisayo, asikwazanga ukubona ukuba le ndawo bebethunyelwe kuyo ibingeyomlo na,โ utshilo uHirano. "Kodwa njengoko (ngoku) siqonda ukuba yindawo ekungajongwanga kuyo, sigqibe kwelokuba imisebenzi yeSDF apho ibisemthethweni."
Umlweli woxolo uKondo Yuriko uyibiza loo ngxelo โnjengengakholelekiyoโ - kodwa ugxeka iintatheli njengabezopolitiko. "Amajelo osasazo sizathu sokuba urhulumente angakwazi ukuphepha uxanduva. Balahla nantoni na engenzi iintloko kwaye musa ukumba ulwazi okanye ukwenza ingxelo yophando lwexesha elide. Oku kuvumela abemi baseJapan ukuba balibale ixesha elidlulileyo, "uyabona.
U-Kondo, u-Takeshita kunye noKawaguchi, kunye nabachasi babo be-neoconservative - njengalowo owayesakuba yiNtloko ye-ASDF yaBasebenzi uGeneral Tamogami Toshio - ubuncinane bavumelana ngento enye: Iingcambu zemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela yaseJapan eyimfihlo, edibeneyo yokukhusela isemva kwemfazwe, i-Allied Occupation e-U.S. udale "ukuyeka imfazwe" iSiqendu se-9 soMgaqo-siseko.
Abo balwela ukulwa nemfazwe babambelele kwiGatya lesi-9 kuba lanceda ekwakheni oko kwakubonakala kuluhlobo olutsha lwelizwe lanamhlanje: eligatya ngokuphandle i-impiriyali nemfazwe.
General Tamogami, Inqaku lesi-9 kunye noMgaqo-siseko
UTamogami, owagxothwayo ngo-2008 ngenxa yokuxoxa esidlangalaleni ukuba iJapan ayizange inikwe tyala elaneleyo lokuphelisa ubukoloniyali abamhlophe base-Asiya e-Asia, udelela iNqaku le-9 ngesizathu esifanayo. Uthi: โInjongo yayikukuyenza buthathaka iJapan.
"Kungoko imikhosi yokuzikhusela yaseJapan ibotshelelwe ngumthetho kwaye ayivumelekanga ukuba ihambe njengoko ifuna. Yingakho ilizwe alikwazi ukusebenzisa ukhuselo oluhlangeneyo, ukuthatha isenzo esihlaselayo, okanye ukuthumela izixhobo ngaphandle. Yingakho ibotshelelwe yimigaqo emithathu esisiseko ye-nonnuclear. Ukususela ekubeni ilizwe lingenako ukuzikhusela. Umsebenzi, ilizwe libotshwe izandla neenyawo, โutshilo kudliwanondlebe lukaDisemba nombhali.
I-Tamogami ngoyena wamva nje kumgca omde wamanani ezopolitiko nawomkhosi anezimvo eziphikisana noMgaqo-siseko. Uye wabanga ukuba "isibini kwisithathu" samagosa eSDF azibuyisela iimbono zakhe. โNdikwaxhaswa nabezopolitiko abaninzi. abaxhasi, uTamogami wabonisa ukuba babenjalo.)
Umbutho wokhuselo wase-US kudala usondele kakhulu kuTamogami kunye ne-ilk yakhe kune-pacifists yaseJapan eye yalwela ukugcina iSiqendu 9. Ngowe-1946, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba i-inki yomile emva kwemfazwe, uMgaqo-siseko "woxolo" wase-U.S. Ihlakani elitsha laseJapan lasemkhosini laqalisa ukunyanzelela ukuba kuphinde kubekho izixhobo phantsi kobukomanisi baseTshayina naseRashiya. Eso sisongelo sazisa ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla ase-US kunye neziseko zomkhosi kuwo wonke lo mmandla.
I-Ampo kunye neMithetho-siseko emithathu yaseJapan engeyiyo iNyukliya
Nkqu neJapan ebizwa ngokuba yimigaqo emithathu engeyonyukliya, echazwe yiNkulumbuso uSato Eisaku ngo-1967 kwaye yamkelwa ngokusesikweni yiDiet ngo-1971 - imigaqo ebophelela iJapan ukuba ingaze ivelise, ibenayo okanye ivumele ukungena kwezixhobo zenyukliya elizweni - yayingakhuselekanga ukusuka. izibalo zezopolitiko ezifunekayo ukugcina i-facade ye-pacifism.
Umthetho we-no-nuke wathotywa phantsi kwesivumelwano se-backroom phakathi kweWashington neTokyo eyasayinwa nguSato kunye noMongameli uRichard Nixon ngo-1969.ikhonkco).
Emva kwamashumi eminyaka amahemuhemu, eso sivumelwano siyimfihlo - esivumela iinqanawa zase-US ezinezixhobo zenyukliya kunye neenqwelomoya ukuba zityhutyhe naphi na okanye ngaphaya kwemida yaseJapan - saqinisekiswa ligosa eliphezulu leSebe lezangaphandle laseJapan kwihlobo elidlulileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kubonakala kungenakuphikiswa ukuba i-LDP ixoke malunga nobukho besivumelwano iminyaka. Ngokwenene, iqela likaHatoyama elinikwe umsebenzi wokuphanda isivumelwano esiyimfihlo esixelwe ngoNovemba ophelileyo ukuba lifumene iifayile kwiSebe lezangaphandle elibonisa ukuba likhona.
Isivumelwano, esivunyelwene ngexesha lothethathethwano olunzima ukubhala kwakhona iSivumelwano soKhuseleko saseJapan-US ngo-1960, kuthiwa sixhomekeke "ekutolikweni gwenxa." I-Tokyo yabanga ukuba ikholelwa ukuba iya kufumana udliwano-ndlebe kwangaphambili phambi kwayo nayiphi na i-docking okanye i-flyovers enezixhobo zenyukliya; IWashington yayingenayo ukuqonda okunjalo.
Xa i-LDP yafumanisa ngenye indlela, yathula - "endaweni yokuvuma esidlangalaleni utshintsho kwisikhundla," iphephandaba elikhokelayo, elixhomekeke kwinkululeko ye-Asahi Shimbun lathi kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Ngapha koko, abezopolitiko be-LDP baphindaphinda ukukhanyela isivumelwano, nasemva kokuba ipalamente yaseJapan yamkele ngokusemthethweni imigaqo yokungabikho kwe-nuke ngo-1971, kwaye owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso uSato wade waphumelela iBhaso loXolo likaNobel ngo-1974 โngokuchasa kwakhe naziphi na izicwangciso zezixhobo zenyukliya zaseJapan. inkqubo."
Namhlanje, umgca we-bureaucratic osemthethweni usekho ukuba isivumelwano asikho.
Ukukhutshwa kweNkululeko yoMgaqo-siseko
Njengase-United States, iindleko zokuya eJapan zohambo lwase-Iraq azikhawulelwanga kwezemali. Uthotho lwamatyala ovavanyo ngokuchasene namatshantliziyo achasene nemfazwe akhwankqise amagqwetha kunye nabalwela amalungelo abantu, abathi ilizwe laseJapan lasemva kwe-9/11 lihlasela inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko.
NgoNovemba 30, 2009, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa umfundisi ongumBhuda oneminyaka engama-62 ubudala uArakawa Yosei enetyala lokunganyaniseki ekusasazeni iiflaya ezilwa nemfazwe kwindawo yaseTokyo ngoDisemba 2004. Inkundla yayingenanto yakuthetha malunga nokuvalelwa kuka-Arakawa ngaphandle kwetyala iintsuku ezingama-23. , okanye impikiswano yakhe yokuba kwakusesichengeni esikhulu ngakumbi kuye wonke umntu kunoxolo noxolo lommi onomsindo ekubonakala ukuba wayekhalaza.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphinde yagqiba umlo womthetho weminyaka emine phakathi kukarhulumente kunye namagqala amathathu alwela uxolo azinze eTachikawa, kwintshona yeTokyo, xa yagweba ngelithi bakreqa ngokubeka iiflaya ezichasene nemfazwe kwiibhokisi zeposi zamalungu oMkhosi woKhuseleko. ngoFebruwari 2004. Emva kweminyaka yephulo elinoxolo nelingenamsebenzi ubukhulu becala, ukubanjwa kwaba bathathu, nokuvalelwa kwabo iintsuku ezingama-75, kunye nokugwetywa kwabo embalini kwabonakala kubonisa ukuba abasemagunyeni baye bagqiba kwelokuba baye emfazweni nxamnye neentshaba zabo.
"Kufuneka bathintele abantu abafana nathi ngaphambi kokuba bafumane le nto bayifunayo: ukuphela kweNqaku le-9," utshilo u-Obora Toshiyuki, oneminyaka engama-52, umpheki wesikolo ongomnye wabagwetyiweyo.
U-Obora kunye negqwetha elikhankaselayo uKawaguchi Hajime babephakathi kwabo baxela kwangaphambili ukuba iindlela ezifanayo ziya kusetyenziswa kwezinye iithagethi, kwaye oko kubonisiwe.
NgoJanuwari, phakathi kokunyuka kwentswela-ngqesho kunye nenzondo ekukhuleni kobutyebi baseJapan, iqaqobana labaqhankqalazi abachasene nentlupheko kumbindi wesithili saseTokyo saseShinjuku babanjwa ngamapolisa kwaye baxelelwa ukuba banokubanjwa ngenxa yokusasaza iiflaya.
Ngokutsho kwamangqina okuzibonela acatshulwe kwi-Intanethi kwiGlobal Voices, uthungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lweentatheli ezingabemi, elinye ipolisa lathi: โ(Sikwenza oku) ukuze sikhusele inkululeko yokuthetha, silondoloze uxolo, uxolo lwabantu baseJapan.โ
Amanye amatsha ntliziyo aye ajoliswa ngokufanayo. Amagqwetha athi uhlaziyo luka-2009 loMmiselo woKhuseleko loLuntu kunye noKhuseleko, owaziswa phantsi kweLiberal Democratic Party, lelinye ilinge lokuthintela uqhanqalazo loluntu.
โUkuba uthumela imikhosi phesheya, inkululeko iyehla ekhaya,โ utshilo uKawaguchi.
UDavid McNeill ubhalela iThe Independent kunye nezinye iimpapasho, kuquka iThe Irish Times kunye neChronicle yeMfundo ePhakamileyo. Ungumququzeleli weJenali ye-Asia-Pacific. Olu luguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo nolwandisiweyo lwenqaku elavela kwiThe Japan Times ngoJan 24, 2010. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100124x1.html
Isicatshulwa esicetyiswayo: UDavid McNeill, "Iimfihlo kunye nobuxoki: i-Ampo, indima yaseJapan kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq kunye noMgaqo-siseko," I-Asia-Pacific Journal, 7-5-10, ngoFebruwari 15, 2010.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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