Kutshanje udliwanondlebe kunye neProjekthi eNtsha yasekhohlo, uRichard Seymour uthi, ngelixa uvavanyo lweendleko kunye neenzuzo zongenelelo lomkhosi eLibya "kufuneka zithathwe ngokungathí sina", abaxhasi bongenelelo olunjalo ngokubanzi bayasilela ukuvelisa nayiphi na "ingxelo enzulu" okanye "uphicotho" olukwaziyo. yalo msebenzi. Okulandelayo lilinge elirhabaxa kwaye elilungele ukwenza olo phicotho. Yeyokubambisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayiphelelanga, kwaye ingaxhamla kwigalelo elongezelelweyo: amagqabantshintshi acacisayo okanye afanele iingongoma ezichazwe apha amkelekile.
Ndiza kwesi sihloko ngaphandle kwezimvo eziqinileyo okanye eziqinisekileyo ezizezam. Zombini izikhundla zongenelelo kunye nezo zingangeneleliyo - xa zifanelekile ngokufanelekileyo - zibonakala kum zineengongoma ezisemthethweni nezinyanzelisayo kwicala lazo. Ukusombulula ezi ngxabano - ukuba oku kuyenzeka ngenene - kubonakala kufuna izinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, ingcaciso yokuba yeyiphi imigaqo efanelekileyo ekufuneka iziswe. Oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo kulula ukukuthetha kunokukwenza, njengoko imiba emininzi enxulumene nokuziphatha ichaphazela enye kwenye, okanye ayinakulinganiswa enye kwenye kwisikali esifanayo. Okwesibini, ukuphononongwa kobungqina - benziwe nzima ngakumbi ngobungakanani bolwazi olukhoyo, kunye nokungafikeleleki kwayo: iziqwenga ezibalulekileyo zolwazi zingcwatywa ngokuqhelekileyo kunokuba zibekwe ngaphambili. Okwesithathu, indawo yokuhlala phakathi kokutolika okwahlukeneyo kobu bungqina, ngakumbi malunga namanqanaba omngcipheko onokwenzeka.
Imibuzo yomgaqo
Imibuzo efanelekileyo yomgaqo oqwalaselwa apha itsalela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ngokuziphatha: imilinganiselo yeemfazwe zobulungisa; iziphumo ezicetywayo, ezinokwenzeka nezisemngciphekweni; imithetho yesithupha; kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo ngoku - phakathi kwezinye.
UGeorge Monbiot kunye nesithandi sobulumko uPaula Casal uluhlu ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokusemthethweni:
“Olu gonyamelo luchazwayo lumele lube yimpendulo kwimeko yobomi nokufa: apho ukufa okanye ukwenzakala okumanyumnyezi kusongelwa kukusilela ukwenza okuthile. Zonke ezinye iindlela zokuphumeza iinjongo zakho kufuneka zibe seziphelile. Ubundlobongela obusetyenziswayo kufuneka bube bubuncinane obufunekayo ukuze ufezekise iinjongo zakho. Kufuneka ibe nethuba eliphezulu lokuphumelela. Imele inciphise, kunokuba yande, isimbuku songquzulwano olunogonyamelo.”
Koku singongeza ezinye iingqwalasela ezinzulu zokuziphatha. Lungakanani ulawulo esilusebenzisayo ngokwenyani kubenzi bobubi? Ziziphi iinjongo zabenzi bobubi? Ithini ingxelo yabenzi bobubi? Lungakanani ulwazi olunokuthenjwa ngale meko olufumaneka ngokusengqiqweni kuthi? Ngaba sinemvume yabantu esinokuthi sibeke ubomi babo esichengeni? Ngaba kusemthethweni? Ngaba iyawathintela amanye amanyathelo, okanye ukuguqula izibonelelo kwezinye iindawo?
Koku sinokufumana iindawo ezilishumi ezibanzi, ezifanelekileyo ngokokuziphatha ekufuneka siziqwalasele:
1. Ezona njongo zabenzi bobubi
2. Iziphumo ezingqalileyo ezijoliswe kubenzi bobubi
3. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye nengozi
4. Imvume yamaxhoba
5. Ukuba semthethweni
6. Kungakanani esinokukulawula
7. Kungakanani esinokukwazi ngokwenene
8. Imibuzo yokugqibela
9. Ukuncitshiswa kobundlobongela
10. Iindleko zamathuba
Ngokucacileyo ezi nkalo zihlala zinxulumana enye kwenye ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Imida yolwazi lwethu ngemeko inokuthintela izigwebo eziqinileyo zeziphumo ezinokwenzeka, umzekelo; iziphumo ezisemngciphekweni zinokonganyelwa yimvume yamaxhoba.
Sakuba sibuvumile obu bunzima, masithathe indawo nganye kwezi ngokulandelelanayo.
1. Iinjongo zabenzi bobubi
i. amalungelo abantu?
Le yenye yezona ngqwalasela ilula ukuyicacisa: iinjongo ezihloniphekileyo okanye ezintle zinokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwasekuqaleni. Ukungaphumeleli ukungenelela - kunye nokungenelela okusebenzayo ukunyusa kunye nokwenza izenzo zenkohlakalo - kwiimeko ezifanayo zibonisa ukuba amalungelo oluntu awabakhuthazi abenzi bobubi. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngoku kuhanjelwa abantu babo ngoorhulumente abaxhaswa yi-US eBahrain naseYemen. Umbuso wabathengi base-US kwa-Israel uqalise ngokungenamkhethe hlaselwa eGaza kwiintsuku zamva nje, ngelixa ugwayimbo lwamva nje lwase-US ePakistan yabulala ubuncinane abantu abangama-40. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu loqhanqalazo olugqugqisayo lo mmandla, uDavid Cameron abathengisi bezixhobo bekhapha bebetha iimpahla zabo koorhulumente abacinezelayo kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma, phambi kweengxelo zokuba uninzi lwalusebenzisa izixhobo ezazisele zinikezelwe yi-UK kunye neenkampani zaseNtshona. Akukho ngenelelo lucetyisiweyo ngoku kwimeko ye Ubundlobongela base-Ivory Coast.
Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wemigangatho ephindwe kabini yi-Israel ku bulala ngaphezulu kwewaka labemi baseGazan ngo-2008-9, apho i-US ibonelele ngezixhobo kunye nokhuseleko lozakuzo. Njengentatheli uHoward Friel bonisa, Ummeli ka-Obama kwi-UN uSusan Rice uye waqhubeka nokubonelela ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwase-Israel kulo lonke i-2009-10, kubandakanywa nokuvota ngokuchasene nesigqibo "sokugxeka ezo migaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo zakwaSirayeli eziphula amalungelo abantu basePalestina kunye namanye ama-Arabhu kwimimandla ebanjwe. ”.
Kuye kutshanje yiza ekukhanyeni – ngomthombo omkhulu wezozakuzo othetha noCraig Murray, owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku wase-UK e-Uzbekistan – ukuba uqhekeko olukhoyo eBahrain, luncediswa yimikhosi yaseSaudi, lunikwe ukukhanya okuluhlaza nguNobhala weLizwe waseMelika uHillary Clinton. Ukubuyisa, ukhusele inkxaso ye-Arab League yendawo ekungabhabhiyo kuyo eLibya.
ii. into esinokulawula kuyo
Ukuba iinjongo ezintle zinokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, yintoni injongo kwimeko yaseLibya? Oku kunzima ukukucinezela okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imikhondo ecacileyo. Umongo jikelele ucace gca. NjengoNoam Chomsky ubeka, "[t]inkxalabo eyongamileyo yokulawula i-oyile iye yalawula umgaqo-nkqubo waseBritani kwinkulungwane kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US phantse ixesha elide. Ngokuqinisekileyo oko kuya kuhlala. ”
Umphengululi wembali yaseCambridge uAli Khan amanqaku ukuba "iLibya ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwenkqubo ye-geo-ikwimida esemazantsi eYurophu - kunye nakwezoqoqosho - ibonelela ngepesenti enkulu yeoli kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu naseAsia." Ngo-2009, umhleli weshishini we Ezizimeleyo ngeCawa phawula ukuba imiba enxulumene neoyile "yokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokunqongophala kwamandla kunye nexabiso" ichaza "kutheni ukuzisa iLibya kubanda kwakubalulekile, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu". Ngokunjalo, i Guardian Iingxelo, Ukuchasa kwamaTshayina eli phulo “kwabonakalisa ukuxhalaba kokwenene” ngokudodobalisa ummandla othengisa ioli. Njengoko uOwen Jones izimvo,
“Iinqwelomoya eziwisa iibhombu phezu kweLibya zisebenzisa iziseko zase-Italiya. I-Itali ixhomekeke kwiLibya kwikota yeoli yayo. Ngaba ngokwenene sicinga ukuba i-Italiya - ethe yade yamva nje ukuxhasa uGaddafi ngenxa yesi sizathu - yenza ngaphandle koku engqondweni? "
NjengoGilbert Achcar weSikolo saseLondon seZifundo zaseMpuma kunye nezaseAfrika uyabona, uGaddafi akazange athathwe njengento echasene neNtshona, egcina ubudlelwane obufudumeleyo kunye nezorhwebo, ezopolitiko kunye nezobuchule. Ukanti ingxaki ngoku isenokuba kukukhula kwamathuba akhe okuzimela. Chomsky Cits le Wall Street JournalUluvo lokuba iNtshona “ayikaqiqi ngendlela yokulawula izinto ezintsha ezinyukayo; Ingqikelelo yeyokuba kufuneka sizilawule”. UGaddafi ngoku uye wandedwa kulo mmandla nakumazwe angaphandle, kwaye amazwe aseNtshona anokucinga ukuba ungoyena mntu unokungamkeleki kwaye unengxaki engaphaya kokufaneleka kwakhe. AbaliqelaGuardian ababhali Wisdom "Uhlalutyo olubonisa ukuba ukuba uGaddafi uyasinda kwimvukelo wayeya kubuyela kwiindlela zakhe zakudala ezichasene nentshona, ezixhasa ubunqolobi kwaye abe sisisongelo sokwenene kwimidla yase-US" njengeyona nto iphambili ekuqhubeni isigqibo sokungenelela.
Umhlohli weSOAS kwezopolitiko kuMbindi Mpuma Laleh Khalili izimvo ukuba:
“Abemi baseYurophu nabaseMntla Melika babekuvuyela ukusebenzisana kunye nokuxhasa uQaddafi lo gama wayesilwa ne-Al-Qaida (nangona ngenkohlakalo) kwaye ebonelela ngokufikelela kwizibonelelo; kodwa ebesoloko ezibonakalisa ukuba akathembekanga kwaye akaqiqiki kwaye naxa kuphakamile kwamaxesha okuwolana nokuncamisa, abeLungu babemlumkele. Bakhetha ukuba nolawulo oluqikelelwayo kwaye “luzinzile”, nokuba lukhohlakele njengolawulo lukaQaddafi.
Ilensi yemidiya Wisdom Intambo enye ye-Wikileaks ka-2007 inika ingcebiso kweli cala-iqaphela ukuba:
"Abo balawula ubunkokeli bezopolitiko nezoqoqosho eLibya balandela imigaqo-nkqubo ekhulayo yelizwe kwicandelo lamandla elinokuthi libeke emngciphekweni ukuxhaphazwa ngokufanelekileyo koovimba be-oyile negesi eLibya. …”
Upapasho olunye lweoyile kunye negesi luxhasa oku- uxelela abafundi:
“Umsinga waseLibya sele uqalile ukuphulukana nokuqaqamba kwawo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ubundlobongela elizweni, kwaye nokuphela ngokukhawuleza kwemvukelo yangoku kubeka umngcipheko kubasebenzi bamanye amazwe kwilizwe laseMntla Afrika. … Ubundlobongela obuqhubekayo e-Libya buqalisile ukuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nenkqubela phambili yeenkampani ze-oyile zamazwe ngamazwe (IOCs) kwilizwe elizolileyo laseMntla Afrika. Abaqhubi bajongana nekamva elingaqinisekanga nokuba luphela ngokukhawuleza ubundlobongela ukubona ukuba urhulumente kaQadhafi uhlala ephethe. "
Ngokutsho Iprojekthi yoPhando kuMbindi Mpuma kunye neNkcukacha, ukushiya imeko yodwa yayiqala ukubonakala ingathandeki kwiminqweno yaseNtshona:
"Ulungelelwaniso lwengxoxo kwiipaseji zamandla lwalutshintshela kwisigwebo sokuba uQaddafi okanye abavukeli abayi kuphumelela: Endaweni yoko, iziphumo ezinokwenzeka yayiyimfazwe yokuzimela okanye inxenye yolawulo oluyilwe luvukelo olude. Kwangaxeshanye, i-US yayijikela kumbono osele ubanjwe yiFrance kunye namanye amazwe aphambili eManyano yaseYurophu athi: Ezo ziphumo bezingenakunyamezeleka, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba ukuhamba kwe-oyile kunokuphazamiseka, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ukuqukuqela kwabafuduki kunokunyuka njengoko iLibya ingena kuloo nto. Washington bugbear, "ilizwe elingaphumeleliyo."
The Financial Times ukwanayo phawula uxinzelelo oluphezulu kumaxabiso eoli ukuba imveliso yaseSaudi iyawa okanye "ukungazinzi" kusasazeka kummandla. Ngexesha elide, oku kusongela umdla wezoqoqosho lwaseNtshona, njengentatheli yezoshishino uWilliam Alden amanqaku:
“Ukuba amaxabiso [e-oyile] abuye ehle emva kwexesha elifutshane, ifuthe kuqoqosho lwase-US lilinganiselwe,” utshilo uGregory Daco, ingcali yezoqoqosho ephezulu kwiqela le-US macroeconomics e-IHS Global Insight, ifemu yohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho nezezimali. "Nangona kunjalo, ukuba amaxabiso ahlala kwinqanaba eliphezulu kangangeenyanga ezintandathu ukuya kunyaka, impembelelo ekukhuleni inokubaluleka kakhulu."
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