Inkanyezi yaseHollywood uClint Eastwood ufuna ukuxelela omabini amacala enye yeemfazwe zeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Ngaba uhamba kwindawo enemigodi?
Ekuqaleni kowama-2005, njengoko iJapan yayilungiselela ihlobo leminyaka ebuhlungu yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uShindo Yoshikaka wafumana umnxeba ongaqhelekanga. Inkanyezi yaseHollywood uClint Eastwood wayeceba ukutyelela iTokyo ngo-Epreli kwaye angathanda kakhulu ukudibana nelungu leDiet yaseJapan ukuze baxoxe ngeprojekthi awayesebenza kuyo. Ngaba wayefumaneka?
'Ewe ndithe ewe,' wakhumbula uCeba uShindo.
Le projekthi ibingumboniso bhanyabhanya omalunga ne-Iwo Jima, intwana yelitye lentaba-mlilo kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-700 emazantsi eTokyo eyayiyindawo yemfazwe eyona mfazwe inoburhalarhume. Simise okwenyembezi, isiqithi esiziskwere seemayile ezisi-8-isinye kwisithathu esilingana neManhattan - saqhushumba saphantse sathi tyaba, saba yile nto elinye igqala layibiza ngokuba 'sisihogo esinesalfure, esigcwele umngxuma' kwiiveki ezintandathu zomlo ngoFebruwari nangoMatshi ka-1945. .
Xa umlo uphelile, i-7,000 ingamajoni ase-US ayefile kwaye nje i-200 ye-21,800 yemikhosi yase-Japan eyayikhusela isiqithi yayithathiwe iphila. Iisanti ezimnyama zika-Iwo Jima zadlulela kwintsomi yomkhosi, engafiyo kwifoto edumileyo nguJoe Rosenthal ebonisa iqela labasemanzini ababethwayo, abadiniweyo, bephakamisa iNkwenkwezi kunye neMivimbo kwiNtaba yeSuribachi ngoFebruwari 23, 1945. Imfazwe ihleli, nasemva kweminyaka engama-60. Imbali egcwele igazi eKorea, eVietnam nase-Iraq, eyona nto yabulala abantu baseLwandle base-US: phantse isinye kwisithathu sabo bonke abantu baseMarine ababulawa kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yesi-2 bafela esiqithini.
Njengabaninzi baseJapan, uShindo wazibuza ukuba umlawuli ophumelele i-Oscar wamaxesha amabini uza kwenza ntoni ngeli bali. Inkwenkwezi ye-gung-ho ye-prime slabs yase-Americana efana ne-Heartbreak Ridge kunye ne-Dirty Harry, i-Eastwood idume ngokufanelekileyo; iRiphabhlikhi ekudala ixhasa oomongameli uRichard Nixon kunye noRonald Reagan. Ngaba inzame ye-Eastwood - enesihloko esithi Izibane Phambi Komoya - ibe yinto edlalwa ngokutsha yeSands edumileyo ka-Iwo Jima, ejonge omnye umntu onzima waseHollywood, uJohn Wayne?
I-Sands, eyenziwe kwiminyaka emine nje emva kokuba amajoni abuyele ekhaya, yayibuhlungu kwaye i-jingoistic njengenxalenye ye-propaganda ye-Stalinist kwaye yaba yipowusta yokugaya isizukulwana seMarines. Yaphefumlela, phakathi kwabanye, uRon Kovic, igqala laseVietnam elikhubazekileyo ibali lakhe ladlalwa ngoWazalwa ngomhla weSine kuJulayi. Ngeentliziyo zayo ezinkulu zase-US ezikhalaza ngokuchasene nenzondelelo yempambano, iBanzai-screaming 'Nips' kunye 'neJaps,' imuvi inabalandeli abambalwa eJapan, apho amajoni amaninzi amadala aziyo ukuba uJohn Wayne akazange asebenze nosuku olunye emkhosini.
Noko ke, xa wadibana noEastwood, uShindo wamangaliswa. 'Undixelele ukuba akafuni ukwenza imuvi nje malunga nemfazwe, kodwa malunga neentsapho kunye nentliziyo yomntu,' utsho umenzi-mthetho, okholelwa ukuba iifilimu zaseNtshona malunga nexesha lemfazwe yaseJapan zigxininisa kakhulu kwinto amaJapan ayibiza ngokuthi gyokusai, ngokoqobo intsingiselo 'coca isacholo' kodwa ibhekisa kwisiko lomkhosi waseJapan lokufa ukufa okubekekileyo, rhoqo kwizityholo zokuzibulala. 'Ufuna ukubalisa ibali macala omabini.'
UShindo unenxaxheba yakhe kwiprojekthi: utatomkhulu wakhe uGeneral Kuribayashi Tadamichi, wakhethwa nguMlawuli uHirohito ukuba akhokele ukukhusela u-Iwo Jima.
Uhambo lwase-Eastwood lwaseTokyo, apho wabhabha waya kwi-Iwo Jima kwaye wadibana nabasindileyo kunye nezopolitiko kubandakanya iRhuluneli yaseTokyo u-Ishihara Shintaro, iqinisekisa iingxelo zokuba ukuguga, inkwenkwezi eyandisiweyo yayinento ye-epiphany ngelixa isebenza kwiprojekthi ekudala ixabiswa ukuguqula incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu. Yootata Bethu, nguJames Bradley noRon Powers, yaba ngumboniso bhanyabhanya.
Ifilimu - i-Eastwood's 26th njengomlawuli - igqiba ukudubula kule nyanga. Ibalisa ibali labaseMarines abancinci kwifoto yaseRosenthal. Abathathu abazange baphume esiqithini bephila, ngelixa abanye baba ngamagorha athandabuzayo, behamba besuka kwisixeko baye kwesinye isixeko besiya kubetha umoya wokuziphatha kunye nokubetha amabhondi emfazwe ngaphambi kokuba banyamalale kumnyama wasemva kwemfazwe.
I-Eastwood inokuba nethemba lokuba ibali elibuhlungu lokunyuka nokuwa kwamagorha aqhelekileyo aseMelika asetyenziswa emva koko alahlwa yimikhosi engaphaya kolawulo lwabo, iya kuhambelana nabaphulaphuli baseMelika banamhlanje abaya bediniwe yimfazwe yase-Iraq. Okanye mhlawumbi i-icon yaseHollywood exhase uhlaselo olukhohlakeleyo lwase-US ngo-1983 kwisiqithi esincinci iGrenada ikholelwa ukuba angakwazi ukuhlanganisa amajoni ngokuphinda achaze i-American derring-do. Ngayiphi na indlela, kwindawo ethile ngexesha lokufota waqonda ukuba wayebalisa nje isiqingatha sebali kwaye wagqiba, ngokuphawulekayo, ukwenza ifilimu yesibini. 'Ngamanye amaxesha uba ne-premonition ... kwaye kufuneka uthembele amathumbu akho,' uxelele imagazini iTime.
Abathathi-nxaxheba kule projekthi bathi uphuhlise umdla 'ophantse uxakeke' edabini, kwaye ngakumbi ku-General Kuribayashi, igorha lase-Imperial eliqeqeshekileyo nelithembekileyo elaxelelwa ukuba likhusele isiqithi ngazo zonke iindleko ukunika ilizwekazi ixesha lokulungiselela i-US elindelekileyo. uhlaselo. Njengokhuselo lwe-Okinawa, eyenzelwe ukucotha kunokumisa ukuqhubela phambili kweMelika, yayiyimishini eyayisaziwa bonke ukuba itshabalele, kwaye kamsinya nje emva kokuba u-Iwo Jima ewa, i-US yaqala ukuqhushumba izixeko zaseJapan.
UKitahara Koji, owayeneminyaka engama-23 ubudala owayelilungu lomkhosi wasemanzini waseJapan ngelo xesha uthi: โSazisa izinto esiqithini ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise umlo yaye sanika amajoni ngasemva konke esasinako, kuquka nezinto zobuqu. 'Besazi ukuba abasayi kubuya.'
UKuribayashi wawaqhuba amadoda akhe ngokungayekiyo, egrumba iitonela ezingaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-11 kubushushu obutshisayo kwaye eququzelela iphulo lokuzikhusela lokubulala ngaphambi kokuba azibulale ngokwesiko. Umzimba wakhe awukafunyanwa. Amakhulukhulu eenzalelwane zase-Iwo kunye namawakawaka abasebenzi baseKorea babephakathi kwabafi.
Injengele yaseJapan ezimiseleyo, ezaliswe ngumoya wenkolo yeBushido, iyinto eqhelekileyo yeemuvi zemfazwe zaseJapan ezingenakubalwa, njengesiqhelo njengama-Arabhu anxibe isikhafu esinamehlo agcwele iimuvi zase-US malunga noMbindi Mpuma. , kodwa uShindo uthi unethemba lokuba lo mboniso bhanyabhanya uza kubonisa elinye icala elingaziwayo kuyisemkhulu.
'Ndingathanda ukuba abantu babone ukuba wayezele uthando ngosapho lwakhe kunye nabantwana bakhe. Amajoni aseJapan njengaye ayengalweli nje ukufa ngokubekekileyo. Isizathu sokuba balwe nendoda yokugqibela yayikukulibazisa uhlaselo lwasemoyeni kwiintsapho zabo nakubantu baseJapan. Akukhathaliseki nokuba amajoni ayevela eMelika okanye eJapan; balwela ukukhusela iintsapho zabo.'
I-Eastwood ngokucacileyo ijonge ukunyaniseka. Uqeshe umbhali waseJapan-waseMelika u-Iris Yamashita ukuba abhale iskripthi kwaye kuxelwe ukuba ujonge ukuqesha ezinye zekhrimu yabadlali baseJapan. Njengabo bonke abenzi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya baseMelika namhlanje, unomdla wemali wokwenza iJapan ilunge: ilizwe lilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu kwintengiso yeemuvi zaseHollywood, esinye sezizathu zokuba i-barbaric, i-buck-toothed stereotype yamandulo iye yanyamalala kwiimuvi ezinje ngePearl Harbour, ethi. yabonisa abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baseJapan abacociweyo belumkisa abantwana baseMerika ukuba babaleke ukudubula kweebhombu. Kwaye yaba yiofisi yebhokisi eJapan.
Kodwa inkwenkwezi yafumana incasa yeengxaki ezinokubakho ngeprojekthi xa yadibana neRhuluneli u-Ishihara, phantsi kolawulo lwakhe esi siqithi. Phakathi kwamahlaya malunga neengozi zokuba ngusodolophu (i-Eastwood yayisakuba ngusodolophu waseCarmel, eCalifornia) u-Ishihara wathi u-Iwo Jima 'uyindawo engcwele' yamaJapan kwaye watsho ngokucacileyo ukuba ufuna 'iimvakalelo zelizwe zihlonitshwe.' I-Ishihara edumileyo yezopolitiko ezichasene neMelika zasekwa ngexesha lemfazwe xa ekhumbula ukuba 'ukuzonwabisa' kwiinqwelomoya zase-US 'ezinemifanekiso yabasetyhini abanqunu kunye noMickey Mouse bepeyintwe kwifuselage.'
'Andizange ndiwakholelwe amehlo am! Ndandisoyika ukufa, kwaye ndinomsindo kodwa ndandicinga ukuba iMelika inokuba yindawo enjani, inkcubeko yeyiphi, kwaye yahluke njani eJapan. Emva koko ndeva ezinye iinqwelo-moya kodwa kungekho mipu ngeli xesha; babesukelwa nguZero, yaye indwe yabo yayiyindwe yaseJapan. Ndaziva ndifuna ukuphakama ukuze ndiwole elo langa liphumayo.'
Iimvakalelo ezivakaliswa ngolwimi olulolo hlobo zinqabile eJapan, kodwa uninzi lwaseJapan aluqinisekanga malunga nobudlelwane babo basemva kwemfazwe ne-US, eyaqhushumbisa izixeko zeli lizwe ukuba zichithe ngaphambi kokutshisa iHiroshima neNagasaki. Izikhumbuzo ku-Iwo Jima dot ilizwe, kuquka enye kwi-Mt. Takao eNtshona Tokyo evulwe ngokusesikweni yiNkulumbuso yangoku u-Koizumi Junichiro xa wayengumphathiswa wezempilo. Phantsi kobunkokeli be-Koizumi kunye ne-Ishihara, iJapan iye yakhula kancinci malunga nokubhiyozela ixesha elidlulileyo lemfazwe kwaye izimisele ngakumbi ukukhumbula izigidi zayo zamajoni afileyo; zombini zixhasa utyelelo lwenkulumbuso kwisikhumbuzo semfazwe saseYasukuni Shrine, nangona olu tyelelo lunempembelelo eyityhefu kubudlelwane baseJapan neChina neKorea.
Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu yokuboniswa kakubi koMkhosi woBukhosi, abaphiko basekunene abafana noIshihara kunye noShindo bafuna i-Eastwood ibonise ukuba imikhosi yaseJapan yayingekho bhetele okanye imbi kunamahlakani awo ase-US. Njengabo, bathobela imiyalelo baza balwa de bafa. Kwaye phakathi kokudumba koluvo lwe-neo-nationalist kwilizwe apho isizukulwana sexesha lemfazwe sisifa - sishiya ngasemva abantu abancinci benolwazi oluncinci malunga nemizabalazo ekrakra yeengcinga ezalwelwa ngokuba semthethweni kobukoloniyali obufutshane beJapan kuninzi lwe-Asiya - baziva bezithembile ngakumbi ngokucinezela amabango.
'Ingcamango yokuba icala laseJapan lalingenaluqeqesho kwaye likhohlakele kwaye i-US iphucukile kukungaqondi okuqhelekileyo,' utsho uShindo. 'Ndingathanda ukuba uMnu. Eastwood alungise oko kungaqondani.' Kukwezi ntlabathi zishukumayo apho u-Eastwood sele eza kunyathela, mhlawumbi engalumkanga. Kodwa kwanabo bayamkelayo into yokuba uMkhosi wama-Imperial wenze ubugebenga ngexesha lokoyisa kwawo, ubukoloniyali kunye nedabi lase-Asiya, bayazibuza ukuba ingaba imuvi iya kubonisa ukuba idabi lalijongeka njani kwicala laseJapan.
'Sasiqeqeshelwa kwaye icala lase-US lalingenankathalo' utsho u-Omagari Satoru, owayengumqhubi wenqwelomoya, ngoku oneminyaka engama-88 ubudala, owayengomnye wabambalwa baseJapan ukuba abalekele isiqithi esaphila kwaye uthi imfazwe ka-Iwo Jima yayihluke kakhulu kwindlela eye yaba ngayo. izotyiwe. Ulibiza eli dabi, 'lelona mava oyikekayo ebomini bam.'
'Kuthiwa singabo besilwa simdaka, kodwa amaMerika asirhangqa aza kangangeentsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu agquma isiqithi ngamaqokobhe, kwaye asizange siziphindezele. Xa befika belindele ukuba kube lula kodwa sazimela salinda ngaphambi kokuba sihlasele, yiyo loo nto uninzi lwabo lwafayo. Yayikuphela kwendawo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II apho babandezeleka khona abantu abaninzi kangaka, yaye ndicinga ukuba kungenxa yoko le nto siye sazenzela olu dumo lungendawo.'
Amagqala ase-US aqinisekisa ukuba amaJapan abothusa. UJohn Rich, omnye wamajoni okuqala eSiqithi uthi: 'Baye bagqiba kwelokuba basicoca iwotshi yethu. 'Babelutshaba oloyikekayo. Ndazijula โโkwi bomb crater ndafika kukho oomatiloshe ababini apho ndaqonda ukuba ndim ndedwa ophilayo. Yayilidabi elikrakra ngendlela emangalisayo, ngoko ke ndingathanda ukuba u-Eastwood enze into eza kusihlanganisa.'
Amanye amagqala aseJapan nawo ayathandabuza ubunyani befoto yeRosenthal. Ngethuba efika eSuribachi iintsuku ezine emva kwe-D-Day, iflegi yayisele ityaliwe kwi-summit. Amajoni aseLwandle agqibe ekubeni aphinde awumise umcimbi esebenzisa iflegi enkulu. URosenthal ucofe owona mfanekiso udumileyo wemfazwe, kodwa i-kinetic spontaneity eyenza udubulo lwaba sisixhobo esinamandla kunye nentsomi yobuxoki ibisoloko ikrokreleka.
'Abasenzi baselwandle ngokuqinisekileyo bayiphakamisile iflegi, kodwa andicingi ukuba isenzo besinesibindi njengoko besibonisiwe,' utshilo u-Omagari. 'Nawuphi na umkhosi uya kutyala iflegi yawo, kwaye iNtaba iSuribachi yayimalunga nenye indawo ababenokuyenza.'
Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseJapan nabaseMelika babonakala ngathi bafikelele kwi-Iwo Jima kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Njengoko uShindo waphawula, 'Ngaphezu kweliphi icala eliphumeleleyo okanye elilahlekileyo, ndicinga ukuba eyona ntsingiselo ka-Iwo Jima e-US yayibonisa ukuba nabaphumeleleyo banokulahlekelwa kakhulu. Unokuwubona umphumo woku ebudeni beminyaka engama-40 yesikhumbuzo sika-Iwo Jima, xa iMelika yaqala ukucebisa inkonzo yesikhumbuzo edibeneyo eyayinika imbeko kumaxhoba kunye nabasindileyo.' Ukanti kumashumi amathandathu eminyaka kamva, idabi lika-Iwo Jima kwinkumbulo yembali liyaqhubeka.
U-Eastwood ubonakala ebona ukuthanda ukulwa kwe-Iwo Jima: eTokyo wathembisa ukuhlonipha iminqweno ka-Ishihara kwaye agweme ukulimaza iimvakalelo zaseJapan, esithi wayebona imfazwe 'njengenkcubeko, kungekhona impi.' Kodwa uya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo lokwenza umboniso bhanyabhanya owenza abaphulaphuli bakhe baseMelika bazive benelunda ngexesha labo elidlulileyo.
Njengoko ejikeleza ngokuphefumlelwa, unokwenza okubi ngakumbi kunokufunda imbongo yegqala lase-US uBill Madden, owalahlekelwa ngabahlobo kunye nokuva kwakhe ku-Iwo Jima ngaphambi kokubhala kamva:
UJim akakho, uqhunyiswe udaka
15 Baqhushumba, baqhuma ububi;
Babini kuphela abasindileyo, mna noAl.
Emva koko u-Al akasekho.
UDavid McNeill yintatheli esekwe eTokyo efundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseSophia. Umnxibelelanisi wokuGxininisa waseJapan, ungumfaki nxaxheba rhoqo kwiLondon Independent kunye nombhali wemihlathi yeeNdaba zeOhMy. Olu luguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo nolwandisiweyo lwenqaku elavela kwiThe Independent ngoDec. 27, 2005.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela