I-La libreta, incwadana yomxhesho waseCuba, ifaka iingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nolingo lobusoshiyali lwaseCuba. Abagxeki bathi into yokuba ukutya kusanikwa umxhesho emva kweminyaka engama-50, kwaye ngaphezu kwama-60 eepesenti okutya kwesi siqithi kusathengwa kwamanye amazwe, ingqina ukusilela koqoqosho olulawulwa ngurhulumente oluthomalalisa umoya wokurhweba wabasebenzi namafama.
Abaxhasi bathi le ncwadi yomxhesho ngumzekelo wokuzibophelela kukarhulumente waseCuba kwimpilo kunye nentlalontle yabantu bakhe xa bejongene nokuvalwa kwe-US okungayekiyo. Bathi ngenxa yengobozi yokutya eqinisekisiweyo yaseCuba kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo lwasimahla, esi siqithi sihlwempuzekileyo sinelona zinga liphantsi lokufa kweentsana kunye namazinga aphezulu eminyaka yokuphila kwihlabathi.
Zombini zilungile.
Ndahlala eCuba ekuqaleni koo-1980, xa iSoviet Union yayisekho kwaye yayixhasa uqoqosho lwaseCuba ukuya kwi-4-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka. Ngezo mini, ukutya kwakuyisenzo sokulingana. Umxhesho ofunyanwa lusapho ngalunye ngomrhumo omncinci wawanele ukuhlala inyanga yonke kwaye waqinisekisa wonke umntu ukutya okufanelekileyo. Yayiquka irayisi, iimbotyi, iilentile, ubisi, ikofu, iinxalenye zeveki zenyama yenkuku nenyama yehambhega, intlanzi nehagu ngamathub’ athile.
Xa umxhesho wenkuku weveki nganye wawufika emarikeni, wawuva ivumba eliphekwayo kwinkuku kwikhitshi ngalinye ebumelwaneni—inkukhu eqhotsiweyo, isuphu, isityu. Njengengcali yezondlo eyayisebenza nabantwana ababulawa yindlala eAfrika, ndavuyiswa kukwazi ukuba intsapho nganye yayiza kunandipha isidlo sangokuhlwa esimnandi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abantu baseCuba bakhalaza ukuba bahlala bengakwazi ukufumana itswele, igalikhi okanye iitumato ukuze bapheke ukutya ngokuthanda kwabo, kodwa iziseko zazihlala zikhona.
Hayi namhlanje. Incwadana yomxhesho iye yancipha ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka. Oku kuya kuba kuhle ukuba kubonisa ubuninzi, kodwa akunjalo. Elona xesha libi kakhulu lalisemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, xa amandla eCuba okuthenga ukutya kwamanye amazwe ehla ngama-75%. Ebudeni beminyaka elishumi eyoyikekayo eyalandelayo, awathi urhulumente wayibiza ngokuthi “iXesha Elikhethekileyo” baza abantu bayibiza ngokuthi “el tiempo de los flacos” (ixesha lokubhitya), umxhesho wehla ngesiqingatha, umndilili waseCuba wehla ngeekhilogram ezingama-20, nendlala ethe gqolo—into engekhoyo. eyabonwa ukususela ngaphambi kohlaziyo—yaba yinto yemihla ngemihla.
Uqoqosho lwaseCuba luphucuke kakhulu ukusukela ngoko, enkosi ngokuyinxenye ekunyukeni kweedola zokhenketho nakwi-oyile yenkxaso yeVenezuela. Sekunjalo, umxhesho wenyanga wanele nje ukuba abantu bangalambi kodwa akwanelanga ukutya okunesondlo, kungasathethwa ke noko kwanelisayo.
Umntu ngamnye waseCuba ufumana umxhesho wenyanga weekhilogram ezisixhenxe zerayisi, iponti yeembotyi, isiqingatha sebhotile yeoli yokupheka, isonka somqulu omnye ngosuku, kunye nezixa ezincinane zamaqanda, inkukhu okanye intlanzi, ispaghetti neswekile. Kukho izinto zeziganeko ezikhethekileyo - iikeyiki zemihla yokuzalwa, irum kunye nebhiya kwimitshato-kunye "nabantu abasesichengeni" bafumana izabelo ezongezelelweyo. Abantwana bafumana ilitha yobisi kunye neyogathi. Abantu abaneengxaki zempilo, abafana nesifo seswekile, bafumana umxhesho owongezelelweyo.
UAleida Fernandez oneminyaka engama-15 ubudala wandixelela ukuba xa wayenoxinezeleko oluphezulu lwegazi, ugqirha wakhe wamnika inqaku elongeza iintlanzi ezintathu ngenyanga kumxhesho wakhe. “Ngale ndlela urhulumente uyaqinisekisa ukuba ndifumana iprotein eyaneleyo,” utshilo uFernandez onombulelo, ohlala kumhlalaphantsi we-XNUMX yeedola ngenyanga kodwa unokhathalelo lwempilo lwasimahla kwaye njengabaninzi baseCuba, akahlawuli rent.
Abantu baseCuba bahlawula ngaphantsi kweedola ezi-2 ukuze bafumane umxhesho wabo wenyanga, nto leyo eqikelelwa kwi-12 ekhulwini lexabiso lokwenene lokutya. Lukusindisa ubomi babantu abahluphekayo kodwa ushiya urhulumente exhasa wonke umntu oyindoda, owasetyhini nomntwana, nokuba umvuzo unjani. Ngexabiso elingaphezulu kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka, kucacile ukuba kutheni uMongameli ocinga ngohlaziyo uRaul Castro angathanda ukubona i-la libreta inyamalala.
Ngo-2011 uCastro wathi inkqubo yomxhesho isasaza ukutya “ngamaxabiso ahlekisayo” kwaye inkqubo eyaziswa ngexesha lokunqongophala iye yajika yaba “ngumthwalo onganyamezelekiyo kuqoqosho kunye nokungakhuthazi ukusebenza.”
Kodwa isindululo sakhe sokuphelisa umxhesho saye sarhoxiswa xa sidibana nenkcaso ekrakra, ngakumbi evela kubasebenzi bakarhulumente abafumana imivuzo ephantsi kunye nabadla umhlala-phantsi abasokola ukufumana i-15 yeedola ngenyanga. “Andikwazi ukucinga ukuba bendinokuphila njani ukuba bekufuneka ndithenge ukutya kwam kwimarike evulekileyo,” wakhalaza ngoOphelia Muñoz odla umhlala-phantsi. “Amaxabiso emarike aphezulu kangangokuba andinakukwazi ukuthenga iitapile kunye nebhoniyato, kancinci kakhulu iimbotyi okanye inkukhu.”
Libali elahlukileyo kubantu baseCuba abasebenza kwicandelo labakhenkethi okanye abafumana imali evela kwiintsapho zabo kumazwe aphesheya. Ngokufikelela kwimali enzima, banokufikelela kumaxabiso emarike kwaye bongeze ukutya kwabo ngokutya kwivenkile yokutyela.
Kodwa okona kutya kulungileyo kugcinelwe abakhenkethi. Ukutya okunegourmet kunikezelwa kwiindawo zokutyela zabucala ezibizwa ngokuba ziipaladares eziye zakhula kuso sonke isiqithi. Abemi baseCuba abangamahlwempu ngoku bayakwazi ukubona indlela emnandi yokukhwela abakhenkethi—ilobster, ishrimps, inyama yehagu, inyama yenyama—yaye bashiyeka bezibuza ukuba kutheni bexakwe yirayisi neeertyisi. “Asilambi njengabantu baseHaiti,” watsho uBerta Fernandez, umabhalana ofumana umvuzo wee-$20 ngenyanga. "Kodwa siphunga inyama yehagu eyojiweyo kwindawo yokutyela ezantsi kwebhloko kwaye sishiywe ngulo mnqweno."
Ukufikelela ngokulinganayo ekufumaneni ukutya ngomnye nje umboniso wento eyandayo nangakumbi yoqoqosho olunamanqanaba amabini, elinye iqela lirhoxa ngeepesos zelizwe kwaye elinye lixhamla ekufikeleleni kwimali enzima. I-revolution ibingafanelanga ukuba ihambe ngolu hlobo.
Kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi ebesityelele eHavana, utitshala uOlivia Gonzalez uthe abavumeli abafundi ukuba beze nesidlo sabo sasemini ekhaya. Ngoba? Kuba abanye abafundi babeza kuzisa izinto ezinqwenelekayo njengenyama kunye nesoda ngelixa abafundi abahlwempuzekileyo benokufumana imali elula. “Sifuna ukuba bonke abantwana babe namathuba afanayo kwaye bangakhuli benemvakalelo yokujongelwa phantsi,” ucacise watsho uGonzalez. Ngoko ke kungcono ukuba bonke batye ngokufanayo. Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokubonelela ngokutya okunempilo, izikolo ezininzi zizama ukulima ukutya kwazo okuninzi kangangoko zinakho.
URaul Castro uzama ukufumana indlela ephakathi, evuselela uqoqosho ngelixa egcina iinzuzo zenguqu ezifana nezempilo kunye nemfundo yasimahla. Uhlaziyo lwakhe olujolise kwimarike lubandakanya ukucutha iinkxaso-mali, ukucutha abantu abahlawulwa ngurhulumente kunye nokukhuthaza amashishini abucala ngakumbi—ingakumbi amafama.
Ukuvulwa okuyimbali ne-US kuye kwavuselela amathemba okuba i-US iya kuyeka ukumosha iCuba, kwaye ukhenketho olukhulu norhwebo luya kunceda ukukhula koqoqosho. Kwanangaphambi kokuvulwa, iCuba yayithenga iimpahla zezolimo ezixabisa i-500 yezigidi zeedola eMelika. Ukuthengiswa kokutya kwakukhethekile kwi-embargo kodwa ukuthengiswa kwakufuneka kwenziwe ngemali. Imithetho emitsha evumela iCuba ukuba isebenzise iibhanki zase-US kwaye ifumane imali-mboleko iya kukhokelela ekuthengisweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe—ukuphumelela kwawo omabini la mazwe.
Uninzi lunexhala lokuba ukuvulwa kwe-US, okukhatshwa zizikhukula zabakhenkethi kunye notyalo-mali lwenkampani yase-US, iya kuba yiresiphi yomsantsa omkhulu ngakumbi phakathi kwabo banezinto nabangenazo. Ngokuqinisekileyo iintsuku zihambile xa abantu baseCuba badla ukutya okufanayo ngexesha elinye, kwaye mhlawumbi i-universal libreta iya kutshintshwa yinkqubo yesitampu sokutya esekelwe kwimfuno. ECuba, ilungelo lokufumana ukutya lithathwa njengelungelo loluntu elisisiseko. Ke njengoko uqoqosho lusanda, ngokunjalo kuya kufikelela kwisidlo esahlukileyo. Ngabantu abaninzi abalambileyo basehlabathini lonke, iCuba ingaba ngumzekelo wendlela yokukhulisa i-pie-kwaye uqinisekise ukuba wonke umntu ufumana isiqwenga.
UMedea Benjamin ungumseki weqela loxolo CODEPINK kunye nentlangano yamalungelo oluntu i-Global Exchange. Ungumbhali we Akukho Isidlo sasemini sasimahla: Ukutya kunye neNguquko eCuba.
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Nikela