Ulawulo lukaTrump lwasusa imfundiso yeMonroe yenkulungwane ye-19 ethoba izizwe zommandla kwiminqweno yase-US. Ulawulo lwe-Biden, endaweni yokubuyisela umva ikhosi, lulandele ikhondo elifanelekileyo, elineziphumo ezibi kulo mmandla kunye nengxaki yokufuduka esongela unyulo lukaBiden.
Ishiye uninzi lwezohlwayo zikaTrump ngokuchasene neVenezuela kunye neCuba kwaye yaziqinisa ezo zichasene neNicaragua.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US obhekiselele eVenezuela uye waba yi-fiasco. Zama kangangoko, bobabini uTrump kunye noBiden abakwazanga ukushenxisa uMongameli uMaduro kwaye bazifumanisa bebambene nowazibiza ngokuba ngumongameli, uJuan Guaidรณ. Inkxaso yase-US kuGuaidรณ ibuyile njengoko wayebambe uxanduva lorhwaphilizo olukhulu olubandakanya iimpahla zaseVenezuela eziphesheya ezathi zajikelwa kuye. Ngoku iWashington ibambene ngokuphandle nomongameli uMarรญa Corina Machado, onembali ende yokubandakanyeka kuphazamiso olunobundlobongela kwaye ucele i-US ukuba ihlasele ilizwe lakhe. Abantu baseVenezuela bahlawule ixabiso elinzima ledebacle, ebandakanya ukohlwaywa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuzama ukubhukuqa. I-US nayo ihlawule ixabiso malunga nodumo lwayo kumazwe ngamazwe.
Lo ngumzekelo nje omnye wothotho lwemigaqo-nkqubo eyintlekele ebhekiselele kwiLatin America.
Endaweni yokuqhubeka le ndlela yobukhosi yongquzulwano olungapheliyo, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo base-US kufuneka bayeke, bahlengahlengise, kwaye bayile indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo kubudlelwane baseMelika. Oku kungxamisekile ngakumbi njengoko eli lizwekazi likwimeko yokudodobala koqoqosho okudityaniswa namaxabiso aphantsi eemveliso, ishishini labakhenkethi elidlamkileyo kunye nokuphela kweemali ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Inqaku elilungileyo lereferensi yokuguqulwa komgaqo-nkqubo nguFranklin Delano Roosevelt "Ipolisi yommelwane olungileyoโ ngeminyaka yee-1930, nto leyo eyayibonisa ukwahlukana ngequbuliso nokungenelela kwelo xesha. I-FDR yashiya "idiplomacy yemipu" apho iiMarines zathunyelwa kuwo wonke ummandla ukuze zinyanzelise ukuthanda kwe-US. Nangona imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yayigxekwa ngokungahambi ngokwaneleyo, wabuyisela i-US Marines esuka eNicaragua, eHaiti naseDominican Republic, kwaye wayichitha. Platt Ulungiso oko kwavumela i-US ukuba ingenelele ngokuzimeleyo kwimicimbi yaseCuba.
Ke ingaba uMgaqo-nkqubo woBumelwane Olungileyo weNkulungwane yama-21 ujongeka njani? Nazi iiplanga eziphambili:
Ukupheliswa kokungenelela komkhosi. Ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni komkhosi womkhosi kuye kwaba a lwalawo yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kummandla, njengoko sibona ekuhanjisweni kweeMarines kwiRiphabhliki yaseDominican ngo-1965, eGrenada ngo-1983, ePanama ngo-1989; ukubandakanyeka kwizenzo zomkhosi ezikhokelela ekuvukeleni kweGuatemala kwi-1954 kunye nokuphazamiseka eNicaragua kwi-1980s; inkxaso yobhukuqo-mbuso eBrazil ngowe-1964, eChile ngowe-1973 nakwezinye iindawo. UMgaqo-nkqubo wobumelwane oLungileyo awuyi kukhanyela kuphela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamajoni, kodwa kunye nesongelo salo mandla (njengaku "zonke iinketho zisetafileni"), ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba ezo zoyikiso azikho mthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ugrogriso lomkhosi wase-US nalo luza ngohlobo lwe Iziseko zase-US elichopha ilizwekazi ukusuka eCuba ukuya eColombia ukuya emazantsi. Olu fakelo luhlala luchaswa luluntu lwasekuhlaleni, njengoko kwakunjalo kwimeko ye Isiseko seManta e-Ecuador eyavalwa ngo-2008 kunye nokuqhubekayo nenkcaso ngokuchasene neGuantanamo Base eCuba. Iziseko zase-US eLatin America zinyhasha ulongamo lwasekhaya kwaye kufuneka zivaliwe, imihlaba icocwe kwaye ibuyiselwe kubanini bayo.
Olunye uhlobo longenelelo lwasemkhosini kukuxhasa ngemali kunye noqeqesho lomkhosi wasekuhlaleni kunye namapolisa. Uninzi loncedo lwase-US oluthunyelwe eLatin America, ngakumbi kuMbindi Merika, lusiya ekuxhaseni ngemali imikhosi yezokhuseleko, okukhokelela kumkhosi wamapolisa kunye nemida, kwaye kukhokelele kubugwenxa obukhulu bamapolisa, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokucinezelwa kwabafuduki. Isikolo soqeqesho eFt. Benning, eGeorgia, ngaphambili eyayibizwa ngokuba โIsikolo seMerika,โ bathweswa izidanga babona babona banyhasha amalungelo abantu belizwekazi. Nanamhla oku, imikhosi eqeqeshwe yi-US ibandakanyeka kuxhatshazo olubi, kubandakanya bulala yamatsha ntliziyo afana noBerta Cรกceres eHonduras. Iinkqubo zase-US zokujongana neziyobisi, ukusuka kwi Inyathelo leMerida eMexico ukuya Cwangcisa eColombia, azikhange zikuyekise ukuhamba kweziyobisi kodwa ziye zagalela izixa ezikhulu zezixhobo kulo mmandla zaza zakhokelela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi ngakumbi, ekuthuthunjisweni nasekudunyisweni kwamaqela emigulukudu. Oorhulumente baseLatin America kufuneka bacoce awabo amapolisa elizwe kwaye bawadibanise noluntu, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokulwa ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi kunomkhosi othe wakhuthazwa yiWashington. Elona galelo likhulu i-US inokulenza ukuphelisa isibetho se-narcotics kwi-Latin America kukulawula imarike yase-US yaloo machiza ngohlaziyo olunoxanduva kunye nokuthintela ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo ezenziwe e-US kwiinkampani zeziyobisi.
Akusekho kugxuphuleka kwezopolitiko. Ngelixa uluntu lwase-US lothuswa zizityholo zokungenelela kweRussia kunyulo lwayo, olu hlobo lokugxuphuleka luhambelana nekhosi eLatin America. USAID kunye ne Inkxaso kaZwelonke yeNdemokhrasi (NED), eyadalwa ngo-1983 njengenye isandi esingathathi hlangothi kwiCIA, ichithe izigidi zeedola zabarhafi ukujongela phantsi iintshukumo eziqhubekayo. Ukulandela unyulo lukaHugo Chรกvez ngo-1998, umzekelo, I-NED iqhubekile uncedo lwayo kumaqela alondolozayo eVenezuela (eyaba sisiseko sommkeli wokuqala kwiLatin America) njengesikhokelo kwiinzame zokutshintsha ulawulo.
Ukupheliswa kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente wase-US usebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho ukunyanzelisa intando yakhe. Ulawulo lukaTrump yongelwa ukumisa ukuthunyelwa kwemali eMexico ukuze kufumaneke imvume kurhulumente ka-Andrรฉs Manuel Lรณpez Obrador kwimiba yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Isisongelo esifanayo seyisela abaninzi abavoti e-El Salvador's 2004 unyulo lobumongameli ukuba ayeke ukuvotela umgqatswa weFarabundo Martรญ National Liberation Front (FMLN)
I-US ikwasebenzisa ukunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho. Kwiminyaka engama-60 edlulileyo, abalawuli base-US baye bavumela iCuba-umgaqo-nkqubo ongakhange ukhokele ngempumelelo ekutshintsheni ulawulo kodwa wenze iimeko zokuphila zibe nzima kubantu baseCuba. Kuyafana naseVenezuela, apho olunye uphando luthi ngo-2017-2018, ngaphezulu 40,000 Abantu baseVenezuela bafa ngenxa yezohlwayo. Nge-coronavirus, ezi zohlwayo ziye zabulala ngakumbi. Umgaqo-nkqubo wobumelwane obulungileyo uya kuphakamisa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho ngokuchasene neCuba, iVenezuela neNicaragua kwaye ibancede baphinde babuyele kwezoqoqosho.
Xhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo ekhupha abantu kwintlupheko nokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Izivumelwano zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo zase-US kunye ne-Latin America zibe zilungile kubantu abaphezulu kunye namaqumrhu ase-US, kodwa ziye zandisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, zatshabalalisa amalungelo abasebenzi, zatshabalalisa iindlela zokuphila zamafama amancinci, zaqhubela phambili ukuthengiswa kweenkonzo zoluntu, kwaye zabeka esichengeni ulongamo lwesizwe. Xa amazwe anamatyala efuna imali-mboleko kumaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe, imali-mboleko ixhomekeke ekunyanzelisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeneoliberal eyenza mandundu yonke le mikhwa.
Ngokumalunga nokusingqongileyo, kaninzi urhulumente wase-US uye waxhasa i-oyile yehlabathi kunye nomdla wezemigodi xa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni eLatin America kunye neCaribbean lucela umngeni kwiiprojekthi zokukhupha izixhobo ezisongela indawo yazo kwaye zibeke impilo yoluntu emngciphekweni. Kufuneka siqalise ixesha elitsha lamandla kunye nentsebenziswano yemithombo yendalo ebeka phambili imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, imisebenzi eluhlaza, kunye nokugcinwa kakuhle kokusingqongileyo.
Uqhanqalazo olukhulu oluchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal luqhambuke kulo lonke elaseLatin America kungekudala ngaphambi kobhubhane kwaye luya kubuya ngempindezelo ngaphandle kokuba amazwe akhululekile ukuba ajonge ezinye iindlela kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal. UMgaqo-nkqubo oMtsha woBumelwane oMtsha uya kuyeka ukumisela iimeko zoqoqosho koorhulumente baseLatin America kwaye uya kucela i-International Monetary Fund ukuba yenze okufanayo. Umzekelo wentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe yiTshayina โI-Belt kunye neNkqubo yeNdlela,โ ethe, nangona kukho ukuthotywa okuthile, ivelise inkoliseko kwiGlobal South ngokubeka phambili utyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo ezifuneka kakhulu ngaphandle kokumisela inkxaso-mali yayo kuwo nawuphi na umba womgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Kuyo yonke imbali, ulawulo lwase-US aluzange luvume ukuthatha uxanduva lweendlela i-US ekhuthaze ngayo abantu abaninzi ukuba bafudukele emantla, kubandakanywa nezivumelwano zorhwebo ezingenabulungisa, ukuxhasa oozwilakhe, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe imigewu. Endaweni yoko, abaphambukeli baye basetyenziswa kwaye baxhatshazwa njengomthombo wemisebenzi ephantsi, kwaye banyeliswa ngokwemimoya yezopolitiko. UMongameli Obama waba ngumongameli umgxothi-oyintloko; UMongameli Trump uye waba ukugcina abantwana, ukwakha iindonga, nokuvalwa kweendlela ukuze abantu bafune ikhusi; Umongameli uBiden ungcono kunowandulelayo xa kufikwa kwi-rhetoric, kodwa hayi kangako ngobulumko. Umgaqo-nkqubo woBumelwane Olungileyo uza kuchitha i-ICE kunye namaziko okugxothwa akhohlakeleyo; iya kubonelela abaphambukeli abangamaxwebhu asemthethweni abazizigidi ezili-11 eUnited States indlela yokuba ngabemi; kwaye iya kuhlonela ilungelo labantu bamazwe ngamazwe lokufuna indawo yokhuseleko.
Ukuqatshelwa kwegalelo lenkcubeko yaseLatin America. Ukungahloniphi kukaMongameli uTrump ngakubantu baseLatin America kunye nabaphambukeli, kubandakanya nekhwelo lakhe lokwakha udonga โoluhlawulelweyo yiMexico,โ kwandisa isimo sengqondo sobuhlanga phakathi kwesiseko sakhe esithe gqolo ukusukela oko. Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha waseLatin America awunakuchasa ubuhlanga kuphela kodwa uya kuphakamisa ubutyebi benkcubeko obukhethekileyo balo mmandla. I impikiswano ejikeleze unyuso olubanzi lwentengiso yenoveli ethi "Ukungcola kwaseMelika," ebhalwe ngumbhali wase-US malunga namava okufudukela eMexico, ngumzekelo wokujongelwa phantsi kwetalente ezantsi komda. Igalelo labemi bomthonyama belizwekazi nalo kufuneka lixatyiswe kwaye libuyekezwe ngokufanelekileyo, elifana namayeza eenkulungwane zakudala asoloko exhatshazwa ziinkampani ezixuba amayeza ezise-US.
Ukubonakalisa inkoliseko equka konke ngendlela yoMgaqo-nkqubo oMtsha woBumelwane oLungileyo uya kuhlangabezana nochaso oluvela kwiminqweno yezoqoqosho neyomkhosi, kunye nezo ziphenjelelwa ziingxoxo zobuhlanga. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu eUnited States alunanto yokuphulukana nayo kwaye, eneneni, lunokuninzi olunokuzuza. Izoyikiso zehlabathi jikelele, ezinje nge-coronavirus kunye nengxaki yemozulu, zisifundise imida yemida kwaye kufuneka zisebenze njengenkuthazo yokwakha uMgaqo-nkqubo wobuMelwane oLungileyo weNkulungwane yama-21 esekwe kuloo migaqo yokungangeneleli kunye nokuhloniphana.
UMedi Bhenjamin, umseki we Global Exchange kwaye CODEPINK: Abasetyhini Ukuthula, ngulo mbhali wencwadi entsha, Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran. Iincwadi zakhe zangaphambili ziquka: UBukumkani boBulungisa: Emva kwe-US-Saudi Connection; I-Drone Warfare: Ukubulala ngokuLawula kude; Musa Ukwesaba iGoringo: Umfazi waseHonduran uthetha kwiNtliziyo, kunye (kunye noJodie Evans) Yeka iMfazwe Elandelayo Ngoku (Inner Ocean Action Guide). Mlandele kwi-Twitter: @medeabenjamin
USteve Ellner ufundise imbali yezoqoqosho eUniversidad de Oriente eVenezuela ukusukela ngo-1977. I-Pink Tide yaseLatin America: Ukuphumelela kunye neentsilelo (2020) kunye nokuhlelwa kwakhe Iintshukumo zeNtlalo yaseLatin America kunye nooRhulumente abaqhubela phambili (2022), zombini zipapashwe nguRowman & Littlefield. Mlandele kuTwitter: @sellner74
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1 amagqabantshintshi
Kukho amanqaku agqwesileyo angenakubalwa malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, izenzo, impi, iinjongo ze-hegemonic, njl. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokutshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo eVenezuela (nakulo lonke elinye ilizwe emhlabeni. Umqobo kukuba yonke imbali yase-US, ukoyisa ilizwekazi, uqoqosho, amashishini, inkqubo yobutyebi bongxowankulu-ingakumbi ishishini lezixhobo kunye nokubandakanyeka emkhosini kwihlabathi liphela-yinto eyenza i-US ukuba yintoni, "indlela yokuphila" yase-US kwaye yintoni kwaye inokwenzeka isekelwe kwindlela iziphatha ngokuyenza ibe yile nto iyiyo nokuyigcina ifana nendlu yamakhadi, nangona ingeyonkenenkene.Tshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo ngakwiTshayina, iRussia, iVenezuela, iUkraine, iGaza-Israel, iCuba, iIMF, iWorld Bank, kunye ukuqhubekeka, ukuya kwindawo enobulungisa, elinganayo, enenzuzo kwihlabathi jikelele, kwisikhundla sokuziphatha okanye indlela, kunye nesakhiwo sonke kunye nendalo yase-US iya kudilika.Okwenyani, uhlaziyo olukhulu luya kuyitshabalalisa i-US njengoko ibikhona kwaye ikhona namhlanje. ukuba yidemokhrasi yokwenene, ubulungisa, ubuntu, ukuthobela umthetho kuya kubonakala njenge (kwaye ibe) amandla atshabalalisayo kwinto eyi-US ngokwenene. Singaqiqa, senze imeko yethu (s) kwaye akukho nto iya kutshintsha ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu okanye indibaniselwano yezinto ezinokubangela ukuwa kwe-US.