Uphononongo olwenziwe nguMzali ongumKristu
I-Zines lukhula lwe-kudzu lwehlabathi lopapasho. Ngokufana naloo mfokazi weentyatyambo onjalo
ilawula amaqashiso angenanto kunye nomhlaba oyinkunkuma wase-US South, ii-zines zineminyaka
ichumile kwindawo yentlalo ekwakukudala ibonwa ingenaxabiso nengafikelelekiyo. "Zine" nguye
lifutshane elithi "fanzine." Eyokuqala kwezi magazini zenziwa ekhaya, zaqaliswa
ngoogxa bezenzululwazi ngeminyaka yee-1930. Unxulumano lwabo oluxhaphakileyo luninzi kakhulu
mhlophe, idolophu ephantsi kakhulu, i-punk rock yasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-700 namashumi asibhozo. Ngokufika kwe
ukuba "indawo" yeza ugqabhuko-dubulo lokwenyani lokujikeleza kuncinci
iijenali ezizipapashiweyo.Idla ngokuveliswa ngabaselula "abagxothiweyo," kwi-cryptic cut-and-paste,
isitayile se-xerox, ii-zines zigubungela ezopolitiko, umculo, ingqondo kunye nayo yonke enye into
yarhubuluza isuka kumbindi, izibilini ze-shag-rug-rug ye-American daydream. Isampuli kuphela
zine-weirdness inokuqalisa ukubamba uhlobo:Kukho iDishwasher, ngu "Pete washer" onjongo yakhe ikukuhlamba izitya kuzo zonke
amashumi amahlanu ithi, bhala ngayo, kwaye ube nexesha elimnandi ukuyenza. Kukho iMelika evuthayo, i
UZine uthi: โYibani nobubele kubo bonke abantu abazenza izinto ezintle
ubomiโฆ," kodwa hayi kakhulu enye into. Kwaye ukuyenza icace ngokwembono ye-feminist-punk
Ngaba iRiot Grrrrl kunye neBikini Kill. Kwabona bangaphandle bokugqibela kukho uBomi oBulusizi,
("uyigeek, njengam") kunye noLoser, "kubalahleki abazama ukwenza
lahlekelwa." Uluhlu luyaqhubeka: ii-barbie doll zines, ii-commie-anarcho zines, i-whiny little.
iizan zobuqu, ii-apoplectic ezinomsindo, iicawa zeBrady Bunch TV, iizine zamaNazi
malunga ne-zines, kunye nolwandle olungapheliyo lokuzenzela umculo we-punk rock; njengaleyo
inikeza umzobo weentambo ezintathu zegitare kwaye ucebise: "hamba uyokuqala ibhendi."Kwaye ngoku ukunqumla kwesi sitshingitshane sephepha elimdaka kunye nemephu yezopolitiko ezininzi
iintsingiselo "ezizezinye" inkcubeko ulutsha esinawo Amanqaku asuka Underground Zines kunye
iPolitiki yeNkcubeko engenye, ngumphengululi oselula obukhali kunye nomlweli wezopolitiko
USteve Duncombe. Ngaphandle kwesihloko sayo esingathandekiyo, uhlalutyo lukaDuncombe lwee-zines luhamba ngokukhawuleza
liciko, ligxeka, linovelwano, kwaye liyahlekisa ngaxeshanye. Njengombhali wezine kunye nowayesakuba yipunk
u-rock roadie wajika unjingalwazi wekholeji, uDuncombe uthetha ngaphakathi kwi-subculture ayiyo
echazayo. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nohlalutyo oluninzi lwenkcubeko yolunye kunye nemiboniso engaphantsi komhlaba, amanqaku
uchetywe yi-romanticism kwaye unyanisekile ngenkohlakalo. Nangona kunjalo le ncwadi idlala ngokwaneleyo ukubhiyozela
uburharha kunye nesiphithiphithi senkcubeko yeenes.Umzekelo, sifunda ngoCrank umhleli wakhe "oyonwaba ngokuba ligeza, acenge
imibongo ye-amateur ngokuzenza ijenali yoncwadi," emva koko iphinda iphinde imibongo, kuphela
ukuba badlale ngokukhohlakeleyo babangcungcuthekise. UDuncombe, ewe, ufumanisa oku kubi kakhulu.Ukufumana okujoliswe kuko okunencasa ngakumbi kukho iThe I Hate Brenda Newsletter a zine kuphela
Uzinikele kumdlali weqonga uShannen Doherty, odlala uBrenda Walsh ekucaphukiseni
Idrama kamabonakude iBeverly Hills 90210. Kukho ne "Shannen Snitch Line," yabafundi
ukufowuna ngokunyelisa nokuhleba.Isigqebelo sasemva kwedolophu ecaleni, amaNqaku anebali lezopolitiko elinobuzaza. Mbini
Iingcinezelo eziphikisanayo zichaza ihlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba le-zines. Kwinqanaba elinye zine zi-
I-oasis yokwenyani yobomi obungahlukanisiweyo kwilizwe elinganyanisekanga, elithengiswa kakhulu kwihlabathi lamva nje
ubungxowankulu. "[Z]iines kunye nenkcubeko engaphantsi komhlaba ibonelela ngendlela yokuba bonke abantu babe
iinkcuba-buchopho-abadali benkcubeko-kwaye esi sisenzo esiqatha." IZines zikhuthaza a
"inkcubeko yokuthatha inxaxheba," ilizwe elilinganayo lokuzenzela elibhabha kulo
ubuso bomthengi. Kwanokusasazwa kwee-zines ngokwemvelo kuchasene nentengiso. Uninzi lwabo
kuthengiselwa ezinye ii-zine okanye kugqitywe nge-zine ekhululekileyo efunda iinethiwekhi zentlalo, ngoko ke ukuhamba
yeZine ivuselela unxibelelwano lwabantu kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa kwevault ngaphezu kwamaxabiso otshintshiselwano. KwiDuncombe,
konke oku kunceda ukwakha indawo yenkcubeko ngokwentelekiso-ezizimeleyo ukusuka eyingozi
iimpembelelo zenjongo yenzuzo.I-Zines intshatsheli yokutshabalalisa umsebenzi, ukubiwa kumphathi, kunye nolonwabo
"cotha." Kubabhali abaninzi be-zine kunye ne-punk rockers, ii-zines kunye nomculo we-iconoclastic
ibe yimpembelelo enkulu ekhokelela kwintshukumo elungelelanisiweyo yezopolitiko. I-insularity ye
"umboniso" unokuba lilitye elikhokelela kunxibelelwano lokwenyani lwezopolitiko kunye
isakhiwo somanyano. Kodwa ubukhulu becala ii-zines ziqinisekisa ixabiso lobomi njengesiphelo kunye ne
ngokwayo. "I-Zines," ubhala uDuncombe, abe "ngamatheko kwindawo
ihlabathi elingenantliziyo. "Kodwa ngaphakathi kwale Eden yasekhaya ithoba amandla ayingozi emercurial. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka
ubusela emiphethweni yesiqhelo kunye nokuthandana komda, ezi zingafanelekanga
i-manifestos "ifunyenwe" yinkampani yaseMelika.โKwiminyaka yokugqibela yee-1980 nakwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yee-1990, abantu abalahlekileyo.
kwafunyanwa isizukulwana," ubhala uDuncombe
amashumi asixhenxe atsalwa ekungaziwa kwaye aphoswa phantsi kwesibane esikhanyayo." Le motley
Iqela labantu abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-29 ubudala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, "i-125 yeebhiliyoni zeedola
kwimarike."Le niche evelayo yabantu - ngoku ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Gen. X- yayibonakala inzima kubathengisi
ukubethelela phantsi. IVeki yoShishino, uBudala beNtengiso kunye noshicilelo olufanayo lusasazwe kwi
"i-quirky" kunye nezinto ezithandabuzekayo zesi sizukulwana esitsha, ezibonakala ngathi ziyasilela
bamba. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, ubhala uDuncombe, abathengisi-njengezinesters-baqala ukwenza
"uqonde ukuba into engekhoyo inkcubeko eqhelekileyo 'bubunyani."Isitshixo kwi-wallets yolutsha lubonakala luyi-ronic, i-motif ye-budget ephantsi
inkcubeko ephantsi komhlaba. Kwaye akukho xesha lihlekisayo ii-zines zenkampani, kunye nokuthengisa nge
umda ongaphantsi komhlaba, wawusanda. AbakwaWarner Brothers baqalise iZine Dirt; Coca cola
yazisa i-OK Cola; kunye neMiller Beer yondla iNdleko yaseNtshona ngomnyama namhlophe
Iintengiso ze "Macro-brew", ezijolise ekubaleni abancinci, iihipsters ezimhlophe kwi
imakethi yotywala obuncinci. Kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwaphinda kwakhona ukuba i-bohemians yancitshiswa yaba yinto enye
kunokuthi "abashumayeli borhwebo,"-njengoko umgxeki we-1920 uMalcom Cowley wakhe wayibeka.Kodwa ukugxeka kukaDuncombe kunzulu kunokubiza "ukuthengisa" okanye nje
ukutshatisa ubukoloniyali boshishino kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba. Nokuba kunye nentengiso
uhlaselo, umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba uyachuma, ii-zines ziyanda, iimvumi ezinentambo ezintathu kuphela
repertoire isaqala amaqela. Kodwa ngaba oko kuthetha nantoni na kwezopolitiko? Yinto elula kodwa
umbuzo onzima.Uninzi lwabaphengululi be-bohemia, bafakwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-juggernaut yezemfundo yenkcubeko
izifundo, banelisekile ukuvumisa ngenxa, imithambo engaphantsi komhlaba "yokumelana." Kodwa
I-Duncombe ibambe indawo engaphantsi komhlaba kumgangatho ophezulu, ifuna ukwazi ukuba indawo yesine
yezopolitiko njengoko izenza ngathi injalo. Ngaba ikhokelela kumbutho wezopolitiko, intshukumo
ukwakha nokuthatha amandla ezopolitiko?Inyani yomcimbi kukuba, i-bohemia ihlala ibona kancinci, iyazibamba
kwaye engadityaniswanga notshintsho lwentlalo. Iipolitiki zeZines zihlala zijika zibe yi-efate
ihlelo lokungakhethi buso. Ukuphumelela kwezopolitiko kuba ngumsebenzi ophambili wokuwugcina
omnye "ubunyani." Ababhali bahlala bebhiyozela "ingxaki yethu, yethu
omnye." Njengomnye u-Amelia G wezopolitiko, wathi: "kuthekani ukuba thina
boyike abamelwane; siphakamisa omnye komnye.โ Nangakumbi kwezopolitiko kodwa ngokulinganayo
ingxaki yi-blather evela kwi-theorist Hakim Bey (owaziwa ngokuba nguPeter Landborn Wilson). Bey
Uphikisana nemibutho yezopolitiko esesikweni, kunye ne "Temporary Autonomous
Iindawo" "ezinyibilikayo" phambi kokuba "uxinzelelo lwelizwe" luhlanganiswe.
Kodwa njengoko uDuncombe esitsho, intshukumo enjalo ayisoze ibenalo naliphi na ithuba lokuphumelela
nantoni na, "kuba ayinayo iimfuno, akukho qhinga, kwaye ekugqibeleni akukho mandla."Ngelishwa le mizila mibini yeempazamo iyadibana. I-fuzzy, umntu ngamnye,
"Inkululeko-ukusuka" kwezopolitiko zepunk eziphefumlelwe phantsi komhlaba ziba yeyona ikhethwayo
iplasma ekuza kukhula kuyo iitendrili zentengiso. "[T] ukuziphatha kakubi kwempahla,"
ubhala uDuncombe, "ifuna inkcubeko yenkululeko." Kaninzi kuphelele apho
ihambisa phantsi komhlaba.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโUChristian Parenti ufundisa iSociology kwiKholeji eNtsha yaseCalifornia eSan Francisco.