Ngowe-1980, owayesakuba nguMlawuli we-FBI u-L. Patrick Gray no-Edward S. Miller,
Intloko yexesha elinye ye-Squad 47, iyunithi ye-counterintelligence yasekhaya kwi-FBI yaseNew York
I-Field Office, bagwetyelwa โukuba benze iyelenqe lokwenzakalisa nokucinezela abemi
eUnited States." Umongo wolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo yayiyi-COINTELPRO, imfihlo,
Iphulo likazwelonke eliqhutywe yiBureau ukusuka kwi-1956-1971 ngeenjongo zokutshabalalisa
imibutho "echasayo ngokwezopolitiko" kunye nabantu ngabanye ngayo nayiphi na into
Ngo-1975, ikomiti ephikisayo ekhokelwa nguSenator uFrank Church
Ufumanise ukuba uqhaqho, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, "lugcwele".
ukungabikho mthethweni.
Akukho namnye uGrey okanye uMiller owake wachitha usuku entolongweni ngenxa
iinkolelo zabo. NgoAprili ka-1981, uMongameli uRonald Reagan waphazamisa izibheno zabo
xela ukuba ubaxolele bobabini. Isizathu sasisithi yabo
Iziganeko ezimbi zenzeka ngexesha lesiphithiphithi kunye neyantlukwano eMelika
imbali. Yayilixesha lokuba "sibeke konke oku emva kwethu," utshilo uReagan, kwaye "ukuba
baxolele abo bazibhokoxa ngokugqithiseleyoโ ebudeni bemfazwe yezobupolitika yelo xesha.
Ngelo xesha, kwachazwa ukuba le nto yayiza kuba yiReagan
umgaqo-nkqubo, kuya kuba kufanelekile ukuba axolele amaxhoba amaninzi
COINTELPRO malunga nokuxolela aboni bayo. Sayiphawula indlela iKomiti yeCawa eyayiqhuba ngayo
ufumanise ukuba ubuchule be-COINTELPRO ibikukusebenzisa iinkundla
"ukungathathi hlangothi" amatsha ntliziyo akhethiweyo ngokufumana izigwebo zobuxoki ngokuchasene nabo,
ukuba i-FBI yayidla ngokubandakanya amapolisa asekuhlaleni kwiinzame ezinjalo, kunye nezamaqela onke
ekujoliswe kuko ngale ndlela iBlack Panther Party (BPP) ibibethwe kanobom nangakumbi
ngokubanzi.
Akukho manyathelo athathiweyo ngabalawuli beReagan kulo nxibelelwano,
kunjalo, nowayesakuba Panthers waqhubeka ukukhonza ixesha, abaninzi kubo kwiimeko ebonisa ecacileyo
iimpawu ze-COINTELPRO zokukhohlisa. Kuya kuba ngomnye ishumi leminyaka ngaphambi kokuqala okunjalo
Ibanjwa, inkokeli ye-BPP yaseNew York egama linguDhoruba bin Wahad (uRichard Moore),
ekugqibeleni wakhululwa emva kokuchitha iminyaka engama-21 evalelwe enetyala elingafanelekanga. Yakhe
ityala liyafundisa.
Ngowe-1989, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba utshutshiso, kunye
Intsebenziswano esebenzayo yeMiller's Squad 47, yayizibambile iingxelo zokugxothwa kwebhola.
ngexesha letyala lika-1973 apho ubin Wahad wafunyanwa enetyala lokuzama ukubulala ababini
amapolisa. Kwaye kwaboniswa ukuba amalungu eSquad 47, asebenzisana nabecuphi abavela
Iqela elibomvu le-NYPD, liye lafaka ubungqina bobuxoki kwingqina likarhulumente. I-FBI yayinayo
ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubukhanyela ubukho bamaxwebhu angqina ezi zibakala kangangeminyaka elishumi elinesibini
(1975-87), ngaloo ndlela ephazamisa ilungelo lika-bi Wahad lokubhena. Ukugwetywa kwaba ekugqibeleni
yabhukuqwa ngowe-1990.
Iimeko ezifanayo ziya kwityala likaGeronimo ji Jaga Pratt,
owayesakuba yintloko yesahluko sePanthers eLos Angeles. Wagwetywa ngo-1970 ngokubulala ngo-1968
USanta Monica, uPratt wayesoloko egcina ukuba wayekude ngeekhilomitha ezingama-350 ngelo xesha, esiya kwi-
Intlanganiso yeBPP e-Oakland. Ematyaleni waxoxa ukuba, ekubeni i-FBI yayenze impazamo kwintlanganiso, yayo
iilogi zokucupha nge-elektroniki ziya kuqinisekisa indawo akuyo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela umsulwa. I-FBI
Igosa laza layikhanyela into yokuba lalikhe labekw' esweni.
Kwiminyaka kamva, emva kokuba iKomiti yeCawa yaqinisekisa ukuba
Uphononongo luye lwaqhutywa, i-FBI yabanga ukuba inalo
"ilahlekile" iilog ezifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukholelwa kukaPratt akuzange kutshitshiswe
de kwangowe-1997, xa kwangqinwa ukuba uJulio C. Butler - ingqina lenkwenkwezi yombuso kwaye,
engaziwa kwijuri, umsasazi we-FBI ohlawulweyo-wayezikhohlisile ngamanqaku aphambili. Ngoko,
UPratt wayekhonze iminyaka engama-27.
Eli tyala likhanya ngakumbi kwinto yokuba iarhente yeFBI yomsebenzi, uM.
Wesley Swearingen, uye wangqina ukuba uPratt waqulunqwa ngamabomu yi-FBI njengenxalenye
Campain yayo ukutshabalalisa Black Panther Party. Ubungqina bukaSwearingen buxhasa a
ubukhulu becala ingxelo yangaphambili enikelwe nguLouis Tackwood, ngaxa lithile wayengumnolwazi
ihlawulwe yiPAPD Red Squad ukuba ingene kwisahluko seBPP saseLos Angeles. Ngoku ka
UTackwood, abacuphi beRed Squad kunye nabasebenzi beFBI COINTELPRO bahlala phantsi ngenye imvakwemini
ngothotho lweefayile zetyala ezingasonjululwanga, zijonge ukubulala enokuthi uPratt abe kakhulu
ihlawuliswa ngokufanelekileyo. Bandula ke baqulunqa โubungqinaโ obufanelekileyo baza baba naye
ukutshutshiswa.
Okwangoku, ingqwalasela itshintshela kwelinye ityala elibandakanya
yangaphambili iBlack Panthers kwaye inophawu olungacimekiyo lwe-COINTELPRO. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo,
Isityholo sokuba iinkokeli ze-BPP zangaphambili ze-Omaha uMondo we Langa (uDavid Rice) kunye no-Edward
I-Poindexter yayibandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwePolisa lika-1970 uLarry Minard uye waba
cinezelekile. I-Duane Peak, ekuphela komntu owaziwayo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwi
ibhombu eyabulala uMinard, akazange akhankanye mntu kwisivumo sakhe sokuqala. Naye akazange
kwingxelo yakhe yesibini, eneenkcukacha ezithe chatha emapoliseni. Ngokwenene, wangqina ngo
ukuva kwangaphambili ukuba iRice kunye nePoindexter azibandakanyekanga.
Ngeli xesha, uPeak wayebize amanye amadoda amathandathu, kungekho namnye kuwo osebenzayo ngeBPP
amalungu, kwaye akukho namnye kubo owakha wahlawuliswa. Ibali lakhe latshintsha kuphela emva kokuba abatshutshisi benikele
kuye isivumelwano apho anokuthi acenge khona njengomntwana - ngaloo ndlela esebenza iminyaka emibini kuphela - ngaphakathi
ukutshintshiselana ngokubeka ityala iinkokeli zengingqi zeBPP.
Irayisi kunye nePoindexter zagwetywa ngo-Aprili 1971, ngokukodwa
isiseko sobungqina bePeak. Kukho into ebonisa ukuba wazikhohlisa. Ngokuphathelele ngokwasemzimbeni
ubungqina obuxhasa i-akhawunti kaPeak, inkundla yomanyano yawisa isigwebo ngowe-1974 sokuba kukhangelwe
ekutyholwa ukuba ifunyenwe yayingekho mthethweni (umcimbi ovumayo ukuba kunokwenzeka oko
yatyalwa, njengoko iRice iye yanyanzelisa ngalo lonke ixesha). Ulingo olutsha lwayalelwa ngelo xesha, kodwa
ithintelwe bubugcisa bolawulo olufakwe kwisithuba sexesha yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-1976.
Izibheno ezingaphaya ziye zavalwa ngobunye ubuchule: i
ixesha elimiselwe ngokusemthethweni lokufayilisha kwiinkundla zaseNebraska laliphelelwe ngelixa iRice kunye nePoindexter
ilindele isiphumo kwinkqubo yomanyano. Esinye isiphumo sibe yimiqobo enzima kubo
ukukwazi ukuvula ityala kwakhona ekukhanyeni kwamaxwebhu e-FBI akhutshwe ngo-1978. Oku kubonisa ukuba
abacuphi bamapolisa basebenzisane nabasebenzi be-FBI ukucinezela ubungqina obucacileyo ngexesha
ityala lowe-1971.
Ukuphanziswa okunjalo kwenkqubo yokugweba kuyahambelana ne
Iindlela ze-COINTELPRO ezisetyenziswe ngokuchasene no-bin Wahad kunye noPratt, kunye nenyaniso yokuba
Isahluko se-Omaha BPP - Ilayisi kunye nePoindexter ngokukodwa - zijoliswe kwi-COINTELPRO
ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi ku-1968.
Injongo esisiseko sokusebenza kwamapolisa kwityala leRice/Poindexter
isandula kuchazwa nguJack Swanson, umcuphi owayekhokele kuqhushumbo luka-1970
uphando. โNdicinga ukuba senze into elungileyo ngelo xesha,โ uxelele iBBC
udliwano-ndlebe, โkuba iQela leBlack Pantherโฆ lanyamalala ngokupheleleyo eOmaha
[emva kokuba] sifumene abadlali ababini abaphambili. "
Owayesakuba yirhuluneli yaseNebraska uFrank Morrison uye waphawula ukuba iRice kunye
Poindexter "bagwetywe ngenxa yeentetho zabo, kungekhona ngalo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho
uzibophelele." I-Amnesty International, i-NAACP, iJeriko '98 kunye neCongressional Black
ICaucus yonke ilichophele ityala. Ukusukela ngo-1993, iBhodi yeParole yaseNebraska ivotile
ngamxhelo mnye kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuguqula izigwebo zamadoda omabini kwixesha elinikezelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku,
Ibhodi ye-Nebraska ye-Pardons yalile ukucwangcisa ukuxoxwa kwetyala kulo mba. Ibhodi enye
ilungu liye laqinisekisa ukuba "akukho meko" anokuthi phantsi kwayo
cinga ngokutshintsha.
Ubulungisa obulula bufuna ukuguqulwa kwesi sikhundla. Ngokuqinisekileyo, nokuba
umntu ukholelwa ukuba iRice kunye nePoindexter babandakanyeka ekufeni kukaMinard, kufuneka kuvunywe ukuba
Iminyaka engama-28 esentolongweni sisohlwayo esaneleyo. Ngapha koko, iBhodi yezoXolelo yaseNebraska
Wasitshitshisa isigwebo sikaCaril Ann Fugate odume kakubi - owamkelweyo ukuba abe nenxaxheba
11 ukubulala - emva kweminyaka engaphantsi kwe-20.
Ngaphezu koko, into yokuba iRice kunye nePoindexter zaliwe ngenxa
amalungelo enkqubo apho bonke abemi bafanele kwaye bafanele babe nelungelo lawo kushiya ingqiqo
ixhala lokuba bamsulwa kwityala abakhe bavalelwa ngakumbi ngalo
ngaphezu kwekota yenkulungwane. Ngokuchaseneyo noluvo oluvakaliswe lilungu leBhodi elicatshulwe
ngasentla, akukho meko apho ukwandiswa kwemeko kwamkelekile
ukhetho.
Ekugqibeleni, kwaye mhlawumbi ngokumangalisayo, uRonald Reagan wayelungile. Ngu
Ngo-1981, yayilixesha lokuxolela abo banezono zabo, zokwenyani okanye ezicingelwayo, ezenziwe
i-sociopolitical vortex yexesha leVietnam. Ngaba kukho ukuthandabuza okukhulu ukuba i
umgaqo uyasebenza kwabo babefudula beyiBlack Panthers njengamagosa angaphambili eFBI? Nantoni na
kungenjalo ibiya kuba kukutyeshela okusesikweni, kwaye ilizwe sele libonele okuninzi kakhulu
ezi.
Okwenziwayo akunakulungiswa, kodwa ikamva linokuguqulwa. Mondo
thina Langa kunye no-Ed Poindexter sifanelwe kulo mhla kade hayi nje ukuviwa kodwa sikhululeke
amadoda, adityaniswe kunye kwaye anikela ngeetalente zabo ezingenakuphikiswa kuluntu lwabo,
ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuphilisa noxolelwaniso malunga nayo
UMongameli uReagan wathetha ngokukhazimlayo kwiminyaka eyi-18 eyadlulayo.
Abo banqwenela ulwazi oluthe kratya kwityala leRice/Poindexter
kunye/okanye abanqwenela ukuxhasa izicelo zabo zokutshintshwa kwesigwebo kufuneka baqhagamshelane:
Tekla Johnson Lincoln Justice Committee P.O. Ibhokisi 4756 Lincoln, NE
68504