Ilungu elidumileyo leBolshevik kunye nePolitburo uNikolai Bukharin wakha waqhula ngelithi kuya kuze kubekho amaqela amabini eRussia: elinye liseKremlin elinye lisentolongweni. Yayisisiqhulo esingathandekiyo kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo uBukharin wakuqonda oku xa wafuduswa eKremlin wasiwa entolongweni eLubyanka.
Ngelixa iQela lamaKomanisi laseSoviet Union (CPSU) lalisekho, ilizwe laligcinwe ngokuqinileyo emva kwemivalo yeengcamango ezisemthethweni, kodwa nabaphathi bamaqela kwakufuneka bathobele imithetho ethile. "Isivumelwano sentlalontle" saseSoviet sasithe ngqo: Abemi ngokungathandabuzekiyo benza njengoko kwakuxelelwe, kwaye abaphathi beqela abazange bazivumele ukuba bagqithise kakhulu.
Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, i-nomenklatura yakhetha okwethutyana inkululeko yobomi ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwiqela. Ababesakuba ngabasebenzi bombutho bawalahla ngovuyo amakhadi abo eqela, kunye nalo naluphi na uxanduva phambi kwabantu nomthetho. Kubo, idemokhrasi yayithetha ukuba udidi olulawulayo lwalukhululwe kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwemiqobo okanye imfuneko yokuqwalasela imilinganiselo efanelekileyo.
Kule minyaka, kukho iinzame ezininzi zokwazisa umyalelo kwimigangatho ye-ex-nomenklatura, usebenzisa iindlela zendabuko eziphezulu. Umzamo wokuqala wokwakha "iqela lamandla" lwenziwa nguViktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin ongalibalekiyo, owakha ngefashoni ye-slapdash Ikhaya Lethu yiRussia ngaphandle kwabasebenzi benqanaba lesizwe, lengingqi kunye nelengingqi.
Isakhiwo saseChernomyrdin esakhiwe ngejeri iye yawa emva kokuba umniniyo wayeka ukuba yinkulumbuso. Yonke into eseleyo kule projekthi ineziphene libinzana elingafiyo lomyili oyintloko: "Nokuba silakha njani iqela, sihlala siphela nge-CPSU." Yeha, uChernomyrdin wayezikhohlisa: Ikhaya lethu yiRussia yayikude kakhulu neCPSU. IQela lobuKomanisi laseSoviet yayisisakhiwo esomeleleyo nesihlala ixesha elide, amaqhekeza alo asabonakala apha naphaya kumhlaba wezobupolitika waseRashiya. Amaqela e-post-Soviet yamandla akanakuqhayisa ngeempumelelo ezinjalo.
Ngo-1999, i-nomenklatura yakudala yazigqithisa kwaye ngokukhawuleza yahlanganisa amaqela amabini anamandla: elinye liphantsi kweNkulumbuso uVladimir Putin ngelo xesha, kunye nelinye phantsi kweMeya yaseMoscow uYury Luzhkov kunye nowayesakuba yiNkulumbuso uYevgeny Primakov.
Ewe, umntu unokubugxeka ubuqhophololo obunjalo, kodwa ingxaki yayikukuba abaphathi bommandla bebengakwazi ukuqonda ukuba ngubani oza kuvela njengentloko yelizwe. Yiyo loo nto siye saphela kunye noManyano kunye ne-Fatherland - njengeenkuku ezimbini eziphuma kumgca wemveliso ofanayo. Xa imeko yacacayo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba la maqela adibane, yaye umphumo waba yiUnited Russia. Ngoku, ubunkokeli belizwe ekugqibeleni buneqela elinye-ingxaki kuphela kukuba mabenze ntoni ngalo.
Nayiphi na inkwenkwe yesikolo yaseSoviet inokuchaza imfuneko yeCPSU. Yayilungelelanisa kwaye ilawula indlela karhulumente, ikhetha amacandelo kunye nokohlwaya abangathobeliyo. I-United Russia yanamhlanje ingathanda ukufana ne-CPSU, kodwa ayikwazi kwaye ayifuni ukudlala indima efanayo kuluntu. Ngaphambili, iqela lalikhetha amagosa lize libanike imisebenzi. Kule mihla, amagosa alungele ukujoyina iqela, kodwa izigqibo zabasebenzi zenziwa kwenye indawo. Bayavuya ukuba ngamalungu e-United Russia, kodwa bangaphenduli kuyo.
Ngoko ke, zinokuziswa njani? IQela lobuKomanisi laseSoviet lalineengcamango ezicacileyo. I-United Russia ayinayo. Kukho i-joke eyenza imijikelezo yokuba kwi-Emergency Situations Ministry ka-Sergei Shoigu, kuphela i-hoses yomlilo engazange yenziwe ukuba ijoyine iqela. Nje ukuba ubambe isikhundla esithile kwi-bureaucracy, akukho nto unokuyenza ngaphandle kokujoyina iqela lamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ulilungu kwaye ukwisikhundla esihloniphekileyo, akukho mntu ukukhathaleleyo malunga neengcamango zakho. I-United Russia liqela labantu abanengqondo efanayo - kodwa kuphela ngengqiqo yokuba amalungu ayo afuna ukuba ngabaphathi abakhulu.
Njengoko unyulo lwepalamente lumiselwe ukuphela kwalo nyaka, amaqela ezopolitiko angaziwayo aphose iminqwazi yawo, ngethemba lokuphumelela isihlalo kulo mbutho wowiso-mthetho ungaqondakaliyo. Sonke siyazi ukuba i-State Duma inoxanduva lokumisela imithetho emitsha, kodwa kutheni iRashiya idinga imithetho engaphezulu yinto ekungekho mntu - kwanabantu abayibhalayo - abanokuyichaza. Ukuphila ngokuvisisana nomthetho kukhetha ukuchasโ umthetho. Kodwa akusiyo imfihlo ukuba ubomi bokwenyani eRashiya bulandela umthetho oyimfuneko ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunomthetho welizwe.
I-Duma ikwamkele uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomdibaniso, nangona kunjalo, kwaye lo ngumthombo wesibheno sowiso-mthetho bethu kunye nokuba luncedo kubaxhasi babo abahlukeneyo. Ukufaka epokothweni isekela okanye amabini yinkcitho encinci yeshishini kumaqumrhu amakhulu, ngakumbi ngamaxabiso eoli kwinqanaba lawo langoku. Abadlali abakhulu ngoku bangakwazi ukugcina iqela lepalamente yonke ngendlela esele isiqhelile.
Ishishini laseRussia lihlala liza nemali kwiminyaka yonyulo. I-bankrolling iphulo lutyalo-mali oluluqilima kwiifemu ezinkulu - enye engaphezulu kokuhlawula yona ekuhlawulweni kwerhafu, izivumelwano zikarhulumente kunye nokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Oosomashishini abancinci bahlala bekhetha ukuba ngamasekela ngokwabo. Ukongeza kwiwonga, isihlalo epalamente sibonelela ngokhuseleko ekutshutshisweni. Umphathi obanjwe ephanga inkampani yakhe akanakuphoswa entolongweni. Kodwa iyakwazi ukutshatyalaliswa. Imbali ibonise ukuba ababulali bekhontrakthi banentlonipho encinci yokugonywa kwamasekela.
Ukuthintela uphuhliso oluthile olungalindelekanga, unyulo oluzayo aluyi kuba lukhulu kakhulu, nangona umlinganiselo wobuqhetseba uhlala, ngokukodwa ujikeleze ithemba leqela le-pro-Kremlin United Russia. Iinkokeli zombutho kunye nabaxhasi balindele ukuba liphumelele isininzi sezihlalo kwiDuma elandelayo, kunye nesabelo sengonyama kwimali ehamba nabo. Oku kulindelekileyo kuhambelana ngokupheleleyo neengcamango zelizwe laseRashiya, kunye nokucinga kwangoku kwi-Kremlin.
Eyona ndlela ilula iya kuba kukutyumba onke amasekela akwaDuma kuluhlu oluyilwe lulawulo lukamongameli. Ingxaki kukuba umvoti unezinye izicwangciso. "Izixhobo zolawulo" zinokuvelisa i-5 ukuya kwi-6 yeepesenti ngaphezulu kweevoti zabaviwa abakhethwe yi-Kremlin, ukuguqulela kuma-30 ukuya kuma-40 amasekela angaphezulu avela kwizithili ezinegunya elilodwa. Kodwa ukuze ujike olu ncedo luncinci lube luloyiso, i-Kremlin kuya kufuneka ifake iMerlin phezu kweKomishoni yoNyulo oluPhakathi.
Ngelixa ulawulo lukamongameli lucinga ngendlela yokwahlulahlula iDuma, isiqingatha sabavoti silungiselela ukuvotela amaKomanisi, njengoko besoloko besenza. Inani labavoti abavotele amaKomanisi lintingela kwindawo ethile phakathi kwama-35 nama-40 epesenti yenani lilonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lithini na inani lokuvota lombutho. I-Kremlin ayinakukwazi ukunika uninzi lwezihlalo kwiqela eliphikisayo (ukuba kuphela ngegama), kodwa ayikacingi ukuba ingasithintela njani eso siphumo.
Iqela likaGennady Zyuganov lihlaselwe ngamahlazo kunye nobuqhetseba obujolise ekuhlukaniseni amanqanaba okanye ukufaka ubunkokeli obutsha. Yaye le midlalo yamandla iye yanda njengoko eminye imibutho yezobupolitika yaseRashiya iye yabonisa ukutshona kwayo ngokupheleleyo. Akukho nanye koku inento yokwenza nemibono kunye nemigaqo, kunjalo. Njengoko intatheli eyaziwayo u-Anatoly Baranov ibeka, oku akusiyo imfazwe ye-titans, kodwa i-scuffle phakathi kwezinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu - umdla ngokwaneleyo ukubukela, kodwa uya kuba nzima ukuba uvelane nabaphi na abahlaseli.
Ngelixa i-United Russia isahlula izihlalo engekazukuphumelela, kwaye namaKomanisi esilwela ubomi bawo bezopolitiko, iqela lesithathu eliphambili le-post-Soviet Russia, iYabloko, licinga ngombuzo omdala: ibe?โ
Ngommangaliso othile, iqela liye lacoca ngokuqhubekayo umqobo weepesenti ezi-5 ezifunekayo kuluhlu loluhlu lweqela eDuma. Iinkokeli zeYabloko, zihlala zityhutyha ukuthintela ukuwa kweqela, zibanjwe ngeengcamango ezimnyama rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine.
Ngaba abavoti baza kuphuma babaxhase? Ngaba amanye amaqela amakhulu aza kuzama ukuhlutha izihlalo zawo? Unokuba nexesha elinzima lokuba i-10 ukuya kwi-15 yeepesenti zeevoti zamaKomanisi, kodwa ukuphuma kunye ne-2 ukuya kwi-3 ekhulwini yeevoti ze-Yabloko kuya kufana nokuthatha i-candy emntwaneni. I-Yabloko ayikho kwindawo yokuzikhusela; enyanisweni, ayinako nokulungiselela ukuba abakhi-mkhanyo abaneleyo besikhululo sovoto bagcine umkhondo weevoti ezibiweyo ngosuku lolonyulo.
Umbuzo omkhulu kukhetho lwe-2003 ufana nengxaki yezibalo kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-8: Zingaphi iivoti ezimele zibiwe kwi-Yabloko ngexesha lenkqubo yokubala ukwanelisa i-United Russia ngaphandle kokukhubekisa amaKomanisi?
I-United Russia ibhengezwe ukuba iphumelele unyulo ngaphambi kokuba iphulo liqale kwaye umzabalazo walo ophambili ngoku ayikokuphumelela kwiivoti kodwa ukukholisa umongameli u-Vladimir Putin ukuba urhulumente olandelayo kufuneka asekwe ngokwengcebiso yakhe. Ukusekwa korhulumente ngokwemigaqo yamaqela ngumthetho-siseko ophilileyo wedemokhrasi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusekwa kweqela elisekelwe kwisikhundla osiphethe ngokusemthethweni yindlela yaseRashiya kakhulu, okanye kunoko, iSoviet kakhulu. I-United Russia ifana ne-nomenklatura yangaphambili yokuphupha emini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaphathi bezopolitiko bacinga ukuba bancinci kwakhona kunye namalungu e-CPSU. Kwelinye icala, nakumaphupha abo amabi kakhulu abanakuze batshintshe iMercedes yabo kwiVolga engathandekiyo, okanye babuyele kwimigaqo yeSoviet yobusela, ethobeke ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje.
Ngamafutshane, awukwazi ukubuyisela umva iwotshi. Kwaye ndikwanethemba lokuba, lo mkhwa umbi wokuvalela abantu abangavumelaniyo nawo awusokuze uphinde uvuselelwe bubunkokeli belizwe. Kodwa apha ndingaphazamaรขโฌยฆ
U-Boris Kagarlitsky ungumlawuli weZiko leZifundo zeGlobalization.